No abstract available
http://ift.tt/2jaS69w
Πέμπτη 26 Ιανουαρίου 2017
Age-Related Change in Vestibular Ganglion Cell Populations in Individuals With Presbycusis and Normal Hearing.
Hypothesis: We sought to establish that the decline of vestibular ganglion cell counts uniquely correlates with spiral ganglion cell counts, cochlear hair cell counts, and hearing phenotype in individuals with presbycusis. Background: The relationship between aging in the vestibular system and aging in the cochlea is a topic of ongoing investigation. Histopathologic age-related changes the vestibular system may mirror what is seen in the cochlea, but correlations with hearing phenotype and the impact of presbycusis are not well understood. Methods: Vestibular ganglion cells, spiral ganglion cells, and cochlear hair cells were counted in specimens from individuals with presbycusis and normal hearing. These were taken from within a large collection of processed human temporal bones. Correlations between histopathology and hearing phenotype were investigated. Results: Vestibular ganglion cell counts were positively correlated with spiral ganglion cell counts and cochlear hair cell counts and were negatively correlated with hearing phenotype. There was no statistical evidence on linear regression to suggest that the relationship between age and cell populations differed significantly according to whether presbycusis was present or not. Superior vestibular ganglion cells were more negatively correlated with age than inferior ganglion cells. No difference in vestibular ganglion cells was noted based on sex. Conclusion: Vestibular ganglion cell counts progressively deteriorate with age, and this loss correlates closely with changes in the cochlea, as well as hearing phenotype. However, these correlations do not appear to be unique in individuals with presbycusis as compared with those with normal hearing. Copyright (C) 2017 by Otology & Neurotology, Inc. Image copyright (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health/Anatomical Chart Company
http://ift.tt/2jaMKv3
http://ift.tt/2jaMKv3
Developing a dedicated Dermatology Service for allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients
Following allogeneic stem cell transplantation, graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with the commonest organs affected being the skin and oral mucosa. Clinical presentation of cutaneous GVHD is widely variable and 13/30 patients attending a dedicated GVHD clinic were referred to Dermatologists with a specialist interest in GVHD (1). The British Committee for Standards in Haematology GVHD guidelines recommend organ-specific management and supportive care (2) recognising that early input from a Dermatologist is likely to improve clinical outcomes (3). JACIE 6th Edition standards also recommend access to certified specialist trained Dermatologists (4).
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2jlor8D
Developing a dedicated Dermatology Service for allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients
Following allogeneic stem cell transplantation, graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with the commonest organs affected being the skin and oral mucosa. Clinical presentation of cutaneous GVHD is widely variable and 13/30 patients attending a dedicated GVHD clinic were referred to Dermatologists with a specialist interest in GVHD (1). The British Committee for Standards in Haematology GVHD guidelines recommend organ-specific management and supportive care (2) recognising that early input from a Dermatologist is likely to improve clinical outcomes (3). JACIE 6th Edition standards also recommend access to certified specialist trained Dermatologists (4).
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2jlor8D
"Ear Nose Throat J"[jour]; +19 new citations
19 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:
These pubmed results were generated on 2017/01/27
PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
http://ift.tt/2kzM7v6
De Novo Reconstruction of a Hybrid Patella by Staged Fabrication of a Microvascular Bone Transplant with an Osteointegrated Prosthetic Socket
http://ift.tt/2iWBSgY
Accuracy, Yield and Clinical Impact of a Low-Cost HRME in the Early Diagnosis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Condition: Barrett's Esophagus
Intervention: Drug: Proflavine, high resolution imaging
Sponsors: Anandasabapathy, Sharmila, M.D.; William Marsh Rice University
Recruiting - verified January 2017
http://ift.tt/2jaB8YK
Intervention: Drug: Proflavine, high resolution imaging
Sponsors: Anandasabapathy, Sharmila, M.D.; William Marsh Rice University
Recruiting - verified January 2017
http://ift.tt/2jaB8YK
Accuracy, Yield and Clinical Impact of a Low-Cost HRME in the Early Diagnosis of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Condition: Barrett's Esophagus
Intervention: Drug: Proflavine, high resolution imaging
Sponsors: Anandasabapathy, Sharmila, M.D.; William Marsh Rice University
Recruiting - verified January 2017
http://ift.tt/2jaB8YK
Intervention: Drug: Proflavine, high resolution imaging
Sponsors: Anandasabapathy, Sharmila, M.D.; William Marsh Rice University
Recruiting - verified January 2017
http://ift.tt/2jaB8YK
"Ear Nose Throat J"[jour]; +19 new citations
19 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:
These pubmed results were generated on 2017/01/26
PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
http://ift.tt/2k9DOFC
Mitigating the Effects of Moral Distress.
Author: Kennedy, Maureen Shawn MA, RN, FAAN
Page: 7
http://ift.tt/2jkN5Gx
Proposed Regulations for Long-Term Care Omit Nurse Staffing Mandates.
Author: Sofer, Dalia
Page: 12
http://ift.tt/2jkFtnq
Bipartisan Bills Propose Assistance for Caregivers.
Author: Potera, Carol
Page: 13
http://ift.tt/2jvf4a4
NewsCAP: The emergence of Candida auris in the United States causes concern.
Author:
Page: 13
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NewsCAP: New consensus recommendations issued for enteral nutrition.
Author:
Page: 13
http://ift.tt/2jvh69U
Nurse Perception of Workplace Safety Affects Patient Care.
Author: Zolot, Joan PA
Page: 14
http://ift.tt/2jkHss4
NewsCAP: Updated list of known or potential carcinogens includes five viruses.
Author:
Page: 14
http://ift.tt/2jvgf9q
Updated Recommendations for Preventing CVD with Statins.
Author: Zolot, Joan PA
Page: 15
http://ift.tt/2jkQANn
NewsCAP: Nurses participated last November in protesting the Dakota Access Pipeline project.
Author:
Page: 15
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Discussing Death over Coffee and Cake: The Emergence of the Death Cafe.
Author: Nelson, Roxanne
Page: 18-19
http://ift.tt/2jvirxF
New Treatment for Soft Tissue Sarcoma.
Author: Aschenbrenner, Diane S. MS, RN
Page: 20
http://ift.tt/2jkKfS0
Serious Adverse Effects of Testosterone Abuse.
Author: Aschenbrenner, Diane S. MS, RN
Page: 20,21
http://ift.tt/2jvf3CG
A photoresponsive and rod-shape nanocarrier: Single wavelength of light triggered photothermal and photodynamic therapy based on AuNRs-capped & Ce6-doped mesoporous silica nanorods
Publication date: April 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 122
Author(s): Qi Sun, Qing You, Xiaojuan Pang, Xiaoxiao Tan, Jinping Wang, Li Liu, Fang Guo, Fengping Tan, Nan Li
Rod-shape nanocarriers have attracted great interest because of their better cell internalization capacity and higher drug loading properties. Besides, the combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) holds great promise to overcome respective limitations of the anti-cancer treatment. In this work, we first report Au nanorods-capped and Ce6-doped mesoporous silica nanorods (AuNRs-Ce6-MSNRs) for the single wavelength of near infrared (NIR) light triggered combined phototherapy. AuNRs-Ce6-MSNRs are not only able to generate hyperthermia to perform PTT effect based on the AuNRs, but also can produce singlet oxygen (1O2) for PDT effect based on Ce6 after uncapping of AuNRs under the single NIR wavelength irradiation. In addition, the combined therapy can be dual-imaging guided by taking the photoacoustic (PA) and NIR fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of AuNRs and Ce6, respectively. What's more, by utilizing the special structure of MSNRs, this nanocarrier can serve as a drug delivery platform with high drug loading capacity and enhanced cellular uptake efficiency. The multi-functional nanocomposite is designed to integrate photothermal and photodynamic therapy, in vivo dual-imaging into one system, achieving synergistic anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.
http://ift.tt/2k6DyaK
Memory and Traumatic Brain Injury
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Tessa Hart, Angelle Sander
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Editorial Board
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
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Table of Contents
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
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Editors' Selections From This Issue: Volume 98 / Number 2 / February 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
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Relationship between pedometer-based physical activity and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a cross-sectional study
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Hirotaka Iijima, Naoto Fukutani, Takuya Isho, Yuko Yamamoto, Masakazu Hiraoka, Kazuyuki Miyanobu, Masashi Jinnouchi, Eishi Kaneda, Tomoki Aoyama, Hiroshi Kuroki, Shuichi Matsuda
ObjectiveTo examine the association between pedometer-based ambulatory physical activity (PA) and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingInstitutional practice.ParticipantsParticipants in orthopaedic clinics (n = 207; age, 56–90 years; 71.5% female) diagnosed with radiographic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] grade ≥1).InterventionsNot applicable.Main outcome measureAmbulatory PA was objectively measured as steps/day. Physical function was assessed using the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure (JKOM) functional subcategory, 10-meter walk, timed up and go (TUG), and five-repetition chair stand (5CS) tests.ResultsPatients walking <2500 steps/day had a low level of physical function with a slower gait speed, longer TUG time, and worse JKOM functional score compared with those who walk 2500–4999, 5000–7499, and ≥7500 steps/day adjusted for age, sex, body mass index [BMI], and K/L grade. Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that steps/day (continuous) was associated with better physical function adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and K/L grade. These relationships were still robust in sensitivity analyses that included patients with K/L grades ≥2 (n = 140).ConclusionsAlthough increased ambulatory PA had a positive relationship with better physical function, walking <2500 steps/day may be a simple indicator for a decrease in physical function in patients with knee OA among standard PA category. Our findings might be a basis for counseling patients with knee OA about their ambulatory PA and for developing better strategies for improving physical function in sedentary patients with knee OA.
