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Δευτέρα 11 Απριλίου 2016
Microvascular Reconstruction of Free Jejunal Graft in Larynx-preserving Esophagectomy for Cervical Esophageal Carcinoma
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Anatomic and Compression Topography of the Lesser Occipital Nerve
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Synthesis of Thinned Planar Antenna Array Using Multiobjective Normal Mutated Binary Cat Swarm Optimization
The process of thinned antenna array synthesis involves the optimization of a number of mutually conflicting parameters, such as peak sidelobe level, first null beam width, and number of active elements. This necessitates the development of a multiobjective optimization approach which will provide the best compromised solution based on the application at hand. In this paper, a novel multiobjective normal mutated binary cat swarm optimization (MO-NMBCSO) is developed and proposed for the synthesis of thinned planar antenna arrays. Through this method, a high degree of flexibility is introduced to the realm of thinned array design. A Pareto-optimal front containing all the probable designs is obtained in this process. Targeted solutions may be chosen from the Pareto front to satisfy the different requirements demonstrating the superiority of the proposed approach over multiobjective binary particle swarm optimization method (MO-BPSO). A comparative study is carried out to quantify the performance of the two algorithms using two performance metrics.
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Photoinduced chemiluminescence determination of carbamate pesticides
Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6PP00056H, Paper
DOI: 10.1039/C6PP00056H, Paper
Monica Catala-Icardo, Susana Meseguer-Lloret, Sagrario Torres-Cartas
A liquid chromatography method with post-column photoinduced chemiluminescence (PICL) detection is proposed for the simultaneous determination of eight carbamate pesticides, namely aldicarb, butocarboxim, ethiofencarb, methomyl, methiocarb, thiodicarb, thiofanox and thiophanate-methyl....
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A liquid chromatography method with post-column photoinduced chemiluminescence (PICL) detection is proposed for the simultaneous determination of eight carbamate pesticides, namely aldicarb, butocarboxim, ethiofencarb, methomyl, methiocarb, thiodicarb, thiofanox and thiophanate-methyl....
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Incidence of Permanent Hypocalcaemia after Total Thyroidectomy with or without Central Neck Dissection for Thyroid Carcinoma: A Nationwide Claim Study
Summary
Objective
Permanent hypocalcaemia is the most common and serious complication after total thyroidectomy (TT). This study examined the impact of central neck dissection (CND) and institutional volume on rates of permanent hypocalcaemia by analysing data held in the nationwide claim database of South Korea.
Design
Data from patients who underwent TT due to thyroid carcinoma from 2007–2013 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. Of these, patients prescribed more than 1,000 mg of elemental calcium for more than 288 days during the first 360 days post-surgery were defined as having permanent hypocalcaemia.
Results
In total, 192,333 patients (32,988 male and 159,345 female) were eligible for analysis. Of these, 52,707 (27.4%) underwent TT alone and 139,626 (72.6%) underwent TT plus CND. The incidence of permanent hypocalcaemia was greater in the TT plus CND group than in the TT alone group (5.4% vs. 4.6%, p<0.001). The age- and sex-adjusted risk for permanent hypocalcaemia in the TT plus CND group was 1.20 (p < 0.001). CND did not raise the rates of permanent hypocalcaemia in institutes with a low volume of annual cases (<200), whereas permanent hypocalcaemia was more common in the TT plus CND group than in the TT alone group (3.5% vs. 2.9%, p=0.002) in institutes with a large volume of annual cases (≥800).
Conclusions
TT plus CND was associated with a greater risk of permanent hypocalcaemia than TT alone. Surgeons should consider the risk of permanent hypocalcaemia when deciding whether to perform CND.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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A Bioinspired Fair Resource-Allocation Algorithm for TDMA-Based Distributed Sensor Networks for IoT
Many studies on distributed resource-allocation algorithms have been conducted recently because of the increasing number of network nodes and the rapidly changing network environments in the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we propose the multihop DESYNC algorithm, which is a bioinspired Time Division Multiple Access- (TDMA-) based distributed resource-allocation scheme for distributed sensor networks. We define a detailed frame structure for the proposed multihop DESYNC algorithm and a firing message, which acts as a reference for resource allocation. In addition, operating procedures for resource allocation and collision detection avoidance under multihop DESYNC are explained. Simulations show that multihop DESYNC effectively resolves the hidden-node problem and that it fairly shares resources among nearby nodes in multihop networks. Moreover, it achieves better performance than the CSMA/CA algorithm in terms of channel reuse gain and average throughput.
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WWOX CNV-67048 Functions as a Risk Factor for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Chinese Women by Negatively Interacting with Oral Contraceptive Use
Copy number variations (CNVs) have attracted increasing evidences to represent their roles as cancer susceptibility regulators. However, little is known about the role of CNV in epithelia ovarian cancer (EOC). Recently, the CNV-67048 of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) was reported to alter cancer risks. Considering that WWOX also plays a role in EOC, we hypothesized that the CNV-67048 was associated with EOC risk. In a case-control study of 549 EOC patients and 571 age (±5 years) matched cancer-free controls, we found that the low copy number of CNV-67048 (1-copy and 0-copy) conferred a significantly increased risk of EOC (OR = 1.346, 95% CI = 1.037–1.747) and it determined the risk by means of copy number-dependent dosage effect (). Data from TCGA also confirmed the abovementioned association as the frequency of low copies in EOC group was 3.68 times more than that in healthy group (). The CNV also negatively interacted with oral contraceptive use on EOC risk (). Functional analyses further showed a lower mRNA level of WWOX in tissues with the 0-copy or 1-copy than that in those with the 2-copy (). Our data suggested the CNV-67048 to be a risk factor of EOC in Chinese women.
