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Πέμπτη 12 Ιανουαρίου 2017
Exercise guidelines to promote cardiometabolic health in spinal cord injured humans: time to raise the intensity?
Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Tom E. Nightingale, Richard S. Metcalfe, Niels BJ. Vollaard, James L.J. Bilzon
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life changing event that, as a result of paralysis, negatively influences habitual levels of physical activity and hence cardiometabolic health. Performing regular structured exercise therefore appears extremely important in persons with SCI. However, exercise options are mainly limited to the upper-body, which involves a smaller activated muscle mass compared to the mainly leg-based activities commonly performed by non-disabled individuals. Current exercise guidelines for SCI focus predominantly on relative short durations of moderate-intensity aerobic arm cranking exercise, yet contemporary evidence suggests this is not sufficient to induce meaningful improvements in risk factors for the prevention of cardiometabolic disease in this population. As such, these guidelines and their physiological basis, require reappraisal. In this special communication, we propose that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be a viable alternative exercise strategy, to promote vigorous-intensity exercise and prevent cardiometabolic disease in persons with SCI. Supplementing the limited data from SCI cohorts with consistent findings from studies in non-disabled populations, we present strong evidence to suggest that HIIT is superior to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin sensitivity and vascular function. The potential application and safety of HIIT in this population is also discussed. We conclude that increasing exercise intensity could offer a simple, readily available, time-efficient solution to improve cardiometabolic health in persons with SCI. We call for high-quality randomised controlled trials to examine the efficacy and safety of HIIT in this population.
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Cervical plexus block for perioperative analgesia during the cervical spine surgery
Cervical plexus block (CPB) is an effective option for perioperative analgesia for cervical spine surgery [1,2]. Here, we present two cases in which CPB was used during cervical surgery.
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Blocking of multiple posterior branches of cervical nerves using a cervical interfascial plane block
Many posterior branches of cervical nerves dominate the thoracodorsal region. Many posterior branches of cervical nerve run through the space (cervical interfascial plane: CIP) between the multifidus and longissimus muscles at the cervix. We describe a case in which the thoracodorsal region was blocked by injection of a local anesthetic in the CIP by a procedure called the CIP block.
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Transcatheter aortic valve implantation performed with a PECS block and a TTP block
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the severe aortic stenosis has unacceptably high estimated surgical risk [1]. In addition, the TAVI may be able to perform earlier rising compared to aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, it is difficult to manage the associated perioperative pain because the Transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TA-TAVI) is through an intercostal thoracotomy and the patients often experience severe pain. In addition, it is difficult to perform the neuraxial anesthesia such as an epidural anesthesia for the patients during the perioperative period.
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Treatment of ventilation failure after tracheal intubation due to asthma attack with high concentration sevoflurane
Asthma involves chronic inflammation of the airways, with reversible airflow obstruction and enhanced bronchial reactivity, and asthma attacks can occasionally occur during the perioperative period. Here, we report a case of severe asthma attack after tracheal intubation, leading to impossible ventilation, which was relieved by high concentration sevoflurane inhalation.
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Comparison between dexmedetomidine and verapamil as an adjuvant to local anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia in upper limb orthopedic surgery: a randomized double-blind prospective study
Medhat M Messseha Gerges
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):576-583
Background The use of intravenous regional anesthesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Objective This randomized double-blind prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of adding dexmedetomidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist) or verapamil (calcium channel antagonist) as an adjunct to lidocaine in upper limb orthopedic surgery. Patients and methods Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective upper limb orthopedic surgery were divided into three groups: the lidocaine group, in which patients received 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% diluted with saline to a total volume of 40 ml; the lidocaine dexmedetomidine group, in which patients received 0.5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%; and the lidocaine verapamil group, in which patients received 2.5 mg of verapamil plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block were recorded. Postoperative Visual Analog Score, onset of tourniquet pain, duration of analgesia, and total analgesic requirements at the 12th postoperative hour were monitored. Results Adding dexmedetomidine or verapamil to lidocaine causes faster onset and prolonged recovery of sensory and motor block and improvement of postoperative analgesia, without causing side effects compared with lidocaine alone. Conclusion The use of either verapamil or dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to lidocaine solution causes equal improvement of the quality of anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia of upper limb orthopedic surgeries.
http://ift.tt/2ijje5H
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):576-583
Background The use of intravenous regional anesthesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Objective This randomized double-blind prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of adding dexmedetomidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist) or verapamil (calcium channel antagonist) as an adjunct to lidocaine in upper limb orthopedic surgery. Patients and methods Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective upper limb orthopedic surgery were divided into three groups: the lidocaine group, in which patients received 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% diluted with saline to a total volume of 40 ml; the lidocaine dexmedetomidine group, in which patients received 0.5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%; and the lidocaine verapamil group, in which patients received 2.5 mg of verapamil plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block were recorded. Postoperative Visual Analog Score, onset of tourniquet pain, duration of analgesia, and total analgesic requirements at the 12th postoperative hour were monitored. Results Adding dexmedetomidine or verapamil to lidocaine causes faster onset and prolonged recovery of sensory and motor block and improvement of postoperative analgesia, without causing side effects compared with lidocaine alone. Conclusion The use of either verapamil or dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to lidocaine solution causes equal improvement of the quality of anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia of upper limb orthopedic surgeries.
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Addition of dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture reduces the incidence of vomiting associated with oral ketamine premedication after pediatric dental procedures
Ayman A Abdellatif, Manal M Kamal, Rania A.H. Ishak
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):478-484
Background Oral ketamine has been shown to induce safe and effective sedation in children, but with a high incidence of postoperative vomiting. Vendexine (dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture) is a commercially available syrup used primarily to treat allergic conditions. Each of its components has antiemetic effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the addition of vendexine to oral ketamine premedication affects the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Patients and methods Sixty-four children scheduled for elective dental procedures under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. They received an oral premedication mixture (total volume of 0.42 ml/kg) of either ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and apple juice (the K group), or ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and vendexine syrup (0.25 ml/kg) (the VK group). Sedation onset was noted. Scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application were rated. Incidence of postoperative vomiting, emergence agitation score, fentanyl consumption, and recovery time were also recorded. Results The two groups were comparable as regards sedation onset, scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application. However, a significant reduction of postoperative vomiting in the VK group was noticed compared with the K group (9.3 vs. 37.5%). In addition, emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption were significantly reduced in the VK group. Conclusion Vendexine added to oral ketamine reduces the incidence of postoperative vomiting associated with ketamine premedication in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6QlH9
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):478-484
Background Oral ketamine has been shown to induce safe and effective sedation in children, but with a high incidence of postoperative vomiting. Vendexine (dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture) is a commercially available syrup used primarily to treat allergic conditions. Each of its components has antiemetic effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the addition of vendexine to oral ketamine premedication affects the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Patients and methods Sixty-four children scheduled for elective dental procedures under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. They received an oral premedication mixture (total volume of 0.42 ml/kg) of either ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and apple juice (the K group), or ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and vendexine syrup (0.25 ml/kg) (the VK group). Sedation onset was noted. Scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application were rated. Incidence of postoperative vomiting, emergence agitation score, fentanyl consumption, and recovery time were also recorded. Results The two groups were comparable as regards sedation onset, scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application. However, a significant reduction of postoperative vomiting in the VK group was noticed compared with the K group (9.3 vs. 37.5%). In addition, emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption were significantly reduced in the VK group. Conclusion Vendexine added to oral ketamine reduces the incidence of postoperative vomiting associated with ketamine premedication in children.
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Severe pre-eclampsia masquerading as peripartum cardiomyopathy in an emergency cesarean section: a challenge to the perioperative physician
Vishal K Pai, Mridul Dhar, Anil P Singh, Atchya A Kumar
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):623-625
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and unusual form of cardiac failure of unknown etiology that is observed in late pregnancy or early postpartum. Although the complete pathogenesis of PPCM is not completely understood, the signs and symptoms are similar to those of left-ventricular heart failure. PPCM is diagnosed in a parturient woman only after other causes of cardiac failure have been ruled out. Its management is similar to that of congestive heart failure. This report describes the role of an anesthesiologist in the postoperative management of a parturient woman who was admitted with severe preeclampsia and developed pulmonary edema and heart failure in the postoperative period necessitating management in the ICU. Subsequently, PPCM was diagnosed and managed successfully. The diagnosis of PPCM is challenging and requires a high index of suspicion by the perioperative physician. Routine medical management in the form of digoxin, diuretics, vasodilators, β-blockers, and anticoagulants should be the first step but may also require vasoactive drugs and circulatory support. Future pregnancies are generally avoided in such patients.
http://ift.tt/2ijj1PQ
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):623-625
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and unusual form of cardiac failure of unknown etiology that is observed in late pregnancy or early postpartum. Although the complete pathogenesis of PPCM is not completely understood, the signs and symptoms are similar to those of left-ventricular heart failure. PPCM is diagnosed in a parturient woman only after other causes of cardiac failure have been ruled out. Its management is similar to that of congestive heart failure. This report describes the role of an anesthesiologist in the postoperative management of a parturient woman who was admitted with severe preeclampsia and developed pulmonary edema and heart failure in the postoperative period necessitating management in the ICU. Subsequently, PPCM was diagnosed and managed successfully. The diagnosis of PPCM is challenging and requires a high index of suspicion by the perioperative physician. Routine medical management in the form of digoxin, diuretics, vasodilators, β-blockers, and anticoagulants should be the first step but may also require vasoactive drugs and circulatory support. Future pregnancies are generally avoided in such patients.