http://ift.tt/2kqJp7S
Masthead
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
http://ift.tt/2jacCas
Longer Versus Shorter Duration of Supervised Rehabilitation After Lung Transplantation: A Randomized Trial
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Louise M. Fuller, Brenda Button, Ben Tarrant, Ranjana Steward, Lisa Bennett, Greg Snell, Anne E. Holland
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of a supervised longer- (14wk) versus shorter-duration (7wk) rehabilitation program after lung transplantation (LTX).DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingOutpatient rehabilitation gym setting.ParticipantsPost-LTX patients aged ≥18 years (N=66; 33 women; mean age, 51±13y) who had undergone either single LTX or bilateral LTX.InterventionOutpatient rehabilitation program consisting of thrice-weekly sessions with cardiovascular training on bike ergometer and treadmill plus upper and lower limb strength training.Main Outcome MeasuresMeasures were taken at baseline, 7 weeks, 14 weeks, and 6 months by assessors who were blinded to group allocation. Functional exercise capacity was measured by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Strength of quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer and recorded as average peak torque of 6 repetitions for both muscles. Quality of life (QOL) was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey.ResultsOf the participants, 86% had bilateral LTX and 41% had primary diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The 6MWT increased in both groups with no significant difference between groups at any time point (mean 6mo 6MWD: short, 590±85m vs long, 568±127m; P=0.5). Similarly, at 6 months, there was no difference between groups in quadriceps average peak torque (mean, 115±38Nm vs 114±40Nm, respectively; P=.59), hamstring average peak torque (57±18Nm vs 52±19Nm, respectively; P=.36), or mental or physical health domains of quality of life.ConclusionsShorter duration (7wk) of rehabilitation achieves comparable outcomes with 14 weeks of supervised rehabilitation for functional exercise capacity, lower limb strength, and quality of life at 6 months after LTX.
http://ift.tt/2kqUHJh
Broadening the Conceptualization of Participation of Persons With Physical Disabilities: A Configurative Review and Recommendations
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, M. Blair Evans, W. Ben Mortenson, Luc Noreau
Within the context of physical disability, participation has typically been conceptualized in terms of one's performance of different roles and activities. This perspective, however, ignores the meanings and satisfactions that a person derives from participating. Without an accepted conceptualization of participation that accounts for people's subjective perceptions and experiences, it is challenging for decision-makers and service providers to design meaningful participation-enhancing services, programs, and policies. Accordingly, our objectives were (1) to conduct a review of definitions and conceptualizations of participation that extend beyond performance and capture people's subjective experiences of participating and (2) to identify key experiential aspects of participation that can be used as a basis for conceptualizing and operationalizing the concept more broadly. The project involved a systematic, configurative review of relevant literature. Ten relevant articles were identified. Information on characteristics associated with experiential aspects of participation was extracted and subjected to a thematic analysis. The following 6 themes emerged: autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery, and meaning. Drawing on these findings, it is recommended that the individual's subjective perceptions of autonomy, belongingness, challenge, engagement, mastery, and meaning associated with participating be incorporated into conceptualizations and operationalizations of the participation construct. This recommendation provides a starting point for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers to conceptualize and measure the participation concept more consistently and more broadly.
http://ift.tt/1sJNBmZ
Call for Papers
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
http://ift.tt/2jaiT5T
Wisdom from a Chair: Thirty Years of Quadriplegia
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Ruth W. Brannon
http://ift.tt/2kqzijv
Measurement Characteristics and Clinical Utility of the Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Scale in People With Incontinence and Multiple Sclerosis
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Jordan Keller, Lindsay Long, Kristian Nitsch, Jill Smiley
http://ift.tt/2ja9ew1
Information/Education Pages (I/EPs)
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
http://ift.tt/2kqUENB
Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews
Publication date: February 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Volume 98, Issue 2
Author(s): Fary Khan, Bhasker Amatya
ObjectivesTo systematically evaluate existing evidence from published systematic reviews of clinical trials for the effectiveness of rehabilitation for improving function and participation in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).Data SourcesA literature search was conducted using medical and health science electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library) up to January 31, 2016.Study SelectionTwo reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria to select potential systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness of organized rehabilitation for persons with MS. Data were summarized for type of interventions, type of study designs included, outcome domains, method of data synthesis, and findings.Data ExtractionData were extracted by 2 reviewers independently for methodological quality using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews. Quality of evidence was critically appraised with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.Data SynthesisThirty-nine systematic reviews (one with 2 reports) evaluated best evidence to date. There is "strong" evidence for physical therapy for improved activity and participation, and for exercise-based educational programs for the reduction of patient-reported fatigue. There is "moderate" evidence for multidisciplinary rehabilitation for longer-term gains at the levels of activity (disability) and participation, for cognitive-behavior therapy for the treatment of depression, and for information-provision interventions for improved patient knowledge. There is "limited" evidence for better patient outcomes using psychological and symptom management programs (fatigue, spasticity). For other rehabilitation interventions, the evidence is inconclusive because of limited methodologically robust studies.ConclusionsDespite the range of rehabilitative treatments available for MS, there is a lack of high-quality evidence for many modalities. Further research is needed for effective rehabilitation approaches with appropriate study design, outcome measurement, type and intensity of modalities, and cost-effectiveness of these interventions.
http://ift.tt/1U5srIl
Implicit activation of the aging stereotype influences effort-related cardiovascular response: The role of incentive
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Athina Zafeiriou, Guido H.E. Gendolla
Based on previous research on implicit effects on effort-related cardiovascular response and evidence that aging is associated with cognitive difficulties, we tested whether the mere activation of the aging stereotype can systematically influence young individuals' effort-mobilization during cognitive performance. Young participants performed an objectively difficult short-term memory task during which they processed elderly vs. youth primes and expected low vs. high incentive for success. When participants processed elderly primes during the task, we expected cardiovascular response to be weak in the low-incentive condition and strong in the high-incentive condition. Unaffected by incentive, effort in the youth-prime condition should fall in between the two elderly-prime cells. Effects on cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) and heart rate (HR) largely supported these predictions. The present findings show for the first time that the mere activation of the aging stereotype can systematically influence effort mobilization during cognitive performance—even in young adults.
http://ift.tt/2k7VeC6
New bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori: A first Italian experience in clinical practice
Abstract
Background
Rising antibiotic resistance requires the evaluation of new and effective therapies.
Aims
To test the efficacy and safety of the new bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori.
Material and Methods
Consecutive H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients were enrolled, either naïve or with previous failure treatment. Patients were treated with Pylera® (three-in-one capsules containing bismuth subcitrate potassium 140 mg, metronidazole 125 mg, and tetracycline 125 mg) three capsules q.i.d. plus omeprazole 20 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg b.i.d. for 10 days. Eradication was confirmed using an urea breath test (at least 30 days after the end of treatment). Efficacy was assessed by UBT and safety by means of treatment-emergent adverse events.
Results
One hundred and thirty-one patients were included in the study: 42% of patients were naïve, and 58%, with previous failure treatment. H. pylori eradication was achieved in 124 patients (94.7%, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 89.3-97.8) in ITT population. In the PP population, the percentage was 97.6% (95%, CIs 93.3-99.2). No difference in eradication rate was found either between naïve and previously treated patients (92.7% vs 96.0%, P=.383), or smoking and nonsmoking ones, or in patients taking omeprazole or esomeprazole.
Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 35 patients (26.7%, 95% CIs 19.9-34.9). They were mild in all cases except in four, who discontinued the study due to diarrhea (three patients) and diffuse urticarial rush (one patient).