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Self-management support in patients with adrenal insufficiency
Abstract
Objective
Patient education is an important intervention to prevent an adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of adjusting the dose of glucocorticoids in special circumstances in patients with adrenal insufficiency who had previously been educated on this topic. In patients with insufficient knowledge we tried to identify the underlying causes and care needs.
Design
Quantitative and qualitative study.
Methods
Adult patients with chronic primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency who received glucocorticoid stress management education were invited to participate in a telephone interview in which we tested their knowledge using hypothetical situations of physical and mental stress. In respondents with insufficient knowledge we conducted a qualitative semi-structured interview to elicit underlying reasons from patients' perspective for their lack of knowledge and determine their care needs.
Results
Forty-three of the eighty-three patients who previously received education, had insufficient knowledge about how to act during stressful situations. We found a significant association between education level and level of knowledge after the educational consult. The following underlying factors were identified: unawareness of the seriousness of their condition, ineffective coping strategies, lack of experience with self-management skills and misconceptions. The most important care needs were: repetition of education, the use of guidelines, learning from experience and optimizing social support.
Conclusion
One or two educational consults is not effective to achieve adequate self-management skills. There is a need for structural follow-up where education is repeated and practical implementation of this knowledge is tested in order to identify potential inadequate action.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Phenotypic Variation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care
Introduction. Despite the high number of inactive patients with COPD, not all inactive patients are referred to physical therapy, unlike recommendations of general practitioner (GP) guidelines. It is likely that GPs take other factors into account, determining a subpopulation that is treated by a physical therapist (PT). The aim of this study is to explore the phenotypic differences between inactive patients treated in GP practice and inactive patients treated in GP practice combined with PT. Additionally this study provides an overview of the phenotype of patients with COPD in PT practice. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, COPD patient characteristics were extracted from questionnaires. Differences regarding perceived health status, degree of airway obstruction, exacerbation frequency, and comorbidity were studied in a subgroup of 290 inactive patients and in all 438 patients. Results. Patients treated in GP practice combined with PT reported higher degree of airway obstruction, more exacerbations, more vascular comorbidity, and lower health status compared to patients who were not referred to and treated by a PT. Conclusion. Unequal patient phenotypes in different primary care settings have important clinical implications. It can be carefully concluded that other factors, besides the level of inactivity, play a role in referral to PT.
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Genome Editing of the CYP1A1 Locus in iPSCs as a Platform to Map AHR Expression throughout Human Development
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that increases the expression of detoxifying enzymes upon ligand stimulation. Recent studies now suggest that novel endogenous roles of the AHR exist throughout development. In an effort to create an optimized model system for the study of AHR signaling in several cellular lineages, we have employed a CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing strategy in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to incorporate a reporter cassette at the transcription start site of one of its canonical targets, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). This cell line faithfully reports on CYP1A1 expression, with luciferase levels as its functional readout, when treated with an endogenous AHR ligand (FICZ) at escalating doses. iPSC-derived fibroblast-like cells respond to acute exposure to environmental and endogenous AHR ligands, and iPSC-derived hepatocytes increase CYP1A1 in a similar manner to primary hepatocytes. This cell line is an important innovation that can be used to map AHR activity in discrete cellular subsets throughout developmental ontogeny. As further endogenous ligands are proposed, this line can be used to screen for safety and efficacy and can report on the ability of small molecules to regulate critical cellular processes by modulating the activity of the AHR.
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High-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus-DNA/hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients after living donor liver transplantation
Endoscopic and histologic response to cyclosporine in ulcerative colitis and their impact on disease outcome: A cohort study
Membrane localization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 in tumor cells may predict response to adjuvant gemcitabine in resected cholangiocarcinoma patients
Macrophage activation marker, soluble CD163 is an independent predictor of short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infection
Fatty Liver, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Relationships With Increase in Coronary Artery Calcium Over Time
Vascularizing lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer: A single-institution experience
Is the Stretta procedure as effective as the best medical and surgical treatments for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease? A best evidence topic
The benefit of chemotherapy in esophageal cancer patients with residual disease after trimodality therapy
Gut microbiota profiling of pediatric NAFLD and obese patients unveiled by an integrated meta-omics based approach
Molbank, Vol. 2016, Article M894: 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole
Nature often produces compounds with a high degree of symmetry to reduce structural information and complexity. Synthesis of identical twin drugs, through the linkage of two identical pharmacophoric entities, is a classical strategy to produce more potent and/or selective drugs. Herein, two units of the privileged core of the coumarin hymecromone were linked together using "click chemistry". Synthesis of 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole was achieved by coupling of two identical units of an azido coumarin with a symmetrical alkine using copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, in good yields and with complete regioselectivity.