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Dexmedetomidine infusion versus fentanyl for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy
Sanaa M Elfawal, Abeer M Eldeek, Manal M Kamal
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):485-492
Background This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate whether an intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine would be a safe and effective substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively, and whether it would be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 70 pediatric patients, aged 3–7 years, of both sexes, of ASA I and II, who were scheduled for elective adenotonsillectomy. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group D (dexmedetomidine infusion group; 35 patients) received intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) over 10 min, followed by 0.7 μg/kg/h until 5 min before the end of the surgery, and group F (intravenous fentanyl group; 35 patients) received intravenous fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a bolus. No premedication was given to any of the patients. The number of patients in each group who needed intraoperative fentanyl, the fentanyl dose, time of administration of fentanyl, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and the time to awakening were recorded. Pain was evaluated using the objective pain scale score in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), which was managed with rescue intravenous pethidine. Emergence agitation was evaluated in the PACU using two scales: the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the five-point agitation scale described by Cole. Results The time to awakening in group D was significantly shorter compared with that in group F (P<0.05). Group D showed a statistically significantly lower maximum objective pain scale score, lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, and lower emergence agitation score compared with group F at arrival at the PACU. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards preoperative heart rate, but there was significantly lower heart rate in group D than in group F after induction (P<0.05). No side effects were observed during the first 24 h postoperatively in the two groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective analgesic substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively and reduces analgesic requirements postoperatively. It is also effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
http://ift.tt/2j717x1
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):485-492
Background This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate whether an intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine would be a safe and effective substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively, and whether it would be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 70 pediatric patients, aged 3–7 years, of both sexes, of ASA I and II, who were scheduled for elective adenotonsillectomy. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group D (dexmedetomidine infusion group; 35 patients) received intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) over 10 min, followed by 0.7 μg/kg/h until 5 min before the end of the surgery, and group F (intravenous fentanyl group; 35 patients) received intravenous fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a bolus. No premedication was given to any of the patients. The number of patients in each group who needed intraoperative fentanyl, the fentanyl dose, time of administration of fentanyl, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and the time to awakening were recorded. Pain was evaluated using the objective pain scale score in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), which was managed with rescue intravenous pethidine. Emergence agitation was evaluated in the PACU using two scales: the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the five-point agitation scale described by Cole. Results The time to awakening in group D was significantly shorter compared with that in group F (P<0.05). Group D showed a statistically significantly lower maximum objective pain scale score, lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, and lower emergence agitation score compared with group F at arrival at the PACU. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards preoperative heart rate, but there was significantly lower heart rate in group D than in group F after induction (P<0.05). No side effects were observed during the first 24 h postoperatively in the two groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective analgesic substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively and reduces analgesic requirements postoperatively. It is also effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
http://ift.tt/2j717x1
Control of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with high level of chronic spinal cord injury during cystoscopy
Ibrahim A Nasr, Khaled M Elnaghy
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):606-611
Background Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a clinical emergency that frequently occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) during cystoscopy. It should be treated by removing the stimulus and by medications. We aimed in this study to evaluate the effect of adding magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion to control AD in high-level chronic SCI patients during cystoscopy. Patients and methods Forty patients with chronic SCI at the level of T6 or above scheduled for cystoscopy were randomly divided into two groups: the dex group, in which the patients received dexmedetomidine infusion 1 µg/kg for 10 min, followed by 0.5 µg/kg/min; and the Mg group, in which patients received a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in addition to the same infusion of dexmedetomidine. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for each patient, and serum magnesium, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were estimated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Results Results showed a significant elevation in intraoperative BP in the Dex group 10 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 20 min compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. HR dropped down in the Dex group 15 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 15 min compared with the presedation reading in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Serum magnesium was significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Mg group, whereas serum epinephrine and serum norepinephrine were significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Dex group compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Seven patients (35%) in the Dex group experienced a dysreflexic episode [increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) 30 mmHg or more compared with the presedation reading]; two of them showed elevation of SBP more than 160 mmHg and needed to be treated. On the other hand, only one patient in the Mg group (5%) experienced a dysreflexic episode (SBP 135 mmHg) with no need for medication. Conclusion Addition of a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion provides a better control of BP and HR, and reduces the incidence of AD during cystoscopy in patients with high level of chronic SCI.
http://ift.tt/2ijxQSD
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):606-611
Background Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a clinical emergency that frequently occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) during cystoscopy. It should be treated by removing the stimulus and by medications. We aimed in this study to evaluate the effect of adding magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion to control AD in high-level chronic SCI patients during cystoscopy. Patients and methods Forty patients with chronic SCI at the level of T6 or above scheduled for cystoscopy were randomly divided into two groups: the dex group, in which the patients received dexmedetomidine infusion 1 µg/kg for 10 min, followed by 0.5 µg/kg/min; and the Mg group, in which patients received a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in addition to the same infusion of dexmedetomidine. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for each patient, and serum magnesium, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were estimated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Results Results showed a significant elevation in intraoperative BP in the Dex group 10 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 20 min compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. HR dropped down in the Dex group 15 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 15 min compared with the presedation reading in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Serum magnesium was significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Mg group, whereas serum epinephrine and serum norepinephrine were significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Dex group compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Seven patients (35%) in the Dex group experienced a dysreflexic episode [increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) 30 mmHg or more compared with the presedation reading]; two of them showed elevation of SBP more than 160 mmHg and needed to be treated. On the other hand, only one patient in the Mg group (5%) experienced a dysreflexic episode (SBP 135 mmHg) with no need for medication. Conclusion Addition of a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion provides a better control of BP and HR, and reduces the incidence of AD during cystoscopy in patients with high level of chronic SCI.
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Comparison of caudal epidural clonidine with fentanyl as an adjuvant to ropivacaine 0.25% for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing various infraumbilical surgeries: A prospective randomized study
Sudheendra Saini, Veena Patodi, Surendra K Sethi, Neena Jain, Pooja Mathur, Beena Thada
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):493-500
Background Caudal epidural block is commonly used as a safe, reliable, easy-to-administer technique for abdominal and lower limb surgeries in pediatric patients and allows rapid recovery from anesthesia with effective postoperative analgesia. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of clonidine versus fentanyl when used as an additive to ropivacaine during single-shot caudal epidural analgesia in pediatric patients for postoperative pain relief. Patients and methods This randomized prospective double-blind study was conducted on 60 children of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II aged 1–7 years scheduled for various infraumbilical surgical procedures who were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and clonidine (2 μg/kg) (group RC) or ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) (group RF). Caudal epidural block was performed after induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were observed for duration of analgesia, sedation score, recovery time, hemodynamics, and side effects or complications. Results Both groups were similar with respect to patient's demographic profile, baseline hemodynamic parameters, and duration of surgery. The analgesic properties and hemodynamics were also comparable in both groups (P>0.05). The mean recovery time and sedation score were significantly lower in group RC as compared with group RF (P<0.05). Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression were seen only in group RF. Conclusion From our study we concluded that both clonidine (2 μg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) can be used as an adjuvant to single-shot caudal epidural anesthesia using 0.25% ropivacaine for effective postoperative analgesia in children. Because of its more favorable side-effect profile, with less respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and more patient comfort, clonidine is a better choice for use as an adjuvant to caudal epidural anesthesia in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6XoiT
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):493-500
Background Caudal epidural block is commonly used as a safe, reliable, easy-to-administer technique for abdominal and lower limb surgeries in pediatric patients and allows rapid recovery from anesthesia with effective postoperative analgesia. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of clonidine versus fentanyl when used as an additive to ropivacaine during single-shot caudal epidural analgesia in pediatric patients for postoperative pain relief. Patients and methods This randomized prospective double-blind study was conducted on 60 children of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II aged 1–7 years scheduled for various infraumbilical surgical procedures who were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and clonidine (2 μg/kg) (group RC) or ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) (group RF). Caudal epidural block was performed after induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were observed for duration of analgesia, sedation score, recovery time, hemodynamics, and side effects or complications. Results Both groups were similar with respect to patient's demographic profile, baseline hemodynamic parameters, and duration of surgery. The analgesic properties and hemodynamics were also comparable in both groups (P>0.05). The mean recovery time and sedation score were significantly lower in group RC as compared with group RF (P<0.05). Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression were seen only in group RF. Conclusion From our study we concluded that both clonidine (2 μg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) can be used as an adjuvant to single-shot caudal epidural anesthesia using 0.25% ropivacaine for effective postoperative analgesia in children. Because of its more favorable side-effect profile, with less respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and more patient comfort, clonidine is a better choice for use as an adjuvant to caudal epidural anesthesia in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6XoiT
Monitored anesthesia care with propofol or dexmedetomidine for patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under brachial plexus blockade: a comparative study
Kumkum Gupta, Vasundhra Tyagi, Prashant K Gupta, Bhawana Rastogi, Manish Jain, Manoranjan Bansal
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):563-568
Background Brachial plexus block is widely used for upper limb surgeries but intraoperatively patients remain aware. The present study aimed to compare the sedative efficacy and safety of propofol infusion versus dexmedetomidine infusion for monitored anesthesia care during upper limb surgeries under ultrasound (US)-guided brachial plexus blockade. Patients and methods Sixty adult consented patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III of both sexes were given 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg) for brachial plexus blockade under US guidance. The patients were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each, to receive either propofol infusion [group I (P)] or dexmedetomidine infusion [group II (D)] during the intraoperative period. The primary goals were to achieve a sedation score of 2–3 on the Ramsay sedation scale and to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia assessed using the visual analog scale. The hemodynamic stability, respiratory depression, or any complication due to technique or medications was also recorded as secondary outcomes. Results US guidance helped visualization of the nerves, the needle, and the spread of local anesthetic at the brachial plexus block site. Desired sedation score of 2–3 was effectively achieved with intraoperative infusions of dexmedetomidine and propofol. Hypotension occurred in 11 patients of the propofol group, whereas no episode of hypotension was noted in the dexmedetomidine group. Bradycardia was evident in five patients of the dexmedetomidine group. The duration of postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine infusion was significantly prolonged when compared with propofol infusion as assessed using visual analog scale. Respiratory depression did not occur in any patient. No adverse events inherent to sedative medication or technique were observed in any patient. Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine was better than propofol due to prolonged postoperative analgesia and intraoperative hemodynamic stability without respiratory depression.
http://ift.tt/2ijpgmJ
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):563-568
Background Brachial plexus block is widely used for upper limb surgeries but intraoperatively patients remain aware. The present study aimed to compare the sedative efficacy and safety of propofol infusion versus dexmedetomidine infusion for monitored anesthesia care during upper limb surgeries under ultrasound (US)-guided brachial plexus blockade. Patients and methods Sixty adult consented patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III of both sexes were given 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg) for brachial plexus blockade under US guidance. The patients were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each, to receive either propofol infusion [group I (P)] or dexmedetomidine infusion [group II (D)] during the intraoperative period. The primary goals were to achieve a sedation score of 2–3 on the Ramsay sedation scale and to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia assessed using the visual analog scale. The hemodynamic stability, respiratory depression, or any complication due to technique or medications was also recorded as secondary outcomes. Results US guidance helped visualization of the nerves, the needle, and the spread of local anesthetic at the brachial plexus block site. Desired sedation score of 2–3 was effectively achieved with intraoperative infusions of dexmedetomidine and propofol. Hypotension occurred in 11 patients of the propofol group, whereas no episode of hypotension was noted in the dexmedetomidine group. Bradycardia was evident in five patients of the dexmedetomidine group. The duration of postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine infusion was significantly prolonged when compared with propofol infusion as assessed using visual analog scale. Respiratory depression did not occur in any patient. No adverse events inherent to sedative medication or technique were observed in any patient. Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine was better than propofol due to prolonged postoperative analgesia and intraoperative hemodynamic stability without respiratory depression.
http://ift.tt/2ijpgmJ
Patient-controlled analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia by proxy for the management of postoperative pain in major pediatric cancer surgery
Essam Mahran, Ahmed H Abou El-Soud, Ahmed S Ragab, Fatma H Elshamy
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):501-507
Background Children suffer postoperative pain in the same way as adults. Pediatric pain management is a challenge. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a flexible, reliable, and individualized method in postoperative pain therapy. However, young children are not able to use PCA themselves, and hence they need to receive PCA by proxy (parent or nurse). The guidelines for PCA by proxy in pediatrics are still insufficient. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of PCA by proxy after major pediatric cancer surgery. Patients and methods We studied 330 pediatric cancer patients between 1 and 10 years of age scheduled for major surgery. They were divided into three equal groups: group C (child PCA), group P (parent proxy), and group N (nurse proxy). In each group we measured vital signs, pain intensity, total morphine consumption, side effects, and specific PCA monitoring for the first 72 h postoperatively. Results We found that pain scores were higher in the nurse group compared with the other two groups on days 2 and 3 (P < 0.001); morphine consumption was higher in the child group (older age). Vital signs were comparable between groups. There were no significant differences in sedation scale, and there were limited complications with no difference between groups. Conclusion Parent-controlled PCA is a safe and effective method of analgesia for children between 1 and 6 years of age. Nurse-controlled proxy is safe but not effective in controlling child pain. Child-controlled analgesia is safe and effective in children above 6 years of age.
http://ift.tt/2j6TnLn
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):501-507
Background Children suffer postoperative pain in the same way as adults. Pediatric pain management is a challenge. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a flexible, reliable, and individualized method in postoperative pain therapy. However, young children are not able to use PCA themselves, and hence they need to receive PCA by proxy (parent or nurse). The guidelines for PCA by proxy in pediatrics are still insufficient. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of PCA by proxy after major pediatric cancer surgery. Patients and methods We studied 330 pediatric cancer patients between 1 and 10 years of age scheduled for major surgery. They were divided into three equal groups: group C (child PCA), group P (parent proxy), and group N (nurse proxy). In each group we measured vital signs, pain intensity, total morphine consumption, side effects, and specific PCA monitoring for the first 72 h postoperatively. Results We found that pain scores were higher in the nurse group compared with the other two groups on days 2 and 3 (P < 0.001); morphine consumption was higher in the child group (older age). Vital signs were comparable between groups. There were no significant differences in sedation scale, and there were limited complications with no difference between groups. Conclusion Parent-controlled PCA is a safe and effective method of analgesia for children between 1 and 6 years of age. Nurse-controlled proxy is safe but not effective in controlling child pain. Child-controlled analgesia is safe and effective in children above 6 years of age.