Conclusions
Pylera® achieved a remarkable eradication rate in clinical practice, irrespective if it was used as first treatment or as a rescue therapy. Treatment-emergent adverse events were uncommon generally mild.
http://ift.tt/2jXfmoC
Regulatory logic driving stable levels of defective proventriculus expression during terminal photoreceptor specification in flies [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Jenny Yan, Caitlin Anderson, Kayla Viets, Sang Tran, Gregory Goldberg, Stephen Small, and Robert J. Johnston Jr.
http://ift.tt/2kzddCw
How differential levels of gene expression are controlled in post-mitotic neurons is poorly understood. In the Drosophila retina, expression of the transcription factor Defective Proventriculus (Dve) at distinct cell-type-specific levels is required for terminal differentiation of color- and motion-detecting photoreceptors. Here, we find that the activities of two cis-regulatory enhancers are coordinated to drive dve expression in the fly eye. Three transcription factors act on these enhancers to determine cell-type-specificity. Negative autoregulation by Dve maintains expression from each enhancer at distinct homeostatic levels. One enhancer acts as an inducible backup ("dark" shadow enhancer) that is normally repressed but becomes active in the absence of the other enhancer. Thus, two enhancers integrate combinatorial transcription factor input, feedback, and redundancy to generate cell-type specific levels of dve expression and stable photoreceptor fate. This regulatory logic may represent a general paradigm for how precise levels of gene expression are established and maintained in post-mitotic neurons.
http://ift.tt/2kzddCw
JMJD-1.2/PHF8 controls axon guidance by regulating Hedgehog-like signaling [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Alba Redo Riveiro, Luca Mariani, Emily Malmberg, Pier Giorgio Amendola, Juhani Peltonen, Garry Wong, and Anna Elisabetta Salcini
http://ift.tt/2kyTOh8
Components of the KDM7 family of histone demethylases are implicated in neuronal development and one member, PHF8, is also found mutated in cases of X-linked mental retardation. However, how PHF8 regulates neurodevelopmental processes and contributes to the disease is still largely missing. Here we show that the catalytic activity of a PHF8 homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, JMJD-1.2, is required non-cell autonomously for proper axon guidance. Loss of JMJD-1.2 deregulates the transcription of the Hedgehog-related genes wrt-8 and grl-16 whose overexpression is sufficient to induce the axonal defects. Deficiency of either wrt-8 or grl-16, or reduced expression of homologs of genes promoting Hedgehog signaling restore correct axon guidance in jmjd-1.2 mutant. Genetic and overexpression data indicate that Hedgehog-related genes act on axon guidance through actin remodelers. Thus, our study highlights a novel function of jmjd-1.2 in axon guidance that may be relevant for the onset of X-linked mental retardation and provides compelling evidences of a conserved function of the Hedgehog pathway in C. elegans axon migration.
http://ift.tt/2kyTOh8
Integrin suppresses neurogenesis and regulates brain tissue assembly in planarian regeneration [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Nicolle A. Bonar and Christian P. Petersen
http://ift.tt/2kz8e50
Animals capable of adult regeneration require specific signaling to control injury-induced cell proliferation, specification and patterning, but comparatively little is known about how the regeneration blastema assembles differentiating cells into well-structured functional tissues. Using the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea as a model, we identify β1-integrin as a critical regulator of blastema architecture. β1-integrin(RNAi) animals formed small head blastemas with severe tissue disorganization, including ectopic neural spheroids containing differentiated neurons normally found in distinct organs. By mimicking aspects of normal brain architecture but lacking normal cell-type regionalization, these spheroids bore a resemblance to mammalian tissue organoids synthesized in vitro. We identified one of four planarian integrin-alpha subunits whose inhibition phenocopied these effects, suggesting a specific receptor controls brain organization through regeneration. Neoblast stem cells and progenitor cells were mislocalized in β1-integrin(RNAi) animals without significantly altered body-wide patterning. Furthermore, tissue disorganization phenotypes were most pronounced in animals undergoing brain regeneration and not homeostatic maintenance or regeneration-induced remodeling of the brain. These results suggest that integrin signaling ensures proper progenitor recruitment after injury, enabling the generation of large-scale tissue organization within the regeneration blastema.
http://ift.tt/2kz8e50
Neuroblast niche position is controlled by PI3-kinase dependent DE-Cadherin adhesion [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Susan E. Doyle, Matthew C. Pahl, Karsten H. Siller, Lindsay Ardiff, and Sarah E. Siegrist
http://ift.tt/2kyXOOS
Correct positioning of stem cells within their niche is essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Yet how stem cells acquire and maintain niche position remains largely unknown. Here, we show that a subset of brain neuroblasts (NBs) in Drosophila utilize PI3-kinase and DE-cadherin to build adhesive contact for NB niche positioning. NBs remain within their native microenvironment when levels of PI3-kinase activity and DE-cadherin are elevated in NBs. This occurs through PI3-kinase dependent regulation of DE-Cadherin mediated cell adhesion between NBs and neighboring cortex glia, and between NBs and their GMC daughters. When levels of PI3-kinase activity and/or DE-Cadherin are reduced in NBs, NBs lose niche position and relocate to a non-native brain region that is rich in neurosecretory neurons, including those that secrete some of the Drosophila insulin-like peptides. Linking levels of PI3-kinase activity to strength of adhesive attachment could provide cancer stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells a means to cycle from trophic-poor to trophic-rich microenvironments.
http://ift.tt/2kyXOOS
New bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori: A first Italian experience in clinical practice
Abstract
Background
Rising antibiotic resistance requires the evaluation of new and effective therapies.
Aims
To test the efficacy and safety of the new bismuth-containing quadruple therapy in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori.
Material and Methods
Consecutive H. pylori-positive dyspeptic patients were enrolled, either naïve or with previous failure treatment. Patients were treated with Pylera® (three-in-one capsules containing bismuth subcitrate potassium 140 mg, metronidazole 125 mg, and tetracycline 125 mg) three capsules q.i.d. plus omeprazole 20 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg b.i.d. for 10 days. Eradication was confirmed using an urea breath test (at least 30 days after the end of treatment). Efficacy was assessed by UBT and safety by means of treatment-emergent adverse events.
Results
One hundred and thirty-one patients were included in the study: 42% of patients were naïve, and 58%, with previous failure treatment. H. pylori eradication was achieved in 124 patients (94.7%, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 89.3-97.8) in ITT population. In the PP population, the percentage was 97.6% (95%, CIs 93.3-99.2). No difference in eradication rate was found either between naïve and previously treated patients (92.7% vs 96.0%, P=.383), or smoking and nonsmoking ones, or in patients taking omeprazole or esomeprazole.
Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 35 patients (26.7%, 95% CIs 19.9-34.9). They were mild in all cases except in four, who discontinued the study due to diarrhea (three patients) and diffuse urticarial rush (one patient).
Conclusions
Pylera® achieved a remarkable eradication rate in clinical practice, irrespective if it was used as first treatment or as a rescue therapy. Treatment-emergent adverse events were uncommon generally mild.
http://ift.tt/2jXfmoC
Janus-kinase inhibitors display broad anti-itch properties – a possible link via the TRPV1 receptor
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Tomoki Fukuyama, Joy Rachel Ganchingco, Santosh K. Mishra, Thierry Olivry, Ignacy Rzagalinski, Dietrich A. Volmer, Wolfgang Bäumer
Teaser
The antipruritic effect of JAK inhibitors is fast and sustained in dogs with atopic dermatitis and in human patients with psoriasis. The inhibitory profiles of these molecules might be more related to their direct inhibition of TRPV1 rather than that of JAKs.http://ift.tt/2jkyo6A
"Ann Rehabil Med"[jour]; +26 new citations
26 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:
These pubmed results were generated on 2017/01/26
PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
http://ift.tt/2kyVUhc
Insights from Ultrahigh Field Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
Author(s): Matthew K. Schindler, Pascal Sati, Daniel S. Reich
Teaser
Ultrahigh-field (≥7 T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is being used at many leading academic medical centers to study neurologic disorders. The improved spatial resolution and anatomic detail are due to the increase in signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio at higher magnetic field strengths. Ultrahigh-field MR imaging improves multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion detection, with particular sensitivity to detect cortical lesions. The increase in magnetic susceptibility effects inherent to ultrahigh field can be used to detect pathologic features of MS lesions, including a central vein, potentially useful for diagnostic considerations, and heterogeneity among MS lesions, potentially useful in determining lesion outcomes.http://ift.tt/2k9sZ6F
Signaling of Noncomprehension in Communication Breakdowns in Fragile X Syndrome, Down Syndrome, and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Source:Journal of Communication Disorders
Author(s): Gary E. Martin, Jamie Barstein, Jane Hornickel, Sara Matherly, Genna Durante, Molly Losh
The ability to indicate a failure to understand a message is a critical pragmatic (social) language skill for managing communication breakdowns and supporting successful communicative exchanges. The current study examined the ability to signal noncomprehension across different types of confusing message conditions in children and adolescents with fragile X syndrome (FXS), Down syndrome (DS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and typical development (TD). Controlling for nonverbal mental age and receptive vocabulary skills, youth with comorbid FXS and ASD and those with DS were less likely than TD controls to signal noncomprehension of confusing messages. Youth with FXS without ASD and those with idiopathic ASD did not differ from controls. No sex differences were detected in any group. Findings contribute to current knowledge of pragmatic profiles in different forms of genetically-based neurodevelopmental disorders associated with intellectual disability, and the role of sex in the expression of such profiles.Learning OutcomesUpon completion of this article, readers will have learned about: (1) the social-communicative profiles of youth with FXS, DS, and ASD, (2) the importance of signaling noncomprehension in response to a confusing message, and (3) the similarities and differences in noncomprehension signaling in youth with FXS (with and without ASD), DS, idiopathic ASD, and TD.