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Illuminating Microemulsions: Ionic Liquid-CdS Quantum Dots Hybrid Materials as Potential White Light Harvesting Systems
Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02133F, Communication
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02133F, Communication
Krishnaiah Damarla, Pankaj Bharmoria, K. Srinivasa Rao, Praveen Singh Gehlot, Arvind Kumar
Microemulsions (MEs) comprising of 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate, (HO-EAF), isooctane and dioctylsulfosuccinate proliniumisopropylester ([ProC3]AOT) have been constructed and used to prepare and stabilize CdS Quantum Dots (QDs) at room temperature. Such hybrid...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry
Microemulsions (MEs) comprising of 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate, (HO-EAF), isooctane and dioctylsulfosuccinate proliniumisopropylester ([ProC3]AOT) have been constructed and used to prepare and stabilize CdS Quantum Dots (QDs) at room temperature. Such hybrid...
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Aging of the Reaction Mixture as a Tool to Modulate the Crystallite Size of UiO-66 into the Low Nanometer Range
Chem. Commun., 2016, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02517J, Communication
DOI: 10.1039/C6CC02517J, Communication
Marco Taddei, Kim Corinna Dumbgen, Jeroen van Bokhoven, Marco Ranocchiari
Nanosized UiO-66 with unprecedented crystallite size of 10 nm was synthesized by exploting controlled aging of stock solutions of Zr4+ in N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of variable amounts of water...
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Nanosized UiO-66 with unprecedented crystallite size of 10 nm was synthesized by exploting controlled aging of stock solutions of Zr4+ in N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of variable amounts of water...
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Economies, Vol. 4, Pages 6: Nonlinear Monetary Policy Rules: An Essay in the Comparative Study on Egyptian and Tunisian Central Banks
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the behavior of monetary authorities in Tunisia and Egypt, in response to changes in macroeconomic variables over time based on LSTR model. In this sense, we estimate Taylor-type equations for short-term interest rate in Tunisia and Egypt using quarterly data covering the period 1998.Q4–2013.Q2. We find strong evidence that the real decision-making process followed by these central banks varies from one central bank to another and that it exhibits nonlinear patterns that better capture special events and unexpected contingencies i.e., the terrorist attack in the US in September 2001, the global financial crisis in 2008, and the effect of political instability with the onset of the revolution. Additionally, the presence of asymmetries in the reaction function of the Tunisian and Egyptian Bank requires disconnection from their automatic pilot rules and use of judgement to make decisions.
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Molbank, Vol. 2016, Article M894: 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole
Nature often produces compounds with a high degree of symmetry to reduce structural information and complexity. Synthesis of identical twin drugs, through the linkage of two identical pharmacophoric entities, is a classical strategy to produce more potent and/or selective drugs. Herein, two units of the privileged core of the coumarin hymecromone were linked together using "click chemistry". Synthesis of 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole was achieved by coupling of two identical units of an azido coumarin with a symmetrical alkine using copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, in good yields and with complete regioselectivity.
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Economies, Vol. 4, Pages 6: Nonlinear Monetary Policy Rules: An Essay in the Comparative Study on Egyptian and Tunisian Central Banks
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the behavior of monetary authorities in Tunisia and Egypt, in response to changes in macroeconomic variables over time based on LSTR model. In this sense, we estimate Taylor-type equations for short-term interest rate in Tunisia and Egypt using quarterly data covering the period 1998.Q4–2013.Q2. We find strong evidence that the real decision-making process followed by these central banks varies from one central bank to another and that it exhibits nonlinear patterns that better capture special events and unexpected contingencies i.e., the terrorist attack in the US in September 2001, the global financial crisis in 2008, and the effect of political instability with the onset of the revolution. Additionally, the presence of asymmetries in the reaction function of the Tunisian and Egyptian Bank requires disconnection from their automatic pilot rules and use of judgement to make decisions.
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Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
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Molbank, Vol. 2016, Article M894: 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole
Nature often produces compounds with a high degree of symmetry to reduce structural information and complexity. Synthesis of identical twin drugs, through the linkage of two identical pharmacophoric entities, is a classical strategy to produce more potent and/or selective drugs. Herein, two units of the privileged core of the coumarin hymecromone were linked together using "click chemistry". Synthesis of 1-[2-(4-Methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-4-(5-{1-[2-(4-methyl-7-coumarinyloxy)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}pentyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole was achieved by coupling of two identical units of an azido coumarin with a symmetrical alkine using copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction, in good yields and with complete regioselectivity.
