Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor microenvironment: Implications for patients with oral precancerous lesions

The clinical appearance of oral precancerous lesions includes leukoplakia and erythroplakia. Oral leukoplakia is the most commonly encountered oral precancerous lesion. Approximately 0.1–18% of these are reported to develop into cancer, while 11–40% of these lesions disappear spontaneously without any surgical intervention [1–7]. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of these lesions have not been elucidated yet [4–7].

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