http://ift.tt/2jX1Ktm
Merging video coaching and an anthropologic approach to understand health care provider behavior toward hand hygiene protocols
Source:American Journal of Infection Control
Author(s): Sophia Boudjema, Clément Tarantini, Patrick Peretti-Watel, Philippe Brouqui
BackgroundWe used videorecordings of routine care to analyze health care providers' deviance from protocols and organized follow-up interviews that were conducted by an anthropologist and a nurse.MethodsAfter consent, health care workers were recorded during routine care by an automatic video remote control. Each participant was invited to watch her or his recorded behaviors on 2 different videos showing routine practices and her or his deviance from protocols, and to comment on them. After this step an in-depth interview based on preestablished guidelines was organized and explanations regarding the observed deviance was discussed. This design was intended to reveal the HCWs' subjectivity; that is, how they perceive hand hygiene issues in their daily routine, what concrete difficulties they face, and how they try to resolve them.ResultsWe selected 43 of 250 videorecordings created during the study, which allowed us to study 15 out of 20 health care professionals. Twenty out of 43 videos showed 1 or more breaches in the hand hygiene protocol. The breaches were frequently linked to glove abuse. Deviance from protocols was explained by the health care workers as the result of an adaptive behavior; that is, facing work constraints that were disconnected from infection control protocols. Professional practices and protocols should be revisited to create simple messages that are adapted to the mandatory needs in a real life clinic environment.
http://ift.tt/2jkKlsA
Editorial Board and Contents
Source:Trends in Immunology, Volume 38, Issue 2
http://ift.tt/2jv51S6
Dapagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 Inhibitor, attenuated cardiac fibrosis by regulating the macrophage polarization via STAT3 signaling in infarcted rat hearts
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Tsung-Ming Lee, Nen-Chung Chang, Shinn-Zong Lin
During myocardial infarction, infiltrated macrophages have pivotal roles in cardiac remodeling and delayed M1 toward M2 macrophage phenotype transition is considered one of the major factors for adverse ventricular remodeling. We investigated whether dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, attenuates cardiac fibrosis via regulating macrophage phenotype by a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS)/STAT3-dependent pathway in postinfarcted rats. Normoglycemic male Wistar rats were subjected to coronary ligation and then randomized to either saline, dapagliflozin (a specific SGLT2 inhibitor), phlorizin (a nonspecific SGLT1/2 inhibitor), dapagliflozin + S3I-201 (a STAT3 inhibitor), or phlorizin + S3I-201 for 4 weeks. There were similar infarct sizes among the infarcted groups at the acute and chronic stages of infarction. At day 3 after infarction, post-infarction was associated with increased levels of superoxide and nitrotyrosine, which can be inhibited by administering either dapagliflozin or phlorizin. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly increased STAT3 activity, STAT3 nuclear translocation, myocardial IL-10 levels and the percentage of M2 macrophage infiltration. At day 28 after infarction, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with attenuated myofibroblast infiltration and cardiac fibrosis. Although phlorizin decreased myofibroblast infiltration, the effect of dapagliflozin on attenuated myofibroblast infiltration was significantly higher than phlorizin. The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiac fibrosis were nullified by adding S3I-201. Furthermore, the effects of dapagliflozin on STAT3 activity and myocardial IL-10 levels can be reversed by 3-morpholinosydnonimine, a peroxynitrite generator. Taken together, these observations provide a novel mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors-mediated M2 polarization through a RONS-dependent STAT3-mediated pathway and selective SGLT2 inhibitors are more effective in attenuating myofibroblast infiltration during postinfarction remodeling.
http://ift.tt/2kyMrqb
Combined NADPH and the NOX inhibitor apocynin provides greater anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of stroke
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Yuan-Yuan Qin, Mei Li, Xing Feng, Jian Wang, Lijuan Cao, Xi-Kui Shen, Jieyu Chen, Meiling Sun, Rui Sheng, Feng Han, Zheng-Hong Qin
Our previous study has reported that the pentose phosphate pathway product nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) protected neurons against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury. NADPH can either act as a co-enzyme to produce GSH or a substrate of NADPH oxidase (NOX) to generate ROS. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of co-treatment with NADPH and NOX inhibitor apocynin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain inflammation and neuronal injury. The results showed that both NADPH and apocynin markedly attenuated ischemia/reperfusion-induced increases in the levels of NOX2, NOX4 and ROS. NADPH and apocynin significantly inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, NF-κBp65 nuclear localization, and the expression of NF-κB target gene cyclooxygenase (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, both NADPH and apocynin suppressed the expression of inflammasome proteins including NLRP3 ASC, caspase-1, interleukin (IL)−1β and IL-18 in the ischemic cortex as revealed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Moreover, all these effects were greatly amplified by combination of NADPH and apocynin. Both NADPH and apocynin significantly reduced infarct volume, improved post-stroke survival, and recovery of neurological functions in mouse model of stroke. Consistently, the combination of NADPH and apocynin produced greater beneficial effects in against ischemic brain damage. These studies suggest that, beyond anti-oxidative effects, NADPH may also have anti-inflammatory effects and combination of NADPH and NOX inhibitors could produce a greater neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke.
Graphical abstract
http://ift.tt/2kyRYNr
Vergleich von klinischem und histopathologischem Staging bei Patienten mit Oropharynxkarzinom
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114990
Trotz der Fortschritte in Diagnostik und Therapie ist die Prognose von Oropharynxkarzinomen weiterhin ungünstig. Deshalb ist es entscheidend, das klinische Staging weiter zu verbessern, um darauf basierend Therapiemodalitäten festzulegen.In einer retrospektiven, pseudonymisierten Untersuchung aus einem 13 Jahreszeitraum wurde bei 84 primär operierten Patienten mit einem Oropharynxkarzinom die klinische Klassifikation (cTNM) mit der histopathologischen Beurteilung (pTNM) verglichen. Auch das Vorhandensein von okkulten Metastasen sowie das Gesamtüberleben in Abhängigkeit von der histopathologischen Tumorausdehnung und des regionären Lymphknotenbefalls wurden betrachtet.Die höchste Übereinstimmung zwischen cTNM und pTNM konnte bei der Computertomografie erreicht werden. Eine definitive Bewertung mit histopathologischer Zuverlässigkeit ist durch das cTNM nicht möglich. Die MRT-Untersuchungen zeigten die Tendenz, die T- und N-Kategorien und das UICC-Tumorstadium klinisch ausgedehnter einzuschätzen als durch die definitve histopathologische Beurteilung nachgewiesen. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des Überlebens getrennt nach Geschlecht, histopathologischer T- und N-Kategorien zeigte sich bei den höheren T- bzw. N-Kategorien ein geringeres Gesamtüberleben.Trotz aller Fortschritte in der bildgebenden Diagnostik bei Patienten mit Oropharynxkarzinomen ist das cTNM im Vergleich zum pTNM nur partiell in der Lage, mit klinisch geforderter Akkuratesse die TNM-Klassifikation der Tumorerkrankung zu bestimmen. Bei tendenziell sinkenden Prognosen ist es trotz moderner Therapieverfahren entscheidend, das prätherapeutische klinische Staging weiter zu verbessern und zu optimieren.
[...]
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Abstract | Full text
http://ift.tt/2j9SEwd
Audiologische Ergebnisse bei transkranieller CROS-Versorgung in Abhängigkeit von der Ertaubungsdauer
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-111079
Bei einseitiger Taubheit ermöglicht eine transkranielle CROS-Versorgung ein pseudostereophones Hören. Jedoch zeigt die Literatur eine große Streuung für den zu erwartenden Alltagsnutzen, gemessen als Sprachaudiometrie im Störgeräusch. Mögliche Einflussfaktoren sind Zeitraum und plastische Umbauprozesse innerhalb der Hörbahn zwischen dem Beginn der Ertaubung bis zur CROS-Versorgung. An 18 Patienten mit einseitiger Taubheit wurde eine transkranielle CROS-Versorgung erprobt. Dabei wurden die Sprachverständlichkeitsschwellen (SVS) in 2 räumlichen Anordnungen jeweils mit und ohne CROS-Versorgung verglichen. Wurde das taube Ohr mit Sprache und das hörende Ohr mit Störgeräusch beschallt, konnte durch die CROS-Versorgung eine signifikante Verbesserung der SVS nachgewiesen werden. Länger ertaubte Patienten zeigten im Unterschied zu kurzzeitig ertaubten Patienten höhere Gewinne von im Mittel −4,0 dB. In der umkehrten Situation, d. h. Sprache auf das hörende Ohr und Störgeräusch auf das ertaubte Ohr, konnte eine signifikante Verschlechterung festgestellt werden. Im Vergleich zu kurzzeitig ertaubten Patienten zeigten sich hier bei länger ertaubten Patienten deutliche Verschlechterungen von durchschnittlich 3,1 dB. Zudem fand sich eine hochsignifikante Korrelation bei den individuellen Veränderungen der SVS zwischen beiden Hörsituationen. Die Ertaubungsdauer ist ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der individuellen Nutzenprognose einer transkraniellen CROS-Lösung. Der Zeitraum für audiometrisch nachweisbare plastische Umbauprozesse innerhalb der Hörbahn infolge einseitig fehlender akustischer Stimulation kann aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse auf ca. 1–3 Jahre geschätzt werden. Patienten mit kurzer Ertaubungsdauer haben keinen oder nur sehr wenig Nutzen von dieser Versorgungsoption.
[...]