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Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
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Nanomaterials, Vol. 6, Pages 66: Automatic Echographic Detection of Halloysite Clay Nanotubes in a Low Concentration Range
Aim of this work was to investigate the automatic echographic detection of an experimental drug delivery agent, halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs), by employing an innovative method based on advanced spectral analysis of the corresponding "raw" radiofrequency backscatter signals. Different HNT concentrations in a low range (5.5–66 × 1010 part/mL, equivalent to 0.25–3.00 mg/mL) were dispersed in custom-designed tissue-mimicking phantoms and imaged through a clinically-available echographic device at a conventional ultrasound diagnostic frequency (10 MHz). The most effective response (sensitivity = 60%, specificity = 95%), was found at a concentration of 33 × 1010 part/mL (1.5 mg/mL), representing a kind of best compromise between the need of enough particles to introduce detectable spectral modifications in the backscattered signal and the necessity to avoid the losses of spectral peculiarity associated to higher HNT concentrations. Based on theoretical considerations and quantitative comparisons with literature-available results, this concentration could also represent an optimal concentration level for the automatic echographic detection of different solid nanoparticles when employing a similar ultrasound frequency. Future dedicated studies will assess the actual clinical usefulness of the proposed approach and the potential of HNTs for effective theranostic applications.
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Medicine by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis,Anapafseos 5 Agios Nikolaos,Crete 72100,Greece,tel :00302841026182 & 00306932607174
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The first comprehensive report on Indigenous Australian women's inequalities in cervical screening: A retrospective registry cohort study in Queensland, Australia (2000-2011)
BACKGROUND
The Australian National Cervical Screening Program, introduced more than 20 years ago, does not record the Indigenous status of screening participants. This article reports the first population-based estimates of participation in cervical screening for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian women.
METHODS
This was a retrospective, population-based study of 1,334,795 female Queensland residents, aged 20 to 69 years, who participated in cervical screening from 2000 to 2011; 26,829 were identified as Indigenous through linkage to hospitalization records. Participation rates were calculated as the number of women screened divided by the average estimated resident population, with adjustments made for hysterectomies, for each 2-, 3-, and 5-year screening period. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which were adjusted for age group, place of residence, and socioeconomic disadvantage.
RESULTS
In 2010-2011, the 2-year participation rate was 55.7% (95% CI, 55.6%-55.9%) for non-Indigenous women and 33.5% (95% CI, 32.9%-34.1%) for Indigenous women; this represented a decrease from 2000-2001 (57.7% [95% CI, 57.6%-57.9%] and 35.3% [95% CI, 34.5%-36.1%], respectively). The difference between Indigenous and non-Indigenous women was greatest for those aged 45 to 49 years. The 3- and 5-year participation rates were higher within both groups, and the absolute differences between the 2 groups were larger. Significant interactions between the Indigenous status and the place of residence and socioeconomic disadvantage highlight that the Indigenous/non-Indigenous differential was evident in all places of residence except for very remote areas (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.95-1.02) and was greatest in the most affluent areas (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.24-0.27).
CONCLUSIONS
Indigenous Australian women participate less than non-Indigenous women, and this gap has not closed. These results provide important benchmarks for the new Australian cervical screening program commencing in 2017, which will provide opportunities to reduce inequities for Indigenous women and address longstanding data deficiencies in the collection of the Indigenous status. Cancer 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
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A study of etiological aspect of epilepsy in non-paediatric patients
2016-04-11T01-19-35Z
Source: International Journal of Advances in Medicine
Harshit Acharya, Rashmi Chovatia.
Background: Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by the recurrence of paroxysmal episode of abnormal neuronal function. Epilepsy brings in undesirable social, psychological and economical consequences to its patients. In contrast to early onset of epilepsy in childhood, late onset of epilepsy is usually symptomatic; which usually responds well to antiepileptic drugs. Methods: A prospective study of 75 patients of late onset epilepsy was carried out to ascertain the etiology and to evaluate the usefulness of neuroimaging in late onset epilepsy. Results: We found that majority (72%) of patients of late onset epilepsy were male. About 65% of patients had abnormal CT scan-brain findings. Generalized seizure was the most common seizure type with about 59% cases. Conclusions: Generalized seizures are more common in idiopathic group of epilepsy whereas partial with or without secondary generalized seizures are more common in the symptomatic late onset epilepsy. The new neuroimaging techniques should be an integral part of investigation work up in all cases of epilepsy as they make it possible to find out the etiology in majority of cases. In late onset epilepsy, diagnostic usefulness of EEG is corroborative to CT and MRI.
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A study among pulmonary tuberculosis patients under the treatment of DOTS with special reference to liver function in tertiary care hospital
2016-04-11T01-19-35Z
Source: International Journal of Advances in Medicine
C. Paranthakan, P. K. Govindarajan.
Background: Directly observed treatment short course is the most effective life saving measure among the patients suffering from tuberculosis. Drug induced hepatotoxicity is one of the major side of anti-tuberculosis drugs which causes to withdraw the drugs. The objective of the study was to find out certain variables like age, sex and BMI among the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to find out liver function after intake of anituberculosis drugs. Methods: The patients diagnosed first time with pulmonary tuberculosis by sputum positive attending RNTCP DOTS Cell at tertiary care hospital were selected for this study.95 patients enrolled in this study during six months period and they were followed another six months to find out the status of liver function. BMI was measured, the investigation like serum albumin, liver function (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase level test (ALP), serum bilirubin) were assessed at the time of initiation of anti-tuberculosis drugs and 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 24 weeks after the drugs. Chi-square test applied as a statistical tool. Results: Among study population of 95, 54% were male and 46% were female. Nearly 62% of the patients were in the age group of 18 to 48. Around 57% of the patients were underweight according to BMI. The liver function test was abnormal after drugs in 5.2% of the study population. Conclusions: This study shows that the tuberculosis affects the productive life of the population. The drugs given under DOTS did not harm majority of the patients that shows it is safe to administer the regime.