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Preoperative external nasal compression: does it decrease emergence agitation after nasal surgery?
Ayman Kasem, Ashraf Abdelkader
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):593-597
Background Emergence agitation after nasal surgeries in adults is common. Acute postoperative nasal obstruction with nasal packing is an important factor in developing agitation after nasal surgeries. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative nasal obstruction by means of external nasal compression on the incidence of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries. Methods Sixty patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II between 20 and 45 years of age who were scheduled for nasal surgery were randomly assigned into three equal groups: the control (C) group, the T10 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 10 min, and the T30 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 30 min preoperatively. All patients received the same anesthetic technique. The incidence of agitation, and recovery characteristics were evaluated during emergence. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 24 h after surgery. Results There was a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption during the emergence period in the T30 group. Moreover, patient satisfaction with recovery was significantly higher in the T30 group. Conclusion Elective preoperative external nasal obstruction may decrease the incidence of emergence agitation and improve patient satisfaction with recovery after nasal surgery.
http://ift.tt/2iju7V2
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):593-597
Background Emergence agitation after nasal surgeries in adults is common. Acute postoperative nasal obstruction with nasal packing is an important factor in developing agitation after nasal surgeries. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative nasal obstruction by means of external nasal compression on the incidence of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries. Methods Sixty patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II between 20 and 45 years of age who were scheduled for nasal surgery were randomly assigned into three equal groups: the control (C) group, the T10 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 10 min, and the T30 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 30 min preoperatively. All patients received the same anesthetic technique. The incidence of agitation, and recovery characteristics were evaluated during emergence. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 24 h after surgery. Results There was a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption during the emergence period in the T30 group. Moreover, patient satisfaction with recovery was significantly higher in the T30 group. Conclusion Elective preoperative external nasal obstruction may decrease the incidence of emergence agitation and improve patient satisfaction with recovery after nasal surgery.
http://ift.tt/2iju7V2
Lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion in diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: a comparative study
Sherif G Anis, Ghada M Samir, Heba B ElSerwi
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):508-516
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion on hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as the recovery profile of diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 60 female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: group L and group D. Group L received lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, and group D received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. The hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum as well as the recovery profile (postoperative sedation, pain scores, and analgesic requirements) were recorded. Results During pneumoperitoneum, group D patients showed a statistically significant decrease in mean heart rate compared with group L patients. However, the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure in group L patients showed statistically and clinically nonsignificant changes compared with those of group D patients. As regards the recovery profile, group D patients recorded a significantly higher median sedation score compared with group L patients, and the postoperative pain scores were significantly better in group L than in group D patients after 30 min, 1 h from arrival at the postanesthesia care unit, and at 2 h in the ward. However, this resulted in a statistically nonsignificant number of patients requiring pethidine in the postanesthesia care unit, as well as statistically nonsignificant total pethidine requirements of less than 50 mg. Conclusion Lidocaine offers hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as a decrease in the intensity of postoperative pain with opioid sparing, offering a less sedated patient than dexmedetomidine during day-case diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
http://ift.tt/2j75h83
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):508-516
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion on hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as the recovery profile of diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 60 female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: group L and group D. Group L received lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, and group D received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. The hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum as well as the recovery profile (postoperative sedation, pain scores, and analgesic requirements) were recorded. Results During pneumoperitoneum, group D patients showed a statistically significant decrease in mean heart rate compared with group L patients. However, the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure in group L patients showed statistically and clinically nonsignificant changes compared with those of group D patients. As regards the recovery profile, group D patients recorded a significantly higher median sedation score compared with group L patients, and the postoperative pain scores were significantly better in group L than in group D patients after 30 min, 1 h from arrival at the postanesthesia care unit, and at 2 h in the ward. However, this resulted in a statistically nonsignificant number of patients requiring pethidine in the postanesthesia care unit, as well as statistically nonsignificant total pethidine requirements of less than 50 mg. Conclusion Lidocaine offers hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as a decrease in the intensity of postoperative pain with opioid sparing, offering a less sedated patient than dexmedetomidine during day-case diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
http://ift.tt/2j75h83
A case report of asystole after a test dose of ceftriaxone in an adult man
Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh, Yosra M Magdy, Rania M Ali
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):617-619
Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic for various infections such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and enteric fever, as well as in surgical prophylaxis. Hypersensitivity reactions after ceftriaxone therapy are uncommon but are potentially life-threatening, and they may lead to cardiac arrest. Here we report a 44-year-old man who presented with bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiac arrest (asystole) after a single injected dose of ceftriaxone introduced for surgical prophylaxis. Epinephrine was given intravenously, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed successfully. The patient regained his conscious level 2 h later and became hemodynamically stable within 4 h; next, he was extubated and closely observed for 24 h and then discharged. Physicians should be aware of the risk of anaphylaxis and asystole that may occur after the first dose of ceftriaxone and be ready for managing it properly.
http://ift.tt/2ijr1Ay
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):617-619
Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic for various infections such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and enteric fever, as well as in surgical prophylaxis. Hypersensitivity reactions after ceftriaxone therapy are uncommon but are potentially life-threatening, and they may lead to cardiac arrest. Here we report a 44-year-old man who presented with bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiac arrest (asystole) after a single injected dose of ceftriaxone introduced for surgical prophylaxis. Epinephrine was given intravenously, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed successfully. The patient regained his conscious level 2 h later and became hemodynamically stable within 4 h; next, he was extubated and closely observed for 24 h and then discharged. Physicians should be aware of the risk of anaphylaxis and asystole that may occur after the first dose of ceftriaxone and be ready for managing it properly.
http://ift.tt/2ijr1Ay
Dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for the management of postspinal shivering
Usama I Abotaleb, Abdalla M Abdalla, Ahmad S Abdelrahman, Gad S Gad, Abdalla M Elsayed
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):517-523
Background Shivering is one of the most stressful complications for patients and surgeons during spinal anesthesia. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, we compared the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for control of postspinal shivering. Methods This study was conducted on 120 patients, ASA I–III, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, who were scheduled for elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The response rate, time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, and adverse effects were recorded. Results Incidence of shivering in 1127 patients was 52.7% (594 patients): we studied 120 patients; 28 patients (2.5%) developed grade 4 and 92 patients (8.2%) developed grade 3 shivering. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the time for onset of shivering, severity, response rate, need for a second dose, or pethidine between the two groups. However, time to control shivering was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group, with a higher recurrence rate. Incidences of hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. However, there was no incidence of severe bradycardia or respiratory depression in our study. Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and granisetron effectively reduce postspinal shivering without any major adverse effects. However, dexmedetomidine has rapid onset and short duration, whereas granisetron has less hemodynamic alterations.
http://ift.tt/2j6WyCM
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):517-523
Background Shivering is one of the most stressful complications for patients and surgeons during spinal anesthesia. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, we compared the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for control of postspinal shivering. Methods This study was conducted on 120 patients, ASA I–III, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, who were scheduled for elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The response rate, time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, and adverse effects were recorded. Results Incidence of shivering in 1127 patients was 52.7% (594 patients): we studied 120 patients; 28 patients (2.5%) developed grade 4 and 92 patients (8.2%) developed grade 3 shivering. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the time for onset of shivering, severity, response rate, need for a second dose, or pethidine between the two groups. However, time to control shivering was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group, with a higher recurrence rate. Incidences of hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. However, there was no incidence of severe bradycardia or respiratory depression in our study. Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and granisetron effectively reduce postspinal shivering without any major adverse effects. However, dexmedetomidine has rapid onset and short duration, whereas granisetron has less hemodynamic alterations.
http://ift.tt/2j6WyCM
Perioperative nutrition to enhance recovery after surgery
Dina Salah
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):469-477
Preoperative malnutrition is a major risk factor for increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients at risk for malnutrition should be identified early. The Nutritional Risk Score is a validated tool to identify patients who should benefit from nutritional support. The adoption of total parenteral nutrition followed by the extraordinary progress in parenteral and enteral feedings, in addition to the increased knowledge of cellular biology and biochemistry, has allowed clinicians to treat malnutrition and improve surgical patient's outcomes. Periods of prolonged fasting should be minimized and nutrition should be commenced as early as possible after surgery, preferably through the enteral route. The surgical patient with established malnutrition should begin aggressive nutrition at least 7–10 days before surgery. Those patients in whom eating is not anticipated beyond the first 5 days following surgery should receive the benefits of early enteral or parenteral feeding depending on whether the gut can be used. Many patients may benefit from newer enteral formulations, such as those designed to enhance immune function (immunonutrition).
http://ift.tt/2ijq2Ad
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):469-477
Preoperative malnutrition is a major risk factor for increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients at risk for malnutrition should be identified early. The Nutritional Risk Score is a validated tool to identify patients who should benefit from nutritional support. The adoption of total parenteral nutrition followed by the extraordinary progress in parenteral and enteral feedings, in addition to the increased knowledge of cellular biology and biochemistry, has allowed clinicians to treat malnutrition and improve surgical patient's outcomes. Periods of prolonged fasting should be minimized and nutrition should be commenced as early as possible after surgery, preferably through the enteral route. The surgical patient with established malnutrition should begin aggressive nutrition at least 7–10 days before surgery. Those patients in whom eating is not anticipated beyond the first 5 days following surgery should receive the benefits of early enteral or parenteral feeding depending on whether the gut can be used. Many patients may benefit from newer enteral formulations, such as those designed to enhance immune function (immunonutrition).