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Abstract | Full text
http://ift.tt/2jWOrt6
Heme Oxygenase 2 Binds Myristate to Regulate Retrovirus Assembly and TLR4 Signaling
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Cell Host & Microbe
Author(s): Yiping Zhu, Shukun Luo, Yosef Sabo, Cheng Wang, Liang Tong, Stephen P. Goff
N-myristoylation is the covalent attachment of myristic acid to the N terminus of proteins in eukaryotic cells. The matrix domain (MA) of HIV-1 Gag protein is N-myristoylated and plays an important role in virus budding. In screening for host factors that interact with HIV-1 MA, we found that heme oxygenase (HO-2) specifically binds the myristate moiety of Gag. HO-2 was also found to bind TRAM, an adaptor protein for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and thereby impact both virus replication and cellular inflammatory responses. A crystal structure revealed that HO-2 binds myristate via a hydrophobic channel adjacent to the heme-binding pocket. Inhibiting HO-2 expression, or blocking myristate binding with a heme analog, led to marked increases in virus production. HO-2 deficiency caused hyperresponsive TRAM-dependent TLR4 signaling and hypersensitivity to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide. Thus, HO-2 is a cellular myristate-binding protein that negatively regulates both virus replication and host inflammatory responses.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Zhu et al. identify heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2) as a myristate-binding protein that interacts with an array of myristoylated proteins to negatively regulate their function. HO-2 binds HIV-1 Gag, which inhibits virion production, and TRAM, a key molecule in the LPS-TLR4 signaling pathway, to downregulate inflammatory responses.http://ift.tt/2kqcIaB
Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein UL82 Inhibits STING-Mediated Signaling to Evade Antiviral Immunity
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Cell Host & Microbe
Author(s): Yu-Zhi Fu, Shan Su, Yi-Qun Gao, Pei-Pei Wang, Zhe-Fu Huang, Ming-Ming Hu, Wei-Wei Luo, Shu Li, Min-Hua Luo, Yan-Yi Wang, Hong-Bing Shu
Recognition of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA by the cytosolic sensor cGAS initiates STING-dependent innate antiviral responses. HCMV can antagonize host immune responses to promote latency infection. However, it is unknown whether and how HCMV targets the cGAS-STING axis for immune evasion. Here we identified the HCMV tegument protein UL82 as a negative regulator of STING-dependent antiviral responses. UL82 interacted with STING and impaired STING-mediated signaling via two mechanisms. UL82 inhibited the translocation of STING from the ER to perinuclear microsomes by disrupting the STING-iRhom2-TRAPβ translocation complex. UL82 also impaired the recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3 to the STING complex. The levels of downstream antiviral genes induced by UL82-deficient HCMV were higher than those induced by wild-type HCMV. Conversely, wild-type HCMV replicated more efficiently than the UL82-deficient mutant. These findings reveal an important mechanism of immune evasion by HCMV.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Whether and how HCMV proteins target the host immune system for evasion is enigmatic. Fu et al. found that HCMV protein UL82 inhibits STING-mediated signaling by impairing its cellular trafficking and complex formation, leading to inhibition of innate antiviral response and immune evasion by HCMV.http://ift.tt/2kqeB7w
Pseudomonas syringae Type III Effector HopBB1 Promotes Host Transcriptional Repressor Degradation to Regulate Phytohormone Responses and Virulence
Publication date: Available online 26 January 2017
Source:Cell Host & Microbe
Author(s): Li Yang, Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira, Surojit Biswas, Omri M. Finkel, Yijian He, Isai Salas-Gonzalez, Marie E. English, Petra Epple, Piotr Mieczkowski, Jeffery L. Dangl
Independently evolved pathogen effectors from three branches of life (ascomycete, eubacteria, and oomycete) converge onto the Arabidopsis TCP14 transcription factor to manipulate host defense. However, the mechanistic basis for defense control via TCP14 regulation is unknown. We demonstrate that TCP14 regulates the plant immune system by transcriptionally repressing a subset of the jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling outputs. A previously unstudied Pseudomonas syringae (Psy) type III effector, HopBB1, interacts with TCP14 and targets it to the SCFCOI1 degradation complex by connecting it to the JA signaling repressor JAZ3. Consequently, HopBB1 de-represses the TCP14-regulated subset of JA response genes and promotes pathogen virulence. Thus, HopBB1 fine-tunes host phytohormone crosstalk by precisely manipulating part of the JA regulon to avoid pleiotropic host responses while promoting pathogen proliferation.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Yang et al. demonstrate that the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopBB1 modulates two negative regulators of plant jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, TCP14 and JAZ3, and "glues" them together for degradation, resulting in precise activation of a subset of JA output responses that promote bacterial virulence.http://ift.tt/2kqd94G
Vergleich von klinischem und histopathologischem Staging bei Patienten mit Oropharynxkarzinom
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-114990
Trotz der Fortschritte in Diagnostik und Therapie ist die Prognose von Oropharynxkarzinomen weiterhin ungünstig. Deshalb ist es entscheidend, das klinische Staging weiter zu verbessern, um darauf basierend Therapiemodalitäten festzulegen.In einer retrospektiven, pseudonymisierten Untersuchung aus einem 13 Jahreszeitraum wurde bei 84 primär operierten Patienten mit einem Oropharynxkarzinom die klinische Klassifikation (cTNM) mit der histopathologischen Beurteilung (pTNM) verglichen. Auch das Vorhandensein von okkulten Metastasen sowie das Gesamtüberleben in Abhängigkeit von der histopathologischen Tumorausdehnung und des regionären Lymphknotenbefalls wurden betrachtet.Die höchste Übereinstimmung zwischen cTNM und pTNM konnte bei der Computertomografie erreicht werden. Eine definitive Bewertung mit histopathologischer Zuverlässigkeit ist durch das cTNM nicht möglich. Die MRT-Untersuchungen zeigten die Tendenz, die T- und N-Kategorien und das UICC-Tumorstadium klinisch ausgedehnter einzuschätzen als durch die definitve histopathologische Beurteilung nachgewiesen. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des Überlebens getrennt nach Geschlecht, histopathologischer T- und N-Kategorien zeigte sich bei den höheren T- bzw. N-Kategorien ein geringeres Gesamtüberleben.Trotz aller Fortschritte in der bildgebenden Diagnostik bei Patienten mit Oropharynxkarzinomen ist das cTNM im Vergleich zum pTNM nur partiell in der Lage, mit klinisch geforderter Akkuratesse die TNM-Klassifikation der Tumorerkrankung zu bestimmen. Bei tendenziell sinkenden Prognosen ist es trotz moderner Therapieverfahren entscheidend, das prätherapeutische klinische Staging weiter zu verbessern und zu optimieren.
[...]
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Abstract | Full text
http://ift.tt/2j9SEwd
Audiologische Ergebnisse bei transkranieller CROS-Versorgung in Abhängigkeit von der Ertaubungsdauer
Laryngo-Rhino-Otol
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-111079
Bei einseitiger Taubheit ermöglicht eine transkranielle CROS-Versorgung ein pseudostereophones Hören. Jedoch zeigt die Literatur eine große Streuung für den zu erwartenden Alltagsnutzen, gemessen als Sprachaudiometrie im Störgeräusch. Mögliche Einflussfaktoren sind Zeitraum und plastische Umbauprozesse innerhalb der Hörbahn zwischen dem Beginn der Ertaubung bis zur CROS-Versorgung. An 18 Patienten mit einseitiger Taubheit wurde eine transkranielle CROS-Versorgung erprobt. Dabei wurden die Sprachverständlichkeitsschwellen (SVS) in 2 räumlichen Anordnungen jeweils mit und ohne CROS-Versorgung verglichen. Wurde das taube Ohr mit Sprache und das hörende Ohr mit Störgeräusch beschallt, konnte durch die CROS-Versorgung eine signifikante Verbesserung der SVS nachgewiesen werden. Länger ertaubte Patienten zeigten im Unterschied zu kurzzeitig ertaubten Patienten höhere Gewinne von im Mittel −4,0 dB. In der umkehrten Situation, d. h. Sprache auf das hörende Ohr und Störgeräusch auf das ertaubte Ohr, konnte eine signifikante Verschlechterung festgestellt werden. Im Vergleich zu kurzzeitig ertaubten Patienten zeigten sich hier bei länger ertaubten Patienten deutliche Verschlechterungen von durchschnittlich 3,1 dB. Zudem fand sich eine hochsignifikante Korrelation bei den individuellen Veränderungen der SVS zwischen beiden Hörsituationen. Die Ertaubungsdauer ist ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der individuellen Nutzenprognose einer transkraniellen CROS-Lösung. Der Zeitraum für audiometrisch nachweisbare plastische Umbauprozesse innerhalb der Hörbahn infolge einseitig fehlender akustischer Stimulation kann aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse auf ca. 1–3 Jahre geschätzt werden. Patienten mit kurzer Ertaubungsdauer haben keinen oder nur sehr wenig Nutzen von dieser Versorgungsoption.
[...]
