Inhibition of the programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) pathway reverses T-cell exhaustion and improves survival relative to standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced stages of non–small cell carcinoma (NSCLC). Since the clinical benefit is restricted to a subset of patients, predictive biomarkers are essential for patient selection. A number of putative markers have demonstrated predictive potential, but the only proven marker to date is expression of the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1), assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
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