http://ift.tt/2ijq2Ad
Intravenous low-dose ketamine injection versus dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of intraoperative shivering during spinal anesthesia
Mostafa Mansour Houssein, Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):524-530
Background Shivering is considered one of the most common adverse effects that occur during spinal anesthesia. Besides causing patient discomfort, shivering also interferes with patient monitoring and increases tissue oxygen demand. The present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of intravenous low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine intravenous infusion in prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia. Materials and methods Sixty patients of both sexes were included in this prospective randomized-controlled study. Patients were divided randomly into two groups of 30 patients each. Group K (30 patients) received low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and group D (30 patients) received dexmedetomidine infusion. The primary outcome measure of this study was intraoperative shivering. The secondary outcome measures were hemodynamic changes, sedation scores, and postoperative side effects. Results Patients in group D had a lower incidence of postspinal anesthesia shivering compared with patients in group K. In all, 13.33% of group K patients had grade 3 shivering in comparison with only 3.33% of patients in group D 10 min after the onset of spinal anesthesia (P=0.031). Deeper sedation was observed in group D patients as 36.67% of group D patients had grade 4 sedation compared with 23.33% of patients in group K after 10 min (P=0.048). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infusion is more effective as an antishivering and sedating agent than low-dose ketamine injection in patients receiving spinal anesthesia.
http://ift.tt/2j713NP
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):524-530
Background Shivering is considered one of the most common adverse effects that occur during spinal anesthesia. Besides causing patient discomfort, shivering also interferes with patient monitoring and increases tissue oxygen demand. The present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of intravenous low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine intravenous infusion in prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia. Materials and methods Sixty patients of both sexes were included in this prospective randomized-controlled study. Patients were divided randomly into two groups of 30 patients each. Group K (30 patients) received low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and group D (30 patients) received dexmedetomidine infusion. The primary outcome measure of this study was intraoperative shivering. The secondary outcome measures were hemodynamic changes, sedation scores, and postoperative side effects. Results Patients in group D had a lower incidence of postspinal anesthesia shivering compared with patients in group K. In all, 13.33% of group K patients had grade 3 shivering in comparison with only 3.33% of patients in group D 10 min after the onset of spinal anesthesia (P=0.031). Deeper sedation was observed in group D patients as 36.67% of group D patients had grade 4 sedation compared with 23.33% of patients in group K after 10 min (P=0.048). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infusion is more effective as an antishivering and sedating agent than low-dose ketamine injection in patients receiving spinal anesthesia.
http://ift.tt/2j713NP
Systemic versus perineural dexamethasone as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries: a prospective randomized study
Hala E Abdel Naim, Khaled A Elshafaie, Sherif M Soaida, Mohammed M Abdel-Haq, Kareem M Nawar
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):569-575
Background and aim Various peripheral nerve block techniques have been described to deliver anesthesia and analgesia that allow better functional recovery and shortened hospital stay following major lower-limb surgeries. We aimed to compare the possible effect of perineural dexamethasone versus systemic dexamethasone after nerve stimulator-guided combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries. Patients and methods After obtaining approval from the ethical committee of Kasr Al-Ainy University Hospital and obtaining written informed consent, 63 patients aged 18–70 years were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group P received perineural dexamethasone plus bupivacaine 0.5%, group I received intravenous dexamethasone plus perineural bupivacaine 0.5%, and group B received perineural bupivacaine 0.5% alone. We compared the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and hemodynamic changes. Results Sensory and motor block onset showed nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Sensory block duration was significantly longer in group P than in groups I and B. Motor block duration was significantly prolonged in groups P and I when compared with group B. Motor block duration was longer in group P than in group I; however, the difference was statistically nonsignificant (p-value 0.34). The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group P than in the other groups, and significantly longer in group I compared with group B. Conclusion The use of equal doses of perineural or intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in single injection combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks is associated with extended duration of sensory and motor blocks, extension of postoperative analgesia duration, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements.
http://ift.tt/2ijkjdR
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):569-575
Background and aim Various peripheral nerve block techniques have been described to deliver anesthesia and analgesia that allow better functional recovery and shortened hospital stay following major lower-limb surgeries. We aimed to compare the possible effect of perineural dexamethasone versus systemic dexamethasone after nerve stimulator-guided combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries. Patients and methods After obtaining approval from the ethical committee of Kasr Al-Ainy University Hospital and obtaining written informed consent, 63 patients aged 18–70 years were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group P received perineural dexamethasone plus bupivacaine 0.5%, group I received intravenous dexamethasone plus perineural bupivacaine 0.5%, and group B received perineural bupivacaine 0.5% alone. We compared the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and hemodynamic changes. Results Sensory and motor block onset showed nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Sensory block duration was significantly longer in group P than in groups I and B. Motor block duration was significantly prolonged in groups P and I when compared with group B. Motor block duration was longer in group P than in group I; however, the difference was statistically nonsignificant (p-value 0.34). The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group P than in the other groups, and significantly longer in group I compared with group B. Conclusion The use of equal doses of perineural or intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in single injection combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks is associated with extended duration of sensory and motor blocks, extension of postoperative analgesia duration, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements.
http://ift.tt/2ijkjdR
Intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl after laparoscopic pyeloplasty
Hoda Shokri
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):531-535
Objective Laparoscopic surgery has decreased the severity of postoperative pain. However, patients often experience abdominal and shoulder pain, requiring significant amounts of opioids and potentially prolonging their hospitalization. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl in reducing postoperative pain without incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Patients and methods After hospital ethics committee approval and obtaining written informed consent, 50 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral laparoscopic pyeloplasty were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using the sealed envelope technique: the BF group (25 patients) received induction with 30 ml of bupivacaine (0.25%) plus fentanyl (20 μg) intraperitoneally just before trocar removal, and the saline group (25 patients) received induction with saline (30 ml). Pain scores, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative opioid requirements, and occurrence of adverse effects were all recorded. Results There was a significant reduction in 24 h of postoperative opioid utilization and visual analog scale scores in the BF group compared with the saline group at all time points. The time to first opioid consumption was significantly longer in the BF group compared with the saline group. The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the study groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the BF group compared with the saline group. Conclusion The administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl just before trocar removal appears to be a simple, effective, and low-cost method to reduce postoperative pain in adults undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
http://ift.tt/2j710S7
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):531-535
Objective Laparoscopic surgery has decreased the severity of postoperative pain. However, patients often experience abdominal and shoulder pain, requiring significant amounts of opioids and potentially prolonging their hospitalization. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl in reducing postoperative pain without incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Patients and methods After hospital ethics committee approval and obtaining written informed consent, 50 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral laparoscopic pyeloplasty were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using the sealed envelope technique: the BF group (25 patients) received induction with 30 ml of bupivacaine (0.25%) plus fentanyl (20 μg) intraperitoneally just before trocar removal, and the saline group (25 patients) received induction with saline (30 ml). Pain scores, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative opioid requirements, and occurrence of adverse effects were all recorded. Results There was a significant reduction in 24 h of postoperative opioid utilization and visual analog scale scores in the BF group compared with the saline group at all time points. The time to first opioid consumption was significantly longer in the BF group compared with the saline group. The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the study groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the BF group compared with the saline group. Conclusion The administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl just before trocar removal appears to be a simple, effective, and low-cost method to reduce postoperative pain in adults undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
http://ift.tt/2j710S7
Comparison between dexmedetomidine and verapamil as an adjuvant to local anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia in upper limb orthopedic surgery: a randomized double-blind prospective study
Medhat M Messseha Gerges
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):576-583
Background The use of intravenous regional anesthesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Objective This randomized double-blind prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of adding dexmedetomidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist) or verapamil (calcium channel antagonist) as an adjunct to lidocaine in upper limb orthopedic surgery. Patients and methods Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective upper limb orthopedic surgery were divided into three groups: the lidocaine group, in which patients received 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% diluted with saline to a total volume of 40 ml; the lidocaine dexmedetomidine group, in which patients received 0.5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%; and the lidocaine verapamil group, in which patients received 2.5 mg of verapamil plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block were recorded. Postoperative Visual Analog Score, onset of tourniquet pain, duration of analgesia, and total analgesic requirements at the 12th postoperative hour were monitored. Results Adding dexmedetomidine or verapamil to lidocaine causes faster onset and prolonged recovery of sensory and motor block and improvement of postoperative analgesia, without causing side effects compared with lidocaine alone. Conclusion The use of either verapamil or dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to lidocaine solution causes equal improvement of the quality of anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia of upper limb orthopedic surgeries.
http://ift.tt/2ijje5H
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):576-583
Background The use of intravenous regional anesthesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Objective This randomized double-blind prospective study was designed to compare the effectiveness of adding dexmedetomidine (α2 adrenoceptor agonist) or verapamil (calcium channel antagonist) as an adjunct to lidocaine in upper limb orthopedic surgery. Patients and methods Sixty adult patients scheduled for elective upper limb orthopedic surgery were divided into three groups: the lidocaine group, in which patients received 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% diluted with saline to a total volume of 40 ml; the lidocaine dexmedetomidine group, in which patients received 0.5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%; and the lidocaine verapamil group, in which patients received 2.5 mg of verapamil plus 3 mg/kg of lidocaine 2%. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block were recorded. Postoperative Visual Analog Score, onset of tourniquet pain, duration of analgesia, and total analgesic requirements at the 12th postoperative hour were monitored. Results Adding dexmedetomidine or verapamil to lidocaine causes faster onset and prolonged recovery of sensory and motor block and improvement of postoperative analgesia, without causing side effects compared with lidocaine alone. Conclusion The use of either verapamil or dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to lidocaine solution causes equal improvement of the quality of anesthesia in intravenous regional anesthesia of upper limb orthopedic surgeries.