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Abstract | Full text
http://ift.tt/2jWOrt6
The TH2-polarizing function of atopic interleukin 17 receptor B–positive dendritic cells up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide
Recent studies suggest that epithelial cell (EC)-derived cytokines contribute to allergic airway disease exacerbation.
http://ift.tt/2k94oii
Management of children with anaphylaxis in an urban emergency department
Anaphylaxis is a rare but severe systemic allergic reaction that affects multiple organ systems and can be life-threatening.1 Reactions to foods have been well documented to cause the most frequent anaphylactic reactions in children.2 Recent studies suggest minority children are more likely to report having a food allergy but less likely to have these allergies diagnosed.3,4 Appropriate recognition and management of anaphylaxis are therefore critical, especially among minority children. We performed a study that describes the management of anaphylaxis among children treated in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) that primarily cares for minority children.
http://ift.tt/2kqce4z
First-line treatment of hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis: a 23-year real-life experience
Anaphylaxis represents a significant health care burden and occurs in approximately 1% to 3% of people annually.1,2 Allergy to hymenoptera venom occurs in 0.15% to 0.8% of children and 0.3% to 8.9% of adults.3 The complex management of anaphylaxis consists of emergency treatment of acute episodes, follow-up procedures including the prescription of epinephrine, and referral to an allergist. Therefore, it was of interest to investigate the medical care given to patients with systemic reactions after hymenoptera insect stings in Silesia, a southern region of Poland.
http://ift.tt/2jCUWjE
Erratum
In the article entitled "Rate of recurrent anaphylaxis and associated risk factors among Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents" (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;117:655–660), the affiliation for author Sangil Lee, MD, MS, should be Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
http://ift.tt/2k7wQk7
The TH2-polarizing function of atopic interleukin 17 receptor B–positive dendritic cells up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide
Recent studies suggest that epithelial cell (EC)-derived cytokines contribute to allergic airway disease exacerbation.
http://ift.tt/2k94oii
Management of children with anaphylaxis in an urban emergency department
Anaphylaxis is a rare but severe systemic allergic reaction that affects multiple organ systems and can be life-threatening.1 Reactions to foods have been well documented to cause the most frequent anaphylactic reactions in children.2 Recent studies suggest minority children are more likely to report having a food allergy but less likely to have these allergies diagnosed.3,4 Appropriate recognition and management of anaphylaxis are therefore critical, especially among minority children. We performed a study that describes the management of anaphylaxis among children treated in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) that primarily cares for minority children.
http://ift.tt/2kqce4z
First-line treatment of hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis: a 23-year real-life experience
Anaphylaxis represents a significant health care burden and occurs in approximately 1% to 3% of people annually.1,2 Allergy to hymenoptera venom occurs in 0.15% to 0.8% of children and 0.3% to 8.9% of adults.3 The complex management of anaphylaxis consists of emergency treatment of acute episodes, follow-up procedures including the prescription of epinephrine, and referral to an allergist. Therefore, it was of interest to investigate the medical care given to patients with systemic reactions after hymenoptera insect stings in Silesia, a southern region of Poland.
http://ift.tt/2jCUWjE
Erratum
In the article entitled "Rate of recurrent anaphylaxis and associated risk factors among Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents" (Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;117:655–660), the affiliation for author Sangil Lee, MD, MS, should be Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
http://ift.tt/2k7wQk7
An analysis of hearing screening test results in 2,291 premature infants of Chinese population
The aim of this study was to analyze the hearing screening program among preterm infants as well as to identify risk factors associated with failing primary newborn hearing screening.
http://ift.tt/2kyK8Hu
Self-Adjustment of Upper Electrical Stimulation Levels in CI Programming and the Effect on Auditory Functioning.
http://ift.tt/2kq9qUY
Objective Identification of Simulated Cochlear Implant Settings in Normal-Hearing Listeners Via Auditory Cortical Evoked Potentials.
http://ift.tt/2k9ajnt
Copyright
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k8JsI8
Anesthesiologists in Obstetric Care: Beyond Labor Epidurals and C-Section Care
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Lee A. Fleisher
http://ift.tt/2k8TEjY
Contributors
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2jksp1j
Obstetric Anesthesia
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Onyi C. Onuoha, Robert R. Gaiser
http://ift.tt/2jkg914
Contents
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k91YAj
Forthcoming Issues
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2jkaE2l
Should Nitrous Oxide Be Used for Laboring Patients?
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Michael G. Richardson, Brandon M. Lopez, Curtis L. Baysinger
Teaser
Nitrous oxide, long used during labor in Europe, is gaining popularity in the United States. It offers many beneficial attributes, with few drawbacks. Cost, safety, and side effect profiles are favorable. Analgesic effectiveness is highly variable, yet maternal satisfaction is often high among the women who choose to use it. Despite being less effective in treating labor pain than neuraxial analgesic modalities, nitrous oxide serves the needs and preferences of a subset of laboring parturients. Nitrous oxide should, therefore, be considered for inclusion in the repertoire of modalities used to alleviate pain and facilitate effective coping during labor.http://ift.tt/2k8TVU4
Identification and Management of Obstetric Hemorrhage
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Emily J. Baird
Teaser
Obstetric hemorrhage remains the leading cause of maternal death and severe morbidity worldwide. Although uterine atony is the most common cause of peripartum bleeding, abnormal placentation, coagulation disorders, and genital tract trauma contribute to adverse maternal outcomes. Given the inability to reliably predict patients at high risk for obstetric hemorrhage, all parturients should be considered susceptible, and extreme vigilance must be exercised in the assessment of blood loss and hemodynamic stability during the peripartum period. Obstetric-specific hemorrhage protocols, facilitating the integration and timely escalation of pharmacologic, radiological, surgical, and transfusion interventions, are critical to the successful management of peripartum bleeding.http://ift.tt/2jkkrWd
Embracing the Next Phase in Obstetric Anesthesiology
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Onyi C. Onuoha, Robert R. Gaiser
http://ift.tt/2k8MpbW
The Use of Ultrasonography in Obstetric Anesthesia
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Chiraag Talati, Cristian Arzola, Jose C.A. Carvalho
Teaser
This article provides an overview of the use of ultrasonography in obstetric anesthesia. It discusses the indications, benefits, and techniques of using ultrasonography to optimize the delivery of anesthesia and provide safe and efficacious clinical care. More specifically, it discusses the use of ultrasonography to facilitate neuraxial anesthesia, abdominal field blocks, central and peripheral vascular access, as well as the assessment of the lung fields and gastric contents, and identification of the cricothyroid membrane.http://ift.tt/2k8TCbQ
Obstetric and Anesthetic Approaches to External Cephalic Version
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Stephanie Lim, Jennifer Lucero
Teaser
Breech presentation is the most common abnormal fetal presentation and complicates approximately 3% to 4% of all pregnancies. External cephalic version (ECV) should be recommended to women with a breech singleton pregnancy, if there is no maternal or fetal contraindication. ECV increases the chance of cephalic presentation at the onset of labor and decreases the rate of cesarean delivery by almost 40%. The success rate of ECV is approximately 60%. Review of the risks and benefits for performing an ECV and for both the timing of ECV and the number of attempts should be should be discussed with the patient.http://ift.tt/2jkg6SW
Postdural Puncture Headache
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Robert R. Gaiser
Teaser
Headache after dural puncture is a common complication accompanying neuraxial anesthesia. The proposed cause is loss of cerebrospinal fluid through the puncture into the epidural space. Although obstetric patients are at risk for the development of this headache because of female gender and young age, there is a difference in the obstetric population. Women who deliver by cesarean delivery have a lower incidence of headache after dural puncture compared with those who deliver vaginally. Treatment of postdural puncture headache is an epidural blood patch. Departments should develop protocols for management of accidental dural puncture, including appropriate follow-up and indications for further management.http://ift.tt/2jkdX9K
Index
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k8QIEb
The impact of anesthesia on hemodynamic and volume changes in operative hysteroscopy: a bioimpedance randomized study
Operative hysteroscopy is accompanied by the use of distention medium. Its absorption can lead to volume overload and hemodynamic disturbances that can lead to serious complications. We investigated the impact of the type of anesthesia on decreasing these complications with the use of noninvasive thoracic bioimpedance.