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Effects of nutritional manipulation on body composition in the developing marsupial, Macropus eugenii
Publication date: Available online 28 March 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Jennifer A. Hetz, Brandon R. Menzies, Geoffrey Shaw, Aneta Stefanidis, Michael A. Cowley, Marilyn B. Renfree
When 60-day-old tammar wallaby pouch young (Macropus eugenii) are fostered to mothers at 120 days of lactation, their growth, developmental rate and maturation of their GH/IGF axes are markedly accelerated. To determine the effect of fostering on energy intake, body composition and fat accretion, we first measured total body fat and lean mass in these young. Next, we mimicked the triglyceride oleic and palmitic acid composition of 120-day milk by supplementing 60 day young with these fatty acids and comparing their growth with that of growth accelerated young. There was no difference in the weight or growth axis maturation of supplemented young but there was significantly more body fat in these and in the growth-accelerated fostered young than in controls. We conclude that the accelerated growth and GH/IGF axis maturation observed previously in fostered young is most likely due to increased milk consumption and earlier access to specific nutrients.
Graphical abstract
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Association of polymorphisms in the MyD88, IRAK4 and TRAF6 genes and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy in a southern Han Chinese population
Publication date: Available online 8 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Congcong Guo, Liju Zhang, Lihong Nie, Na Zhang, Di Xiao, Xingguang Ye, Meiling Ou, Yang Liu, Baohuan Zhang, Man Wang, Hansheng Lin, Guang Yang, Chunxia Jing
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been linked to a state of low-grade inflammation resulting from abnormalities in the innate immune pathway. MyD88 is an essential adaptor protein for TLR signaling, which is involved in activating NF-κB through IRAK4 and TRAF6. To investigate the effects of the MyD88, IRAK4 and TRAF6 polymorphisms in the susceptibility of T2DM and diabetic vascular complications, eight SNPs were analyzed in 553 T2DM patients and 553 matched healthy controls. Gene-gene interactions and haplotype associations were also evaluated. We found a significant increased risk of T2DM for the AG genotype of rs6853 in MyD88 gene and the CT genotype of rs4251532 in IRAK4 gene. Significant association was also found between rs16928973 in TRAF6 gene and diabetic nephropathy (DN) under the allelic model. Moreover, the TA haplotype in TRAF6 was negatively associated with DN. No significant gene-gene interactions were found. In conclusion, our results indicate that the polymorphisms in TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway confer genetic susceptibility to T2DM and DN.
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P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) regulates glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in neuronal cells
Publication date: Available online 1 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Pallavi Varshney, Chinmoy Sankar Dey
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are recently reported as important players of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in tissues like muscle, pancreas and liver. However, their role in neuronal insulin signaling is still unknown. Present study reports the involvement of PAK2 in neuronal insulin signaling, glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Irrespective of insulin sensitivity, insulin stimulation decreased PAK2 activity. PAK2 downregulation displayed marked enhancement of GLUT4 translocation with increase in glucose uptake whereas PAK2 over-expression showed its reduction. Treatment with Akti-1/2 and wortmannin suggested that Akt and PI3K are mediators of insulin effect on PAK2 and glucose uptake. Rac1 inhibition demonstrated decreased PAK2 activity while inhibition of PP2A resulted in increased PAK2 activity, with corresponding changes in glucose uptake. Taken together, present study demonstrates an inhibitory role of insulin signaling (via PI3K-Akt) and PP2A on PAK2 activity and establishes PAK2 as a Rac1-dependent negative regulator of neuronal glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
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Epigenetic effects of prenatal estradiol-17β exposure on the reproductive system of pigs
Publication date: Available online 7 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): David Kradolfer, Veronika L. Flöter, Jochen T. Bick, Rainer W. Fürst, Kristina Rode, Ralph Brehm, Heiko Henning, Dagmar Waberski, Stefan Bauersachs, Susanne E. Ulbrich
There is growing evidence that early life exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals might increase the risk for certain adult onset diseases, in particular reproductive health problems and hormone dependent cancers. Studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to even low doses of estrogenic substances can cause adverse effects, including epigenetic reprogramming of the prostate and increased formation of precancerous lesions. We analyzed the effects of an in utero exposure to the strongest natural estrogen, estradiol-17β, in a pig model. Two different low and one high dose of estradiol-17β (0.05, 10 and 1000 μg/kg body weight/day) were orally applied to gilts during pregnancy and potential effects on the reproductive system of the offspring were analyzed. No significant effects on sperm vitality parameters and testes size were observed in adult boars. However, prenatal exposure to the high dose decreased absolute, but not relative weight of the testes in prepubertal piglets. RNA sequencing revealed significantly regulated genes of the prepubertal prostate, while testes and uteri were not affected. Notably, we found an increased prostate expression of CCDC80 and a decreased ADH1C expression in the low dose treatment groups. BGN and SPARC, two genes associated with prostate tumor progression, were as well more abundant in exposed animals. Strikingly, the gene body DNA methylation level of BGN was accordingly increased in the high dose group. Thus, while only prenatal exposure to a high dose of estrogen altered testes development and local DNA methylation of the prostate, even low dose exposure had significant effects on gene expression in the prostate of prepubertal piglet offspring. The relevance of these distinct, but subtle transcriptional changes following low dose treatment lacking a clear phenotype calls for further long-term investigations. An epigenetic reprogramming of the pig prostate due to prenatal estrogen cannot be neglected.