http://ift.tt/2ijje5H
Addition of dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture reduces the incidence of vomiting associated with oral ketamine premedication after pediatric dental procedures
Ayman A Abdellatif, Manal M Kamal, Rania A.H. Ishak
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):478-484
Background Oral ketamine has been shown to induce safe and effective sedation in children, but with a high incidence of postoperative vomiting. Vendexine (dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture) is a commercially available syrup used primarily to treat allergic conditions. Each of its components has antiemetic effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the addition of vendexine to oral ketamine premedication affects the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Patients and methods Sixty-four children scheduled for elective dental procedures under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. They received an oral premedication mixture (total volume of 0.42 ml/kg) of either ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and apple juice (the K group), or ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and vendexine syrup (0.25 ml/kg) (the VK group). Sedation onset was noted. Scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application were rated. Incidence of postoperative vomiting, emergence agitation score, fentanyl consumption, and recovery time were also recorded. Results The two groups were comparable as regards sedation onset, scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application. However, a significant reduction of postoperative vomiting in the VK group was noticed compared with the K group (9.3 vs. 37.5%). In addition, emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption were significantly reduced in the VK group. Conclusion Vendexine added to oral ketamine reduces the incidence of postoperative vomiting associated with ketamine premedication in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6QlH9
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):478-484
Background Oral ketamine has been shown to induce safe and effective sedation in children, but with a high incidence of postoperative vomiting. Vendexine (dexamethasone–chlorpheniramine mixture) is a commercially available syrup used primarily to treat allergic conditions. Each of its components has antiemetic effects. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the addition of vendexine to oral ketamine premedication affects the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Patients and methods Sixty-four children scheduled for elective dental procedures under general anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. They received an oral premedication mixture (total volume of 0.42 ml/kg) of either ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and apple juice (the K group), or ketamine 6 mg/kg (0.12 ml/kg) mixed with dextrose 50% and vendexine syrup (0.25 ml/kg) (the VK group). Sedation onset was noted. Scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application were rated. Incidence of postoperative vomiting, emergence agitation score, fentanyl consumption, and recovery time were also recorded. Results The two groups were comparable as regards sedation onset, scores for drug acceptance, sedation, emotional status, and behavior during parents' separation, on venipuncture, and face mask application. However, a significant reduction of postoperative vomiting in the VK group was noticed compared with the K group (9.3 vs. 37.5%). In addition, emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption were significantly reduced in the VK group. Conclusion Vendexine added to oral ketamine reduces the incidence of postoperative vomiting associated with ketamine premedication in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6QlH9
Severe pre-eclampsia masquerading as peripartum cardiomyopathy in an emergency cesarean section: a challenge to the perioperative physician
Vishal K Pai, Mridul Dhar, Anil P Singh, Atchya A Kumar
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):623-625
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and unusual form of cardiac failure of unknown etiology that is observed in late pregnancy or early postpartum. Although the complete pathogenesis of PPCM is not completely understood, the signs and symptoms are similar to those of left-ventricular heart failure. PPCM is diagnosed in a parturient woman only after other causes of cardiac failure have been ruled out. Its management is similar to that of congestive heart failure. This report describes the role of an anesthesiologist in the postoperative management of a parturient woman who was admitted with severe preeclampsia and developed pulmonary edema and heart failure in the postoperative period necessitating management in the ICU. Subsequently, PPCM was diagnosed and managed successfully. The diagnosis of PPCM is challenging and requires a high index of suspicion by the perioperative physician. Routine medical management in the form of digoxin, diuretics, vasodilators, β-blockers, and anticoagulants should be the first step but may also require vasoactive drugs and circulatory support. Future pregnancies are generally avoided in such patients.
http://ift.tt/2ijj1PQ
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):623-625
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and unusual form of cardiac failure of unknown etiology that is observed in late pregnancy or early postpartum. Although the complete pathogenesis of PPCM is not completely understood, the signs and symptoms are similar to those of left-ventricular heart failure. PPCM is diagnosed in a parturient woman only after other causes of cardiac failure have been ruled out. Its management is similar to that of congestive heart failure. This report describes the role of an anesthesiologist in the postoperative management of a parturient woman who was admitted with severe preeclampsia and developed pulmonary edema and heart failure in the postoperative period necessitating management in the ICU. Subsequently, PPCM was diagnosed and managed successfully. The diagnosis of PPCM is challenging and requires a high index of suspicion by the perioperative physician. Routine medical management in the form of digoxin, diuretics, vasodilators, β-blockers, and anticoagulants should be the first step but may also require vasoactive drugs and circulatory support. Future pregnancies are generally avoided in such patients.
http://ift.tt/2ijj1PQ
Dexmedetomidine infusion versus fentanyl for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy
Sanaa M Elfawal, Abeer M Eldeek, Manal M Kamal
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):485-492
Background This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate whether an intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine would be a safe and effective substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively, and whether it would be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 70 pediatric patients, aged 3–7 years, of both sexes, of ASA I and II, who were scheduled for elective adenotonsillectomy. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group D (dexmedetomidine infusion group; 35 patients) received intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) over 10 min, followed by 0.7 μg/kg/h until 5 min before the end of the surgery, and group F (intravenous fentanyl group; 35 patients) received intravenous fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a bolus. No premedication was given to any of the patients. The number of patients in each group who needed intraoperative fentanyl, the fentanyl dose, time of administration of fentanyl, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and the time to awakening were recorded. Pain was evaluated using the objective pain scale score in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), which was managed with rescue intravenous pethidine. Emergence agitation was evaluated in the PACU using two scales: the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the five-point agitation scale described by Cole. Results The time to awakening in group D was significantly shorter compared with that in group F (P<0.05). Group D showed a statistically significantly lower maximum objective pain scale score, lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, and lower emergence agitation score compared with group F at arrival at the PACU. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards preoperative heart rate, but there was significantly lower heart rate in group D than in group F after induction (P<0.05). No side effects were observed during the first 24 h postoperatively in the two groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective analgesic substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively and reduces analgesic requirements postoperatively. It is also effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
http://ift.tt/2j717x1
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):485-492
Background This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate whether an intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine would be a safe and effective substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively, and whether it would be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Patients and methods This study was conducted on 70 pediatric patients, aged 3–7 years, of both sexes, of ASA I and II, who were scheduled for elective adenotonsillectomy. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group D (dexmedetomidine infusion group; 35 patients) received intravenous dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) over 10 min, followed by 0.7 μg/kg/h until 5 min before the end of the surgery, and group F (intravenous fentanyl group; 35 patients) received intravenous fentanyl 1 μg/kg as a bolus. No premedication was given to any of the patients. The number of patients in each group who needed intraoperative fentanyl, the fentanyl dose, time of administration of fentanyl, duration of surgery and anesthesia, and the time to awakening were recorded. Pain was evaluated using the objective pain scale score in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), which was managed with rescue intravenous pethidine. Emergence agitation was evaluated in the PACU using two scales: the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and the five-point agitation scale described by Cole. Results The time to awakening in group D was significantly shorter compared with that in group F (P<0.05). Group D showed a statistically significantly lower maximum objective pain scale score, lower Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, and lower emergence agitation score compared with group F at arrival at the PACU. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards preoperative heart rate, but there was significantly lower heart rate in group D than in group F after induction (P<0.05). No side effects were observed during the first 24 h postoperatively in the two groups. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective analgesic substitute to fentanyl intraoperatively and reduces analgesic requirements postoperatively. It is also effective in reducing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
http://ift.tt/2j717x1
Control of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with high level of chronic spinal cord injury during cystoscopy
Ibrahim A Nasr, Khaled M Elnaghy
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):606-611
Background Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a clinical emergency that frequently occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) during cystoscopy. It should be treated by removing the stimulus and by medications. We aimed in this study to evaluate the effect of adding magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion to control AD in high-level chronic SCI patients during cystoscopy. Patients and methods Forty patients with chronic SCI at the level of T6 or above scheduled for cystoscopy were randomly divided into two groups: the dex group, in which the patients received dexmedetomidine infusion 1 µg/kg for 10 min, followed by 0.5 µg/kg/min; and the Mg group, in which patients received a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in addition to the same infusion of dexmedetomidine. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for each patient, and serum magnesium, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were estimated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Results Results showed a significant elevation in intraoperative BP in the Dex group 10 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 20 min compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. HR dropped down in the Dex group 15 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 15 min compared with the presedation reading in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Serum magnesium was significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Mg group, whereas serum epinephrine and serum norepinephrine were significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Dex group compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Seven patients (35%) in the Dex group experienced a dysreflexic episode [increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) 30 mmHg or more compared with the presedation reading]; two of them showed elevation of SBP more than 160 mmHg and needed to be treated. On the other hand, only one patient in the Mg group (5%) experienced a dysreflexic episode (SBP 135 mmHg) with no need for medication. Conclusion Addition of a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion provides a better control of BP and HR, and reduces the incidence of AD during cystoscopy in patients with high level of chronic SCI.
http://ift.tt/2ijxQSD
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):606-611
Background Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a clinical emergency that frequently occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) during cystoscopy. It should be treated by removing the stimulus and by medications. We aimed in this study to evaluate the effect of adding magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion to control AD in high-level chronic SCI patients during cystoscopy. Patients and methods Forty patients with chronic SCI at the level of T6 or above scheduled for cystoscopy were randomly divided into two groups: the dex group, in which the patients received dexmedetomidine infusion 1 µg/kg for 10 min, followed by 0.5 µg/kg/min; and the Mg group, in which patients received a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in addition to the same infusion of dexmedetomidine. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded for each patient, and serum magnesium, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were estimated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Results Results showed a significant elevation in intraoperative BP in the Dex group 10 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 20 min compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. HR dropped down in the Dex group 15 min after cystoscopy and persisted for 15 min compared with the presedation reading in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Serum magnesium was significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Mg group, whereas serum epinephrine and serum norepinephrine were significantly higher intraoperatively and postoperatively in the Dex group compared with the presedation level in the same group and with the same readings in the Mg group. Seven patients (35%) in the Dex group experienced a dysreflexic episode [increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) 30 mmHg or more compared with the presedation reading]; two of them showed elevation of SBP more than 160 mmHg and needed to be treated. On the other hand, only one patient in the Mg group (5%) experienced a dysreflexic episode (SBP 135 mmHg) with no need for medication. Conclusion Addition of a single i.v. dose of magnesium sulfate to dexmedetomidine infusion provides a better control of BP and HR, and reduces the incidence of AD during cystoscopy in patients with high level of chronic SCI.
http://ift.tt/2ijxQSD
Comparison of caudal epidural clonidine with fentanyl as an adjuvant to ropivacaine 0.25% for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing various infraumbilical surgeries: A prospective randomized study
Sudheendra Saini, Veena Patodi, Surendra K Sethi, Neena Jain, Pooja Mathur, Beena Thada
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):493-500
Background Caudal epidural block is commonly used as a safe, reliable, easy-to-administer technique for abdominal and lower limb surgeries in pediatric patients and allows rapid recovery from anesthesia with effective postoperative analgesia. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of clonidine versus fentanyl when used as an additive to ropivacaine during single-shot caudal epidural analgesia in pediatric patients for postoperative pain relief. Patients and methods This randomized prospective double-blind study was conducted on 60 children of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II aged 1–7 years scheduled for various infraumbilical surgical procedures who were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and clonidine (2 μg/kg) (group RC) or ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) (group RF). Caudal epidural block was performed after induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were observed for duration of analgesia, sedation score, recovery time, hemodynamics, and side effects or complications. Results Both groups were similar with respect to patient's demographic profile, baseline hemodynamic parameters, and duration of surgery. The analgesic properties and hemodynamics were also comparable in both groups (P>0.05). The mean recovery time and sedation score were significantly lower in group RC as compared with group RF (P<0.05). Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression were seen only in group RF. Conclusion From our study we concluded that both clonidine (2 μg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) can be used as an adjuvant to single-shot caudal epidural anesthesia using 0.25% ropivacaine for effective postoperative analgesia in children. Because of its more favorable side-effect profile, with less respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and more patient comfort, clonidine is a better choice for use as an adjuvant to caudal epidural anesthesia in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6XoiT
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):493-500
Background Caudal epidural block is commonly used as a safe, reliable, easy-to-administer technique for abdominal and lower limb surgeries in pediatric patients and allows rapid recovery from anesthesia with effective postoperative analgesia. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of clonidine versus fentanyl when used as an additive to ropivacaine during single-shot caudal epidural analgesia in pediatric patients for postoperative pain relief. Patients and methods This randomized prospective double-blind study was conducted on 60 children of American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II aged 1–7 years scheduled for various infraumbilical surgical procedures who were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and clonidine (2 μg/kg) (group RC) or ropivacaine (0.25%, 1 ml/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) (group RF). Caudal epidural block was performed after induction of general anesthesia. Postoperatively, patients were observed for duration of analgesia, sedation score, recovery time, hemodynamics, and side effects or complications. Results Both groups were similar with respect to patient's demographic profile, baseline hemodynamic parameters, and duration of surgery. The analgesic properties and hemodynamics were also comparable in both groups (P>0.05). The mean recovery time and sedation score were significantly lower in group RC as compared with group RF (P<0.05). Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression were seen only in group RF. Conclusion From our study we concluded that both clonidine (2 μg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) can be used as an adjuvant to single-shot caudal epidural anesthesia using 0.25% ropivacaine for effective postoperative analgesia in children. Because of its more favorable side-effect profile, with less respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and more patient comfort, clonidine is a better choice for use as an adjuvant to caudal epidural anesthesia in children.