http://ift.tt/2jkg6Cq
Copyright
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k8JsI8
Processing of Egomotion-Consistent Optic Flow in the Rhesus Macaque Cortex
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The cortical network that processes visual cues to self-motion was characterized with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 3 awake behaving macaques. The experimental protocol was similar to previous human studies in which the responses to a single large optic flow patch were contrasted with responses to an array of 9 similar flow patches. This distinguishes cortical regions where neurons respond to flow in their receptive fields regardless of surrounding motion from those that are sensitive to whether the overall image arises from self-motion. In all 3 animals, significant selectivity for egomotion-consistent flow was found in several areas previously associated with optic flow processing, and notably dorsal middle superior temporal area, ventral intra-parietal area, and VPS. It was also seen in areas 7a (Opt), STPm, FEFsem, FEFsac and in a region of the cingulate sulcus that may be homologous with human area CSv. Selectivity for egomotion-compatible flow was never total but was particularly strong in VPS and putative macaque CSv. Direct comparison of results with the equivalent human studies reveals several commonalities but also some differences.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juMXHM
Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Multifaceted Regulatory Mechanisms Dictating a Genetic Switch from Neuronal Network Establishment to Maintenance During Postnatal Prefrontal Cortex Development
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the latest brain regions to mature, which allows the acquisition of complex cognitive abilities through experience. To unravel the underlying gene expression changes during postnatal development, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in the rat medial PFC (mPFC) at five developmental time points from infancy to adulthood, and analyzed the differential expression of protein-coding genes, long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), and alternative exons. We showed that most expression changes occur in infancy, and that the number of differentially expressed genes reduces toward adulthood. We observed 137 differentially expressed lincRNAs and 796 genes showing alternative exon usage during postnatal development. Importantly, we detected a genetic switch from neuronal network establishment in infancy to maintenance of neural networks in adulthood based on gene expression dynamics, involving changes in protein-coding and lincRNA gene expression as well as alternative exon usage. Our gene expression datasets provide insights into the multifaceted transcriptional regulation of the developing PFC. They can be used to study the basic developmental processes of the mPFC and to understand the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our study provides an important contribution to the ongoing efforts to complete the "brain map", and to the understanding of PFC development.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCHpsF
Task Context Overrules Object- and Category-Related Representational Content in the Human Parietal Cortex
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The dorsal, parietal visual stream is activated when seeing objects, but the exact nature of parietal object representations is still under discussion. Here we test 2 specific hypotheses. First, parietal cortex is biased to host some representations more than others, with a different bias compared with ventral areas. A prime example would be object action representations. Second, parietal cortex forms a general multiple-demand network with frontal areas, showing similar task effects and representational content compared with frontal areas. To differentiate between these hypotheses, we implemented a human neuroimaging study with a stimulus set that dissociates associated object action from object category while manipulating task context to be either action- or category-related. Representations in parietal as well as prefrontal areas represented task-relevant object properties (action representations in the action task), with no sign of the irrelevant object property (category representations in the action task). In contrast, irrelevant object properties were represented in ventral areas. These findings emphasize that human parietal cortex does not preferentially represent particular object properties irrespective of task, but together with frontal areas is part of a multiple-demand and content-rich cortical network representing task-relevant object properties.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juKmOc
Contributors
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2jksp1j
Stimulus-Tuned Structure of Correlated fMRI Activity in Human Visual Cortex
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Processing units are interconnected in the visual system, where a sensory organ and downstream cortical regions communicate through hierarchical connections, and local sites within the regions communicate through horizontal connections. In such networks, neural activities at local sites are likely to influence one another in complex ways and thus are intricately correlated. Recognizing the functional importance of correlated activity in sensory representation, spontaneous activities have been studied via diverse local or global measures in various time scales. Here, measuring functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals in human early visual cortex, we explored systematic patterns that govern the correlated activities arising spontaneously. Specifically, guided by previously identified biases in anatomical connection patterns, we characterized all possible pairs of gray matter sites in 3 relational factors: "retinotopic distance," "cortical distance," and "stimulus tuning similarity." By evaluating and comparing the unique contributions of these factors to the correlated activity, we found that tuning similarity factors overrode distance factors in accounting for the structure of correlated fMRI activity both within and between V1, V2, and V3, irrespective of the presence or degree of visual stimulation. Our findings indicate that the early human visual cortex is intrinsically organized as a network tuned to the stimulus features.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCXuyf
Contents
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k91YAj
mGluR2 versus mGluR3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Primate Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: Postsynaptic mGluR3 Strengthen Working Memory Networks
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The newly evolved circuits in layer III of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) generate the neural representations that subserve working memory. These circuits are weakened by increased cAMP-K<sup>+</sup> channel signaling, and are a focus of pathology in schizophrenia, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive deficits in these disorders are increasingly associated with insults to mGluR3 metabotropic glutamate receptors, while reductions in mGluR2 appear protective. This has been perplexing, as mGluR3 has been considered glial receptors, and mGluR2 and mGluR3 have been thought to have similar functions, reducing glutamate transmission. We have discovered that, in addition to their astrocytic expression, mGluR3 is concentrated postsynaptically in spine synapses of layer III dlPFC, positioned to strengthen connectivity by inhibiting postsynaptic cAMP-K<sup>+</sup> channel actions. In contrast, mGluR2 is principally presynaptic as expected, with only a minor postsynaptic component. Functionally, increase in the endogenous mGluR3 agonist, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, markedly enhanced dlPFC Delay cell firing during a working memory task via inhibition of cAMP signaling, while the mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator, BINA, produced an inverted-U dose–response on dlPFC Delay cell firing and working memory performance. These data illuminate why insults to mGluR3 would erode cognitive abilities, and support mGluR3 as a novel therapeutic target for higher cognitive disorders.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jv0lf9
Forthcoming Issues
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2jkaE2l
Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in the Human Cerebral Cortex
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The human cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) responds selectively to visual and vestibular cues to self-motion. Although it is more selective for visual self-motion cues than any other brain region studied, it is not known whether CSv mediates perception of self-motion. An alternative hypothesis, based on its location, is that it provides sensory information to the motor system for use in guiding locomotion. To evaluate this hypothesis we studied the connectivity pattern of CSv, which is completely unknown, with a combination of diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. Converging results from the 2 approaches suggest that visual drive is provided primarily by areas hV6, pVIP (putative intraparietal cortex) and PIC (posterior insular cortex). A strong connection with the medial portion of the somatosensory cortex, which represents the legs and feet, suggests that CSv may receive locomotion-relevant proprioceptive information as well as visual and vestibular signals. However, the dominant connections of CSv are with specific components of the motor system, in particular the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area. We propose that CSv may provide a previously unknown link between perception and action that serves the online control of locomotion.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCB8gs
Anesthesiologists in Obstetric Care: Beyond Labor Epidurals and C-Section Care
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Lee A. Fleisher
http://ift.tt/2k8TEjY
Obstetric Anesthesia
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Onyi C. Onuoha, Robert R. Gaiser
http://ift.tt/2jkg914
MRI Shows that Exhaustion Syndrome Due to Chronic Occupational Stress is Associated with Partially Reversible Cerebral Changes
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The present study investigates the cerebral effects of chronic occupational stress and its possible reversibility. Forty-eight patients with occupational exhaustion syndrome (29 women) and 80 controls (47 women) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing. Forty-four participants (25 patients, 19 controls) also completed a second MRI scan after 1–2 years. Only patients received cognitive therapy. The stressed group at intake had reduced thickness in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left superior temporal gyrus (STG), enlarged amygdala volumes, and reduced caudate volumes. Except for the caudate volume, these abnormalities were more pronounced in females. They were all related to perceived stress, which was similar for both genders. Thickness of the PFC also correlated with an impaired ability to down-modulate negative emotions. Thinning of PFC and reduction of caudate volume normalized in the follow-up. The amygdala enlargement and the left STG thinning remained. Longitudinal changes were not detected among controls. Chronic occupational stress was associated with partially reversible structural abnormalities in key regions for stress processing. These changes were dynamically correlated with the degree of perceived stress, highlighting a possible causal link. They seem more pronounced in women, and could be a substrate for an increased cerebral vulnerability to stress-related psychiatric disorders.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCOf0Z
The Use of Ultrasonography in Obstetric Anesthesia
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Chiraag Talati, Cristian Arzola, Jose C.A. Carvalho
Teaser
This article provides an overview of the use of ultrasonography in obstetric anesthesia. It discusses the indications, benefits, and techniques of using ultrasonography to optimize the delivery of anesthesia and provide safe and efficacious clinical care. More specifically, it discusses the use of ultrasonography to facilitate neuraxial anesthesia, abdominal field blocks, central and peripheral vascular access, as well as the assessment of the lung fields and gastric contents, and identification of the cricothyroid membrane.http://ift.tt/2k8TCbQ
Fine Motor Skill Mediates Visual Memory Ability with Microstructural Neuro-correlates in Cerebellar Peduncles in Prematurely Born Adolescents