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TRAF3IP2 mediates aldosterone/salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
Publication date: Available online 1 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Siva S.V.P. Sakamuri, Anthony J. Valente, Jalahalli M. Siddesha, Patrice Delafontaine, Ulrich Siebenlist, Jason D. Gardner, Chandrasekar Bysani
Aberrant activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling and eventual failure. Here we investigated whether TRAF3 Interacting Protein 2 (TRAF3IP2), a redox-sensitive cytoplasmic adaptor molecule and an upstream regulator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), mediates aldosterone-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Wild type (WT) and TRAF3IP2-null mice were infused with aldosterone (0.2 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks along with 1%NaCl in drinking water. Aldosterone/salt, but not salt alone, upregulated TRAF3IP2 expression in WT mouse hearts. Further, aldosterone elevated blood pressure to a similar extent in both WT and TRAF3IP2-null groups. However, TRAF3IP2 gene deletion attenuated aldosterone/salt-induced (i) p65 and c-Jun activation, (ii) extracellular matrix (collagen Iα1 and collagen IIIα1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP2), lysyl oxidase (LOX), inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-18), chemokine (CXCL1 and CXCL2), and adhesion molecule (ICAM1) mRNA expression in hearts, (iii) IL-6, IL-18, and MMP2 protein levels, (iv) systemic IL-6 and IL-18 levels, and (iv) cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. These results indicate that TRAF3IP2 is a critical signaling intermediate in aldosterone/salt-induced myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and thus a potential therapeutic target in hypertensive heart disease.
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Identification of male-biased microRNA-107 as a direct regulator for nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 based on sexually dimorphic microRNA expression profiling from chicken embryonic gonads
Publication date: Available online 30 March 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Nan Miao, Xin Wang, Yue Hou, Yanping Feng, Yanzhang Gong
Several studies indicate that sexual dimorphic microRNAs (miRNAs) in chicken gonads are likely to have important roles in sexual development, but a more global understanding of the roles of miRNAs in sexual differentiation is still needed. To this end, we performed miRNA expression profiling in chicken gonads at embryonic day 5.5 (E5.5). Among the sex-biased miRNAs validated by qRT-PCR, twelve male-biased and six female-biased miRNAs were consistent with the sequencing results. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that some sex-biased miRNAs were potentially involved in gonadal development. Further functional analysis found that over-expression of miR-107 directly inhibited nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5a1), and its downstream cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1). However, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) was not directly or indirectly regulated by miR-107. Overall results indicate that miR-107 may specifically mediate avian ovary-development by post-transcriptional regulation of NR5a1 and CYP19A1 in estrogen signaling pathways.
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Brain derived neurotrophic factor in newly diagnosed diabetes and prediabetes
Publication date: Available online 7 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Wei Liu, Xueyao Han, Xianghai Zhou, Simin Zhang, Xiaoling Cai, Lihua Zhang, Yufeng Li, Meng Li, Siqian Gong, Linong Ji
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is thought to play an important role in glucose metabolism, but the exact mechanism has not been elucidated. The aim was to assess differences in serum BDNF levels across individuals with varying levels of glucose tolerance, and the association of serum BDNF levels with genetic variants and DNA methylation. Participants were selected from an ongoing population-based cohort study in rural China. In a randomly selected subsample of healthy participants (n=33 males, n=52 female), we assessed serum BDNF and in n=50 of these, also DNA methylation. In a second subsample (all women; n=28 with diabetes, n=104 with prediabetes, and n=105 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls), we assessed serum BDNF and genetic variants. In a third subsample (all with diabetes; n=7 normal BMI + low insulin level, n=9 normal BMI + high insulin level, n=9 obese + high insulin level), we assessed DNA methylation. Compared to age- and BMI-matched controls (24.71 (IQR, 20.44, 29.80) ng/ml), serum BDNF was higher in participants with prediabetes (27.38 (IQR, 20.64, 34.29) ng/ml), but lower in those with diabetes (23.40 (IQR, 18.12, 30.34) ng/ml) (P<0.05). Two genetic variants near BDNF (rs4074134 and rs6265) were confirmed to be associated with BMI. BDNF CpG-6 methylation was positively associated with waist-to-hip ratio (P<0.05). Furthermore, hyper-methylation in this site was found in participants with diabetes and high fasting insulin levels compared to those with diabetes and low fasting insulin levels, regardless of BMI status (P<0.001 and P= 0.001, respectively). Observed differences in serum BDNF levels, genetic variants, and DNA methylation patterns across different glucose metabolic state suggest that BDNF may be involved in the pathophysiological process of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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High glucose induces autophagy of MC3T3-E1 cells via ROS-AKT-mTOR axis
Publication date: Available online 8 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Xiaoju Wang, Zhengping Feng, Jiling Li, Lixue Chen, Weixue Tang