http://ift.tt/2j6XoiT
Monitored anesthesia care with propofol or dexmedetomidine for patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under brachial plexus blockade: a comparative study
Kumkum Gupta, Vasundhra Tyagi, Prashant K Gupta, Bhawana Rastogi, Manish Jain, Manoranjan Bansal
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):563-568
Background Brachial plexus block is widely used for upper limb surgeries but intraoperatively patients remain aware. The present study aimed to compare the sedative efficacy and safety of propofol infusion versus dexmedetomidine infusion for monitored anesthesia care during upper limb surgeries under ultrasound (US)-guided brachial plexus blockade. Patients and methods Sixty adult consented patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III of both sexes were given 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg) for brachial plexus blockade under US guidance. The patients were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each, to receive either propofol infusion [group I (P)] or dexmedetomidine infusion [group II (D)] during the intraoperative period. The primary goals were to achieve a sedation score of 2–3 on the Ramsay sedation scale and to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia assessed using the visual analog scale. The hemodynamic stability, respiratory depression, or any complication due to technique or medications was also recorded as secondary outcomes. Results US guidance helped visualization of the nerves, the needle, and the spread of local anesthetic at the brachial plexus block site. Desired sedation score of 2–3 was effectively achieved with intraoperative infusions of dexmedetomidine and propofol. Hypotension occurred in 11 patients of the propofol group, whereas no episode of hypotension was noted in the dexmedetomidine group. Bradycardia was evident in five patients of the dexmedetomidine group. The duration of postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine infusion was significantly prolonged when compared with propofol infusion as assessed using visual analog scale. Respiratory depression did not occur in any patient. No adverse events inherent to sedative medication or technique were observed in any patient. Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine was better than propofol due to prolonged postoperative analgesia and intraoperative hemodynamic stability without respiratory depression.
http://ift.tt/2ijpgmJ
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):563-568
Background Brachial plexus block is widely used for upper limb surgeries but intraoperatively patients remain aware. The present study aimed to compare the sedative efficacy and safety of propofol infusion versus dexmedetomidine infusion for monitored anesthesia care during upper limb surgeries under ultrasound (US)-guided brachial plexus blockade. Patients and methods Sixty adult consented patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I–III of both sexes were given 20 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (150 mg) for brachial plexus blockade under US guidance. The patients were randomized into two groups of 30 patients each, to receive either propofol infusion [group I (P)] or dexmedetomidine infusion [group II (D)] during the intraoperative period. The primary goals were to achieve a sedation score of 2–3 on the Ramsay sedation scale and to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia assessed using the visual analog scale. The hemodynamic stability, respiratory depression, or any complication due to technique or medications was also recorded as secondary outcomes. Results US guidance helped visualization of the nerves, the needle, and the spread of local anesthetic at the brachial plexus block site. Desired sedation score of 2–3 was effectively achieved with intraoperative infusions of dexmedetomidine and propofol. Hypotension occurred in 11 patients of the propofol group, whereas no episode of hypotension was noted in the dexmedetomidine group. Bradycardia was evident in five patients of the dexmedetomidine group. The duration of postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine infusion was significantly prolonged when compared with propofol infusion as assessed using visual analog scale. Respiratory depression did not occur in any patient. No adverse events inherent to sedative medication or technique were observed in any patient. Conclusion The clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine was better than propofol due to prolonged postoperative analgesia and intraoperative hemodynamic stability without respiratory depression.
http://ift.tt/2ijpgmJ
Patient-controlled analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia by proxy for the management of postoperative pain in major pediatric cancer surgery
Essam Mahran, Ahmed H Abou El-Soud, Ahmed S Ragab, Fatma H Elshamy
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):501-507
Background Children suffer postoperative pain in the same way as adults. Pediatric pain management is a challenge. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a flexible, reliable, and individualized method in postoperative pain therapy. However, young children are not able to use PCA themselves, and hence they need to receive PCA by proxy (parent or nurse). The guidelines for PCA by proxy in pediatrics are still insufficient. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of PCA by proxy after major pediatric cancer surgery. Patients and methods We studied 330 pediatric cancer patients between 1 and 10 years of age scheduled for major surgery. They were divided into three equal groups: group C (child PCA), group P (parent proxy), and group N (nurse proxy). In each group we measured vital signs, pain intensity, total morphine consumption, side effects, and specific PCA monitoring for the first 72 h postoperatively. Results We found that pain scores were higher in the nurse group compared with the other two groups on days 2 and 3 (P < 0.001); morphine consumption was higher in the child group (older age). Vital signs were comparable between groups. There were no significant differences in sedation scale, and there were limited complications with no difference between groups. Conclusion Parent-controlled PCA is a safe and effective method of analgesia for children between 1 and 6 years of age. Nurse-controlled proxy is safe but not effective in controlling child pain. Child-controlled analgesia is safe and effective in children above 6 years of age.
http://ift.tt/2j6TnLn
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):501-507
Background Children suffer postoperative pain in the same way as adults. Pediatric pain management is a challenge. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a flexible, reliable, and individualized method in postoperative pain therapy. However, young children are not able to use PCA themselves, and hence they need to receive PCA by proxy (parent or nurse). The guidelines for PCA by proxy in pediatrics are still insufficient. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of PCA by proxy after major pediatric cancer surgery. Patients and methods We studied 330 pediatric cancer patients between 1 and 10 years of age scheduled for major surgery. They were divided into three equal groups: group C (child PCA), group P (parent proxy), and group N (nurse proxy). In each group we measured vital signs, pain intensity, total morphine consumption, side effects, and specific PCA monitoring for the first 72 h postoperatively. Results We found that pain scores were higher in the nurse group compared with the other two groups on days 2 and 3 (P < 0.001); morphine consumption was higher in the child group (older age). Vital signs were comparable between groups. There were no significant differences in sedation scale, and there were limited complications with no difference between groups. Conclusion Parent-controlled PCA is a safe and effective method of analgesia for children between 1 and 6 years of age. Nurse-controlled proxy is safe but not effective in controlling child pain. Child-controlled analgesia is safe and effective in children above 6 years of age.
http://ift.tt/2j6TnLn
Preoperative external nasal compression: does it decrease emergence agitation after nasal surgery?
Ayman Kasem, Ashraf Abdelkader
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):593-597
Background Emergence agitation after nasal surgeries in adults is common. Acute postoperative nasal obstruction with nasal packing is an important factor in developing agitation after nasal surgeries. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative nasal obstruction by means of external nasal compression on the incidence of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries. Methods Sixty patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II between 20 and 45 years of age who were scheduled for nasal surgery were randomly assigned into three equal groups: the control (C) group, the T10 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 10 min, and the T30 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 30 min preoperatively. All patients received the same anesthetic technique. The incidence of agitation, and recovery characteristics were evaluated during emergence. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 24 h after surgery. Results There was a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption during the emergence period in the T30 group. Moreover, patient satisfaction with recovery was significantly higher in the T30 group. Conclusion Elective preoperative external nasal obstruction may decrease the incidence of emergence agitation and improve patient satisfaction with recovery after nasal surgery.
http://ift.tt/2iju7V2
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):593-597
Background Emergence agitation after nasal surgeries in adults is common. Acute postoperative nasal obstruction with nasal packing is an important factor in developing agitation after nasal surgeries. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative nasal obstruction by means of external nasal compression on the incidence of emergence agitation after nasal surgeries. Methods Sixty patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II between 20 and 45 years of age who were scheduled for nasal surgery were randomly assigned into three equal groups: the control (C) group, the T10 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 10 min, and the T30 group, in which nasal compression was carried out for 30 min preoperatively. All patients received the same anesthetic technique. The incidence of agitation, and recovery characteristics were evaluated during emergence. Patient satisfaction was evaluated 24 h after surgery. Results There was a significantly lower incidence of emergence agitation and fentanyl consumption during the emergence period in the T30 group. Moreover, patient satisfaction with recovery was significantly higher in the T30 group. Conclusion Elective preoperative external nasal obstruction may decrease the incidence of emergence agitation and improve patient satisfaction with recovery after nasal surgery.
http://ift.tt/2iju7V2
Lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion in diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery: a comparative study
Sherif G Anis, Ghada M Samir, Heba B ElSerwi
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):508-516
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion on hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as the recovery profile of diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 60 female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: group L and group D. Group L received lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, and group D received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. The hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum as well as the recovery profile (postoperative sedation, pain scores, and analgesic requirements) were recorded. Results During pneumoperitoneum, group D patients showed a statistically significant decrease in mean heart rate compared with group L patients. However, the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure in group L patients showed statistically and clinically nonsignificant changes compared with those of group D patients. As regards the recovery profile, group D patients recorded a significantly higher median sedation score compared with group L patients, and the postoperative pain scores were significantly better in group L than in group D patients after 30 min, 1 h from arrival at the postanesthesia care unit, and at 2 h in the ward. However, this resulted in a statistically nonsignificant number of patients requiring pethidine in the postanesthesia care unit, as well as statistically nonsignificant total pethidine requirements of less than 50 mg. Conclusion Lidocaine offers hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as a decrease in the intensity of postoperative pain with opioid sparing, offering a less sedated patient than dexmedetomidine during day-case diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
http://ift.tt/2j75h83
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):508-516
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intraoperative lidocaine versus dexmedetomidine infusion on hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as the recovery profile of diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 60 female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: group L and group D. Group L received lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, and group D received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride. The hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum as well as the recovery profile (postoperative sedation, pain scores, and analgesic requirements) were recorded. Results During pneumoperitoneum, group D patients showed a statistically significant decrease in mean heart rate compared with group L patients. However, the mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure in group L patients showed statistically and clinically nonsignificant changes compared with those of group D patients. As regards the recovery profile, group D patients recorded a significantly higher median sedation score compared with group L patients, and the postoperative pain scores were significantly better in group L than in group D patients after 30 min, 1 h from arrival at the postanesthesia care unit, and at 2 h in the ward. However, this resulted in a statistically nonsignificant number of patients requiring pethidine in the postanesthesia care unit, as well as statistically nonsignificant total pethidine requirements of less than 50 mg. Conclusion Lidocaine offers hemodynamic stability during pneumoperitoneum, as well as a decrease in the intensity of postoperative pain with opioid sparing, offering a less sedated patient than dexmedetomidine during day-case diagnostic laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.