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Adolescents born preterm (PT) with no evidence of neonatal brain injury are at risk of deficits in visual memory and fine motor skills that diminish academic performance. The association between these deficits and white matter microstructure is relatively unexplored. We studied 190 PTs with no brain injury and 92 term controls at age 16 years. The Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), the Beery visual-motor integration (VMI), and the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) were collected for all participants, while a subset (40 PTs and 40 terms) underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. PTs performed more poorly than terms on ROCF, VMI, and GPT (all <span style="font-style:italic;">P</span> < 0.01). Mediation analysis showed fine motor skill (GPT score) significantly mediates group difference in ROCF and VMI (all <span style="font-style:italic;">P</span> < 0.001). PTs showed a negative correlation (<span style="font-style:italic;">P</span> < 0.05, corrected) between fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles and GPT score, with higher FA correlating to lower (faster task completion) GPT scores, and between FA in the right superior cerebellar peduncle and ROCF scores. PTs also had a positive correlation (<span style="font-style:italic;">P</span> < 0.05, corrected) between VMI and left middle cerebellar peduncle FA. Novel strategies to target fine motor skills and the cerebellum may help PTs reach their full academic potential.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juGmNM
Embracing the Next Phase in Obstetric Anesthesiology
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Onyi C. Onuoha, Robert R. Gaiser
http://ift.tt/2k8MpbW
Cortical Thickness and Local Gyrification in Children with Developmental Dyslexia
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Developmental dyslexia is frequently associated with atypical brain structure and function within regions of the left hemisphere reading network. To date, few studies have employed surface-based techniques to evaluate cortical thickness and local gyrification in dyslexia. Of the existing cortical thickness studies in children, many are limited by small sample size, variability in dyslexia identification, and the recruitment of prereaders who may or may not develop reading impairment. Further, no known study has assessed local gyrification index (LGI) in dyslexia, which may serve as a sensitive indicator of atypical neurodevelopment. In this study, children with dyslexia (<span style="font-style:italic;">n</span> = 31) and typically decoding peers (<span style="font-style:italic;">n</span> = 45) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging to assess whole-brain vertex-wise cortical thickness and LGI. Children with dyslexia demonstrated reduced cortical thickness compared with controls within previously identified reading areas including bilateral occipitotemporal and occipitoparietal regions. Compared with controls, children with dyslexia also showed increased gyrification in left occipitotemporal and right superior frontal cortices. The convergence of thinner and more gyrified cortex within the left occipitotemporal region among children with dyslexia may reflect its early temporal role in processing word forms, and highlights the importance of the ventral stream for successful word reading.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juKJIl
Identification and Management of Obstetric Hemorrhage
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Emily J. Baird
Teaser
Obstetric hemorrhage remains the leading cause of maternal death and severe morbidity worldwide. Although uterine atony is the most common cause of peripartum bleeding, abnormal placentation, coagulation disorders, and genital tract trauma contribute to adverse maternal outcomes. Given the inability to reliably predict patients at high risk for obstetric hemorrhage, all parturients should be considered susceptible, and extreme vigilance must be exercised in the assessment of blood loss and hemodynamic stability during the peripartum period. Obstetric-specific hemorrhage protocols, facilitating the integration and timely escalation of pharmacologic, radiological, surgical, and transfusion interventions, are critical to the successful management of peripartum bleeding.http://ift.tt/2jkkrWd
The Rich-Club Organization in Rat Functional Brain Network to Balance Between Communication Cost and Efficiency
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Network analyses of structural connectivity in the brain have highlighted a set of highly connected hubs that are densely interconnected, forming a "rich-club" substrate in diverse species. Here, we demonstrate the existence of rich-club organization in functional brain networks of rats. Densely interconnected rich-club regions are found to be distributed in multiple brain modules, with the majority located within the putative default mode network. Rich-club members exhibit high wiring cost (as measured by connection distance) and high metabolic running cost (as surrogated by cerebral blood flow), which may have evolved to achieve high network communications to support efficient brain functions. Furthermore, by adopting a forepaw electrical stimulation paradigm, we find that the rich-club organization of the rat functional network remains almost the same as in the resting state, whereas path motif analysis reveals significant differences, suggesting the rat brain reorganizes its topological routes by increasing locally oriented shortcuts but reducing rich-club member-involved paths to conserve metabolic running cost during unimodal stimulation. Together, our results suggest that the neuronal system is organized and dynamically operated in an economic way to balance between cost minimization and topological/functional efficiency.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCF8xh
Obstetric and Anesthetic Approaches to External Cephalic Version
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Stephanie Lim, Jennifer Lucero
Teaser
Breech presentation is the most common abnormal fetal presentation and complicates approximately 3% to 4% of all pregnancies. External cephalic version (ECV) should be recommended to women with a breech singleton pregnancy, if there is no maternal or fetal contraindication. ECV increases the chance of cephalic presentation at the onset of labor and decreases the rate of cesarean delivery by almost 40%. The success rate of ECV is approximately 60%. Review of the risks and benefits for performing an ECV and for both the timing of ECV and the number of attempts should be should be discussed with the patient.http://ift.tt/2jkg6SW
Should Nitrous Oxide Be Used for Laboring Patients?
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Michael G. Richardson, Brandon M. Lopez, Curtis L. Baysinger
Teaser
Nitrous oxide, long used during labor in Europe, is gaining popularity in the United States. It offers many beneficial attributes, with few drawbacks. Cost, safety, and side effect profiles are favorable. Analgesic effectiveness is highly variable, yet maternal satisfaction is often high among the women who choose to use it. Despite being less effective in treating labor pain than neuraxial analgesic modalities, nitrous oxide serves the needs and preferences of a subset of laboring parturients. Nitrous oxide should, therefore, be considered for inclusion in the repertoire of modalities used to alleviate pain and facilitate effective coping during labor.http://ift.tt/2k8TVU4
Index
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
http://ift.tt/2k8QIEb
Cognitive Control Structures in the Imitation Learning of Spatial Sequences and Rhythms—An fMRI Study
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Imitation learning involves the acquisition of novel motor patterns based on action observation (AO). We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the imitation learning of spatial sequences and rhythms during AO, motor imagery (MI), and imitative execution in nonmusicians and musicians. While both tasks engaged the fronto-parietal mirror circuit, the spatial sequence task recruited posterior parietal and dorsal premotor regions more strongly. The rhythm task involved an additional network for auditory working memory. This partial dissociation supports the concept of task-specific mirror mechanisms. Two regions of cognitive control were identified: 1) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was found to be more strongly activated during MI of novel spatial sequences, which allowed us to extend the 2-level model of imitation learning by Buccino et al. (2004) to spatial sequences. 2) During imitative execution of both tasks, the posterior medial frontal cortex was robustly activated, along with the DLPFC, which suggests that both regions are involved in the cognitive control of imitation learning. The musicians' selective behavioral advantage for rhythm imitation was reflected cortically in enhanced sensory-motor processing during AO and by the absence of practice-related activation differences in DLPFC during rhythm execution.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juGmxg
Medial Prefrontal Cortex–Pontine Nuclei Projections Modulate Suboptimal Cue-Induced Associative Motor Learning
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>Diverse and powerful mechanisms have evolved to enable organisms to modulate learning and memory under a variety of survival conditions. Cumulative evidence has shown that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is closely involved in many higher-order cognitive functions. However, when and how the medial PFC (mPFC) modulates associative motor learning remains largely unknown. Here, we show that delay eyeblink conditioning (DEC) with the weak conditioned stimulus (wCS) but not the strong CS (sCS) elicited a significant increase in the levels of c-Fos expression in caudal mPFC. Both optogenetic inhibition and activation of the bilateral caudal mPFC, or its axon terminals at the pontine nucleus (PN) contralateral to the training eye, significantly impaired the acquisition, recent and remote retrieval of DEC with the wCS but not the sCS. However, direct optogenetic activation of the contralateral PN had no significant effect on the acquisition, recent and remote retrieval of DEC. These results are of great importance in understanding the elusive role of the mPFC and its projection to PN in subserving the associative motor learning under suboptimal learning cue.</span>
http://ift.tt/2jCRUfx
Postdural Puncture Headache
Publication date: March 2017
Source:Anesthesiology Clinics, Volume 35, Issue 1
Author(s): Robert R. Gaiser
Teaser
Headache after dural puncture is a common complication accompanying neuraxial anesthesia. The proposed cause is loss of cerebrospinal fluid through the puncture into the epidural space. Although obstetric patients are at risk for the development of this headache because of female gender and young age, there is a difference in the obstetric population. Women who deliver by cesarean delivery have a lower incidence of headache after dural puncture compared with those who deliver vaginally. Treatment of postdural puncture headache is an epidural blood patch. Departments should develop protocols for management of accidental dural puncture, including appropriate follow-up and indications for further management.http://ift.tt/2jkdX9K
Altered Connectivity and Synapse Maturation of the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway in a Mouse Model of the Fragile X Syndrome
<span class="paragraphSection"><div class="boxTitle">Abstract</div>The Fragile X syndrome (FXS) as the most common monogenetic cause of cognitive impairment and autism indicates how tightly the dysregulation of synapse development is linked to cognitive deficits. Symptoms of FXS include excessive adherence to patterns that point to compromised hippocampal network formation. Surprisingly, one of the most complex hippocampal synapses connecting the dentate gyrus (DG) to CA3 pyramidal neurons has not been analyzed in FXS yet. Intriguingly, we found altered synaptic function between DG and CA3 in a mouse model of FXS (<span style="font-style:italic;">fmr1</span> knockout [KO]) demonstrated by increased mossy fiber-dependent miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequency at CA3 pyramidal neurons together with increased connectivity between granule cells and CA3 neurons. This phenotype is accompanied by increased activity of <span style="font-style:italic;">fmr1</span> KO animals in the marble burying task, detecting repetitive and obsessive compulsive behavior. Spine apparatus development and insertion of AMPA receptors is enhanced at postsynaptic thorny excrescences (TEs) in <span style="font-style:italic;">fmr1</span> KO mice. We report age-dependent alterations in TE morphology and in the underlying actin dynamics possibly linked to a dysregulation in profilin1 expression. TEs form detonator synapses guiding CA3 network activity. Thus, alterations described here are likely to contribute substantially to the impairment in hippocampal function and therefore to the pathogenesis of FXS.</span>
http://ift.tt/2juMBB2
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