In the present study, we investigate the function of ROS-AKT-mTOR axis on the apoptosis, proliferation and autophagy of MC3T3-E1 cells, and the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells after autophagy inhibition under high glucose conditions. MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in vitro were divided into the following groups: normal control group, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group, 11.0 mM high glucose group, 11.0 mM high glucose + NAC group, 22.0 mM high glucose group, 22.0 mM high glucose + NAC group, CQ group, 22.0 mM high glucose + CQ group, 3-MA group and 3-MA + 22.0 mM group. ROS production was measured by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Cells in different groups were stained with Annexin V-FITC/PI, and then apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. Nucleus morphology was observed under fluorescence microscope after being incubated with Honchest33258. Protein expression was measured using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Cell apoptosis and proliferation in high glucose group were increased and decreased, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Autophagy was significantly induced in high glucose group, even though different concentration of glucose induced autophagy in different stages of autophagy. ROS production in osteoblasts was remarkably increased in high glucose group, but not in a dose-dependent manner. NAC, as an antioxidant, reduced ROS production and ameliorated cell apoptosis, proliferation abnormity and autophagy caused by high glucose. Expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR proteins were dramatically decreased in high glucose group, and NAC reversed their expression. In addition, 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy, significantly decreased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. When cocultured with 22.0mM high glucose that induced autophagy, proliferation of osteoblasts was not affected compared to 22.0 mM high glucose group. Our present findings reveal that high glucose affects apoptosis, proliferation and autophagy of osteoblasts through ROS-AKT-mTOR axis. In addition, autophagy inhibition does not affect the proliferation of osteoblasts under high glucose conditions.
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The Spatiotemporal Hormonal Orchestration of Human Folliculogenesis, Early Embryogenesis and Blastocyst Implantation
Publication date: Available online 1 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Craig S. Atwood, Sivan Vadakkadath Meethal
The early reproductive events starting with folliculogenesis and ending with blastocyst implantation into the uterine endometrium are regulated by a complex interplay among endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. This review examines the spatiotemporal integration of these signals required for successful reproduction. In coordination with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormones, an intraovarian HPG-like axis regulates folliculogenesis, follicular quiescence, ovulation, follicular atresia, and corpus luteal functions. Upon conception and passage of the zygote through the fallopian tube, the contribution of maternal hormones in the form of paracrine secretions from the endosalpinx to embryonic development declines, with autocrine and paracrine signaling becoming increasingly important as instructional signals for the differentiation of the early embryo/morula into a blastocyst. These maternal and embryonic signals include activin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) that are crucial for the synthesis and secretion of the 'pregnancy' hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG in turn signals pre-implantation embryonic cell division and sex steroid production required for stem cell differentiation, and subsequent blastulation, gastrulation, cavitation and blastocyst formation. Upon reaching the uterus, blastocyst hatching occurs under the influence of decreased activin signaling, while the attachment and invasion of the trophoblast into the endometrium appears to be driven by a decrease in activin signaling, and by increased GnRH1 and hCG signaling that allows for tissue remodeling and the controlled invasion of the blastocyst into the uterine endometrium. This review demonstrates the importance of integrative endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling for successful human reproduction.
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Pregnancy and lactation differentially modify the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic enzymes through DNA methylation mechanisms in the hippocampus of aged rats
Publication date: Available online 1 April 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): María F. Rossetti, Jorgelina Varayoud, Gisela P. Lazzarino, Enrique H. Luque, Jorge G. Ramos
In the present study, we examined the mRNA expression and DNA methylation state of steroidogenic enzymes in the hippocampus of young adult (90-days-old) and middle-aged (450-days-old) nulliparous rats, and middle-aged multiparous rats subjected to three pregnancies with and without lactation. Aging decreased the mRNA levels of steroidogenic-related genes, while pregnancy and lactation significantly reduced the effect of aging, maintaining high expression levels of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), steroid 5α-reductase-1 (5αR-1), cytochrome P450arom (P450arom) and aldosterone synthase (P450(11β)-2). In addition, pregnancy and lactation diminished the methylation state of the 5αR-1 promoter and increased the transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synaptophysin and spinophilin. Pregnancy without lactation increased P450scc and 5αR-1 gene expression and decreased the methylation of their promoters. We concluded that the age-related decrease in the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes is differentially attenuated by pregnancy and lactation in the rat hippocampus and that differential methylation mechanisms could be involved.