http://ift.tt/2j75h83
A case report of asystole after a test dose of ceftriaxone in an adult man
Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh, Yosra M Magdy, Rania M Ali
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):617-619
Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic for various infections such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and enteric fever, as well as in surgical prophylaxis. Hypersensitivity reactions after ceftriaxone therapy are uncommon but are potentially life-threatening, and they may lead to cardiac arrest. Here we report a 44-year-old man who presented with bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiac arrest (asystole) after a single injected dose of ceftriaxone introduced for surgical prophylaxis. Epinephrine was given intravenously, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed successfully. The patient regained his conscious level 2 h later and became hemodynamically stable within 4 h; next, he was extubated and closely observed for 24 h and then discharged. Physicians should be aware of the risk of anaphylaxis and asystole that may occur after the first dose of ceftriaxone and be ready for managing it properly.
http://ift.tt/2ijr1Ay
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):617-619
Ceftriaxone is a commonly used antibiotic for various infections such as respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and enteric fever, as well as in surgical prophylaxis. Hypersensitivity reactions after ceftriaxone therapy are uncommon but are potentially life-threatening, and they may lead to cardiac arrest. Here we report a 44-year-old man who presented with bradycardia, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiac arrest (asystole) after a single injected dose of ceftriaxone introduced for surgical prophylaxis. Epinephrine was given intravenously, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed successfully. The patient regained his conscious level 2 h later and became hemodynamically stable within 4 h; next, he was extubated and closely observed for 24 h and then discharged. Physicians should be aware of the risk of anaphylaxis and asystole that may occur after the first dose of ceftriaxone and be ready for managing it properly.
http://ift.tt/2ijr1Ay
Dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for the management of postspinal shivering
Usama I Abotaleb, Abdalla M Abdalla, Ahmad S Abdelrahman, Gad S Gad, Abdalla M Elsayed
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):517-523
Background Shivering is one of the most stressful complications for patients and surgeons during spinal anesthesia. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, we compared the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for control of postspinal shivering. Methods This study was conducted on 120 patients, ASA I–III, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, who were scheduled for elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The response rate, time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, and adverse effects were recorded. Results Incidence of shivering in 1127 patients was 52.7% (594 patients): we studied 120 patients; 28 patients (2.5%) developed grade 4 and 92 patients (8.2%) developed grade 3 shivering. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the time for onset of shivering, severity, response rate, need for a second dose, or pethidine between the two groups. However, time to control shivering was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group, with a higher recurrence rate. Incidences of hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. However, there was no incidence of severe bradycardia or respiratory depression in our study. Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and granisetron effectively reduce postspinal shivering without any major adverse effects. However, dexmedetomidine has rapid onset and short duration, whereas granisetron has less hemodynamic alterations.
http://ift.tt/2j6WyCM
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):517-523
Background Shivering is one of the most stressful complications for patients and surgeons during spinal anesthesia. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, we compared the efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus granisetron for control of postspinal shivering. Methods This study was conducted on 120 patients, ASA I–III, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, who were scheduled for elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia. The response rate, time taken to control shivering, recurrence rate, and adverse effects were recorded. Results Incidence of shivering in 1127 patients was 52.7% (594 patients): we studied 120 patients; 28 patients (2.5%) developed grade 4 and 92 patients (8.2%) developed grade 3 shivering. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the time for onset of shivering, severity, response rate, need for a second dose, or pethidine between the two groups. However, time to control shivering was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group, with a higher recurrence rate. Incidences of hypotension, bradycardia, and sedation were higher in the dexmedetomidine group. However, there was no incidence of severe bradycardia or respiratory depression in our study. Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and granisetron effectively reduce postspinal shivering without any major adverse effects. However, dexmedetomidine has rapid onset and short duration, whereas granisetron has less hemodynamic alterations.
http://ift.tt/2j6WyCM
Perioperative nutrition to enhance recovery after surgery
Dina Salah
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):469-477
Preoperative malnutrition is a major risk factor for increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients at risk for malnutrition should be identified early. The Nutritional Risk Score is a validated tool to identify patients who should benefit from nutritional support. The adoption of total parenteral nutrition followed by the extraordinary progress in parenteral and enteral feedings, in addition to the increased knowledge of cellular biology and biochemistry, has allowed clinicians to treat malnutrition and improve surgical patient's outcomes. Periods of prolonged fasting should be minimized and nutrition should be commenced as early as possible after surgery, preferably through the enteral route. The surgical patient with established malnutrition should begin aggressive nutrition at least 7–10 days before surgery. Those patients in whom eating is not anticipated beyond the first 5 days following surgery should receive the benefits of early enteral or parenteral feeding depending on whether the gut can be used. Many patients may benefit from newer enteral formulations, such as those designed to enhance immune function (immunonutrition).
http://ift.tt/2ijq2Ad
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):469-477
Preoperative malnutrition is a major risk factor for increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients at risk for malnutrition should be identified early. The Nutritional Risk Score is a validated tool to identify patients who should benefit from nutritional support. The adoption of total parenteral nutrition followed by the extraordinary progress in parenteral and enteral feedings, in addition to the increased knowledge of cellular biology and biochemistry, has allowed clinicians to treat malnutrition and improve surgical patient's outcomes. Periods of prolonged fasting should be minimized and nutrition should be commenced as early as possible after surgery, preferably through the enteral route. The surgical patient with established malnutrition should begin aggressive nutrition at least 7–10 days before surgery. Those patients in whom eating is not anticipated beyond the first 5 days following surgery should receive the benefits of early enteral or parenteral feeding depending on whether the gut can be used. Many patients may benefit from newer enteral formulations, such as those designed to enhance immune function (immunonutrition).
http://ift.tt/2ijq2Ad
Intravenous low-dose ketamine injection versus dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of intraoperative shivering during spinal anesthesia
Mostafa Mansour Houssein, Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):524-530
Background Shivering is considered one of the most common adverse effects that occur during spinal anesthesia. Besides causing patient discomfort, shivering also interferes with patient monitoring and increases tissue oxygen demand. The present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of intravenous low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine intravenous infusion in prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia. Materials and methods Sixty patients of both sexes were included in this prospective randomized-controlled study. Patients were divided randomly into two groups of 30 patients each. Group K (30 patients) received low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and group D (30 patients) received dexmedetomidine infusion. The primary outcome measure of this study was intraoperative shivering. The secondary outcome measures were hemodynamic changes, sedation scores, and postoperative side effects. Results Patients in group D had a lower incidence of postspinal anesthesia shivering compared with patients in group K. In all, 13.33% of group K patients had grade 3 shivering in comparison with only 3.33% of patients in group D 10 min after the onset of spinal anesthesia (P=0.031). Deeper sedation was observed in group D patients as 36.67% of group D patients had grade 4 sedation compared with 23.33% of patients in group K after 10 min (P=0.048). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infusion is more effective as an antishivering and sedating agent than low-dose ketamine injection in patients receiving spinal anesthesia.
http://ift.tt/2j713NP
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):524-530
Background Shivering is considered one of the most common adverse effects that occur during spinal anesthesia. Besides causing patient discomfort, shivering also interferes with patient monitoring and increases tissue oxygen demand. The present study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of intravenous low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine intravenous infusion in prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia. Materials and methods Sixty patients of both sexes were included in this prospective randomized-controlled study. Patients were divided randomly into two groups of 30 patients each. Group K (30 patients) received low-dose ketamine (0.25 mg/kg) and group D (30 patients) received dexmedetomidine infusion. The primary outcome measure of this study was intraoperative shivering. The secondary outcome measures were hemodynamic changes, sedation scores, and postoperative side effects. Results Patients in group D had a lower incidence of postspinal anesthesia shivering compared with patients in group K. In all, 13.33% of group K patients had grade 3 shivering in comparison with only 3.33% of patients in group D 10 min after the onset of spinal anesthesia (P=0.031). Deeper sedation was observed in group D patients as 36.67% of group D patients had grade 4 sedation compared with 23.33% of patients in group K after 10 min (P=0.048). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine infusion is more effective as an antishivering and sedating agent than low-dose ketamine injection in patients receiving spinal anesthesia.
http://ift.tt/2j713NP
Systemic versus perineural dexamethasone as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries: a prospective randomized study
Hala E Abdel Naim, Khaled A Elshafaie, Sherif M Soaida, Mohammed M Abdel-Haq, Kareem M Nawar
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):569-575
Background and aim Various peripheral nerve block techniques have been described to deliver anesthesia and analgesia that allow better functional recovery and shortened hospital stay following major lower-limb surgeries. We aimed to compare the possible effect of perineural dexamethasone versus systemic dexamethasone after nerve stimulator-guided combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries. Patients and methods After obtaining approval from the ethical committee of Kasr Al-Ainy University Hospital and obtaining written informed consent, 63 patients aged 18–70 years were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group P received perineural dexamethasone plus bupivacaine 0.5%, group I received intravenous dexamethasone plus perineural bupivacaine 0.5%, and group B received perineural bupivacaine 0.5% alone. We compared the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and hemodynamic changes. Results Sensory and motor block onset showed nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Sensory block duration was significantly longer in group P than in groups I and B. Motor block duration was significantly prolonged in groups P and I when compared with group B. Motor block duration was longer in group P than in group I; however, the difference was statistically nonsignificant (p-value 0.34). The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group P than in the other groups, and significantly longer in group I compared with group B. Conclusion The use of equal doses of perineural or intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in single injection combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks is associated with extended duration of sensory and motor blocks, extension of postoperative analgesia duration, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements.
http://ift.tt/2ijkjdR
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):569-575
Background and aim Various peripheral nerve block techniques have been described to deliver anesthesia and analgesia that allow better functional recovery and shortened hospital stay following major lower-limb surgeries. We aimed to compare the possible effect of perineural dexamethasone versus systemic dexamethasone after nerve stimulator-guided combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in lower-limb vascular surgeries. Patients and methods After obtaining approval from the ethical committee of Kasr Al-Ainy University Hospital and obtaining written informed consent, 63 patients aged 18–70 years were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Group P received perineural dexamethasone plus bupivacaine 0.5%, group I received intravenous dexamethasone plus perineural bupivacaine 0.5%, and group B received perineural bupivacaine 0.5% alone. We compared the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and hemodynamic changes. Results Sensory and motor block onset showed nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Sensory block duration was significantly longer in group P than in groups I and B. Motor block duration was significantly prolonged in groups P and I when compared with group B. Motor block duration was longer in group P than in group I; however, the difference was statistically nonsignificant (p-value 0.34). The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in group P than in the other groups, and significantly longer in group I compared with group B. Conclusion The use of equal doses of perineural or intravenous dexamethasone as an adjuvant in single injection combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks is associated with extended duration of sensory and motor blocks, extension of postoperative analgesia duration, and reduced postoperative analgesic requirements.
