MicroRNAs in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma: From pathogenesis to therapeutic implications

Tumors of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx, which are collectively defined as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, are among the 10 most prevalent malignancies worldwide [1]. Of those, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprises almost one fourth of all head and neck cancer cases with a rapidly increasing incidence especially among young and middle aged individuals due to pervading smoking and alcohol abuse habits [2–4]. Being one of the most aggressive and devastating cancer types of oral cavity, tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) comprises 41% of the oral squamous cancer cases and displays a significant proclivity for local invasion and a high recurrence risk [5].

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