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The xenoestrogens, bisphenol A and para-nonylphenol, decrease the expression of the ABCG2 transporter protein in human term placental explant cultures
Publication date: Available online 30 March 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): E. Sieppi, K. Vähäkangas, A. Rautio, F. Ietta, L. Paulesu, P. Myllynen
Many endogenous and xenobiotic compounds are substrates and regulators of human placental ABC transporters. ABCG2 is protecting fetus against foreign chemicals. Environmental xenoestrogens, like bisphenol A (BPA) and p-nonylphenol (p-NP), mimic natural estrogens and can affect hormonal systems.Effects of BPA, p-NP, DES (diethylstilbestrol) and estradiol (E2), on ABCG2 expression were studied using human first trimester and term placental explants. Role of estrogen receptors (ER) in the effects of chemicals was studied by ER antagonist.Term placenta expressed less ABCG2 protein. In term placentas BPA (p<0.05), p-NP (p<0.01) and E2 (p<0.05) decreased the ABCG2 protein expression after 48h exposure while after 24h exposure, only E2 decreased the expression (p<0.05). The chemicals did not affect ABCG2 in first trimester placentas. The ER antagonist affected differently the responses of chemicals.In conclusion, environmental xenoestrogens downregulate placental ABCG2 protein expression depending on gestational age.
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A potential role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Publication date: Available online 28 March 2016
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Nozomi Takahashi, Miyuki Harada, Yasushi Hirota, Lin Zhao, Osamu Yoshino, Yoko Urata, Gentaro Izumi, Masashi Takamura, Tetsuya Hirata, Kaori Koga, Osamu Wada-Hiraike, Tomoyuki Fujii, Yutaka Osuga
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is crucial for ovarian angiogenesis, but its excess production induces ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The aim of this study was to determine whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulates VEGFA expression in granulosa cells, and whether its activation is involved in OHSS development. The expression of the spliced form of X-box-binding protein 1 [XBP1(S)], induced by ER stress, in cumulus cells from OHSS patients was higher than that in cumulus cells from non-OHSS patients. The ER stress inducer tunicamycin increased human chorionic gonadotropin-induced VEGFA production in human granulosa cells through the induction of XBP1(S), and pretreatment with the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) abrogated the effect of tunicamycin. In OHSS model rats, TUDCA administration prevented the OHSS development, reducing ovarian VEGFA production. Our findings suggest ER stress upregulates hCG-induced VEGFA production in granulosa cells, indicating that ER stress might be involved in OHSS development.
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20Q: Predicting the Future of Audiology
So can we forecast the future of audiology? We certainly can try. In this case, we take what we know or understand about the past and current state of the profession, and then consider what will happen given changes in the environment external to audiology. It is an attempt to identify the range of possible outcomes that might happen given any set of assumptions about the environment in the future.
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20Q: Predicting the Future of Audiology
So can we forecast the future of audiology? We certainly can try. In this case, we take what we know or understand about the past and current state of the profession, and then consider what will happen given changes in the environment external to audiology. It is an attempt to identify the range of possible outcomes that might happen given any set of assumptions about the environment in the future.
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20Q: Predicting the Future of Audiology
So can we forecast the future of audiology? We certainly can try. In this case, we take what we know or understand about the past and current state of the profession, and then consider what will happen given changes in the environment external to audiology. It is an attempt to identify the range of possible outcomes that might happen given any set of assumptions about the environment in the future.
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Screening for gestational diabetes is too late to prevent ill health effects on offspring, study finds
Obese women who develop gestational diabetes are five times more likely to carry a baby with excessive fetal growth by six months of pregnancy than women who do not develop impaired glucose tolerance...
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Allergic reactions to milk appear sooner than reactions to hen’s eggs: a retrospective study
Oral food challenge test doses are recommended to be performed at least 20 min apart; however, the times of symptom provocation from the start of the oral food challenge have never been compared between differ...
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Efficiency turns the table on neural encoding, decoding and noise
Source:Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 37
Author(s): Sophie Deneve, Matthew Chalk
Sensory neurons are usually described with an encoding model, for example, a function that predicts their response from the sensory stimulus using a receptive field (RF) or a tuning curve. However, central to theories of sensory processing is the notion of 'efficient coding'. We argue here that efficient coding implies a completely different neural coding strategy. Instead of a fixed encoding model, neural populations would be described by a fixed decoding model (i.e. a model reconstructing the stimulus from the neural responses). Because the population solves a global optimization problem, individual neurons are variable, but not noisy, and have no truly invariant tuning curve or receptive field. We review recent experimental evidence and implications for neural noise correlations, robustness and adaptation.
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Efficiency turns the table on neural encoding, decoding and noise
Source:Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 37
Author(s): Sophie Deneve, Matthew Chalk
Sensory neurons are usually described with an encoding model, for example, a function that predicts their response from the sensory stimulus using a receptive field (RF) or a tuning curve. However, central to theories of sensory processing is the notion of 'efficient coding'. We argue here that efficient coding implies a completely different neural coding strategy. Instead of a fixed encoding model, neural populations would be described by a fixed decoding model (i.e. a model reconstructing the stimulus from the neural responses). Because the population solves a global optimization problem, individual neurons are variable, but not noisy, and have no truly invariant tuning curve or receptive field. We review recent experimental evidence and implications for neural noise correlations, robustness and adaptation.
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20Q: Predicting the Future of Audiology
So can we forecast the future of audiology? We certainly can try. In this case, we take what we know or understand about the past and current state of the profession, and then consider what will happen given changes in the environment external to audiology. It is an attempt to identify the range of possible outcomes that might happen given any set of assumptions about the environment in the future.
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