http://ift.tt/2ijkjdR
Intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl after laparoscopic pyeloplasty
Hoda Shokri
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):531-535
Objective Laparoscopic surgery has decreased the severity of postoperative pain. However, patients often experience abdominal and shoulder pain, requiring significant amounts of opioids and potentially prolonging their hospitalization. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl in reducing postoperative pain without incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Patients and methods After hospital ethics committee approval and obtaining written informed consent, 50 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral laparoscopic pyeloplasty were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using the sealed envelope technique: the BF group (25 patients) received induction with 30 ml of bupivacaine (0.25%) plus fentanyl (20 μg) intraperitoneally just before trocar removal, and the saline group (25 patients) received induction with saline (30 ml). Pain scores, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative opioid requirements, and occurrence of adverse effects were all recorded. Results There was a significant reduction in 24 h of postoperative opioid utilization and visual analog scale scores in the BF group compared with the saline group at all time points. The time to first opioid consumption was significantly longer in the BF group compared with the saline group. The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the study groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the BF group compared with the saline group. Conclusion The administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl just before trocar removal appears to be a simple, effective, and low-cost method to reduce postoperative pain in adults undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
http://ift.tt/2j710S7
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):531-535
Objective Laparoscopic surgery has decreased the severity of postoperative pain. However, patients often experience abdominal and shoulder pain, requiring significant amounts of opioids and potentially prolonging their hospitalization. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl in reducing postoperative pain without incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Patients and methods After hospital ethics committee approval and obtaining written informed consent, 50 consecutive patients undergoing unilateral laparoscopic pyeloplasty were enrolled in this prospective randomized trial. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using the sealed envelope technique: the BF group (25 patients) received induction with 30 ml of bupivacaine (0.25%) plus fentanyl (20 μg) intraperitoneally just before trocar removal, and the saline group (25 patients) received induction with saline (30 ml). Pain scores, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative opioid requirements, and occurrence of adverse effects were all recorded. Results There was a significant reduction in 24 h of postoperative opioid utilization and visual analog scale scores in the BF group compared with the saline group at all time points. The time to first opioid consumption was significantly longer in the BF group compared with the saline group. The incidence of complications was not significantly different between the study groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the BF group compared with the saline group. Conclusion The administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus fentanyl just before trocar removal appears to be a simple, effective, and low-cost method to reduce postoperative pain in adults undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
http://ift.tt/2j710S7
A comparative study of propofol and isoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia in spine surgery using the bispectral index monitor: a randomized control study
Manisha , Babita , Tarun Lall, Bhupendra Singh, Kanchan Sharma, Rajat Dadhich
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):584-592
Background Early awakening is required in spine surgery to perform neurological examination in the early postoperative period. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring allows reduction in the total amount of anesthetic drugs and decreases the time for emergence and recovery. Thus, BIS monitor helps in reducing the incidence of awareness. Kinetics of propofol allows both induction and continuous intravenous maintenance of anesthesia with rapid recovery of consciousness that aids in performing neurological examination in the early postoperative period. This study was conducted to compare propofol and isoflurane in the maintenance of anesthesia during spine surgery using the BIS monitor. Patients and methods A total of 50 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II) scheduled for spine surgeries were divided into two groups (25 each). Group A received an infusion of propofol 5 mg/kg/h and group B received isoflurane 1% vol. for maintenance to keep the BIS value between 40 and 60. The groups were compared as regards pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, surgeons' satisfaction, time to recovery, extubation time, and side effects. Results Both groups were well matched for their demographic data and preoperative vital data. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameter between the two groups. The mean recovery time was significantly different (P<0.001) between groups, with earlier recovery in the propofol group (8.14±0.805 min) compared with the isoflurane group (9.06±0.766 min). Values for BIS were similar between the two groups during surgery (P>0.05). Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 35% lower in group A compared with group B. The quality of surgical field was acceptable in both groups but slightly better in the propofol group. No other major complications were noted in our study. Conclusion Propofol-based anesthesia provides early and better recovery with clear headedness for early neurological assessment for spine surgery.
http://ift.tt/2ijiRIe
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):584-592
Background Early awakening is required in spine surgery to perform neurological examination in the early postoperative period. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring allows reduction in the total amount of anesthetic drugs and decreases the time for emergence and recovery. Thus, BIS monitor helps in reducing the incidence of awareness. Kinetics of propofol allows both induction and continuous intravenous maintenance of anesthesia with rapid recovery of consciousness that aids in performing neurological examination in the early postoperative period. This study was conducted to compare propofol and isoflurane in the maintenance of anesthesia during spine surgery using the BIS monitor. Patients and methods A total of 50 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I and II) scheduled for spine surgeries were divided into two groups (25 each). Group A received an infusion of propofol 5 mg/kg/h and group B received isoflurane 1% vol. for maintenance to keep the BIS value between 40 and 60. The groups were compared as regards pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, surgeons' satisfaction, time to recovery, extubation time, and side effects. Results Both groups were well matched for their demographic data and preoperative vital data. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameter between the two groups. The mean recovery time was significantly different (P<0.001) between groups, with earlier recovery in the propofol group (8.14±0.805 min) compared with the isoflurane group (9.06±0.766 min). Values for BIS were similar between the two groups during surgery (P>0.05). Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 35% lower in group A compared with group B. The quality of surgical field was acceptable in both groups but slightly better in the propofol group. No other major complications were noted in our study. Conclusion Propofol-based anesthesia provides early and better recovery with clear headedness for early neurological assessment for spine surgery.
http://ift.tt/2ijiRIe
Postoperative analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: comparison between ultrasound-guided interscalene block and combined suprascapular and axillary nerve blocks
Abdalla Waleed
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):536-541
Background Arthroscopic shoulder surgery is often associated with severe postoperative pain that is often significant enough to interfere with initial recovery and rehabilitation − the pain that can be difficult to manage without large-dose opioids. Opioids can cause nausea, vomiting, sedation, and/or failure to control pain. Supplementing general anesthesia with a regional nerve block might improve the quality of postoperative pain relief. The use of interscalene blockade (ISB) is gaining popularity, but it is associated with infrequent but potentially serious complications. Combined suprascapular nerve block and axillary nerve block (SSNB+ANB) can offer a safe alternative to ISB. Objective This study was designed to compare between ISB and SSNB+ANB in arthroscopic shoulder surgery as regards postoperative analgesia Patients and methods Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I and II patients, aged between 18 and 40 years, scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery were randomized to receive ISB or SSNB+ANB. After performing the blocks, general anesthesia was standardized in all groups. All the patients in the two groups were compared as regards postoperative pain assessed by the visual analog scale score at postanesthesia care unit, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h, occurrence of complications, and patient's satisfaction. Results In the postoperative period, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups as regards visual analog scale and analgesic requirements. Complications such as Horner's syndrome, hoarseness of voice, major weakness of the upper arm, and dyspnea were recorded in the ISB group. Conclusion For certain procedures of shoulder arthroscopic surgery, SSNB+ANB is a safe and effective alternative to ISB as postoperative analgesia.
http://ift.tt/2j6Xirx
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):536-541
Background Arthroscopic shoulder surgery is often associated with severe postoperative pain that is often significant enough to interfere with initial recovery and rehabilitation − the pain that can be difficult to manage without large-dose opioids. Opioids can cause nausea, vomiting, sedation, and/or failure to control pain. Supplementing general anesthesia with a regional nerve block might improve the quality of postoperative pain relief. The use of interscalene blockade (ISB) is gaining popularity, but it is associated with infrequent but potentially serious complications. Combined suprascapular nerve block and axillary nerve block (SSNB+ANB) can offer a safe alternative to ISB. Objective This study was designed to compare between ISB and SSNB+ANB in arthroscopic shoulder surgery as regards postoperative analgesia Patients and methods Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I and II patients, aged between 18 and 40 years, scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery were randomized to receive ISB or SSNB+ANB. After performing the blocks, general anesthesia was standardized in all groups. All the patients in the two groups were compared as regards postoperative pain assessed by the visual analog scale score at postanesthesia care unit, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h, occurrence of complications, and patient's satisfaction. Results In the postoperative period, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups as regards visual analog scale and analgesic requirements. Complications such as Horner's syndrome, hoarseness of voice, major weakness of the upper arm, and dyspnea were recorded in the ISB group. Conclusion For certain procedures of shoulder arthroscopic surgery, SSNB+ANB is a safe and effective alternative to ISB as postoperative analgesia.
http://ift.tt/2j6Xirx
The effects of adding lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%) to xylometazoline nasal drops (0.1%) in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a comparative study
Ghada M Samir, Niven Gerges-Fahmy, Heba A Labib
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):598-605
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of adding lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%) to xylometazoline nasal drops (0.1%) as an anesthetic approach in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients and methods A total of 52 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: the first group (group X) received xylometazoline hydrochloride nasal drops (0.1%) and lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%), whereas the second group (group S) received xylometazoline hydrochloride nasal drops (0.1%) only. The total blood loss (TBL) during surgery, the hemodynamic changes up to 30 min following incision of the nasal mucous membrane (m.m.) and in the immediate postoperative period, the need to add propranolol and the dose of propranolol given, as well as the duration of surgery and the quality of the surgical field were recorded. Results TBL and the duration of surgery were statistically significantly lower in group X than in group S. On comparing the grades given by the surgeon for the surgical field assessment, we found the results to be statistically highly significant for each group in favor of a better surgical field in group X than in group S. As for the hemodynamic parameters, the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and heart rate in group S were higher than the values at baseline after induction of anesthesia, after incision of the nasal m.m., and during the 30 min after incision of the nasal m.m., and were also higher than those recorded in group X at the same time periods and this was statistically and clinically significant as propranolol was given to patients in group S after induction of anesthesia. Conclusion Better intraoperative hemodynamic control ensuring patient safety with decreased intraoperative TBL and duration of surgery, with better grades for the quality of the surgical field during functional endoscopic sinus surgery, can be achieved with the use of lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%) with xylometazoline nasal drops (0.1%).
http://ift.tt/2ijjnGu
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):598-605
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of adding lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%) to xylometazoline nasal drops (0.1%) as an anesthetic approach in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Patients and methods A total of 52 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I were included in the study and divided into two groups: the first group (group X) received xylometazoline hydrochloride nasal drops (0.1%) and lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%), whereas the second group (group S) received xylometazoline hydrochloride nasal drops (0.1%) only. The total blood loss (TBL) during surgery, the hemodynamic changes up to 30 min following incision of the nasal mucous membrane (m.m.) and in the immediate postoperative period, the need to add propranolol and the dose of propranolol given, as well as the duration of surgery and the quality of the surgical field were recorded. Results TBL and the duration of surgery were statistically significantly lower in group X than in group S. On comparing the grades given by the surgeon for the surgical field assessment, we found the results to be statistically highly significant for each group in favor of a better surgical field in group X than in group S. As for the hemodynamic parameters, the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and heart rate in group S were higher than the values at baseline after induction of anesthesia, after incision of the nasal m.m., and during the 30 min after incision of the nasal m.m., and were also higher than those recorded in group X at the same time periods and this was statistically and clinically significant as propranolol was given to patients in group S after induction of anesthesia. Conclusion Better intraoperative hemodynamic control ensuring patient safety with decreased intraoperative TBL and duration of surgery, with better grades for the quality of the surgical field during functional endoscopic sinus surgery, can be achieved with the use of lidocaine hydrochloride nasal spray (10%) with xylometazoline nasal drops (0.1%).
http://ift.tt/2ijjnGu
Ultrasound-guided caudal analgesia using fentanyl versus dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant for levobupivacaine in infraumbilical pediatric surgeries
Mai Mohsen Abdel Aziz, Amr Mohamed Abdelfatah, Hadil Magdy Abdel Hamid
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):542-548
Introduction Single-shot caudal analgesia is a useful technique in controlling postoperative pain in infraumbilical pediatric surgeries, although of a limited duration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and rate of success when incorporating dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to levobupivacaine in ultrasound (U/S)-guided caudal block for infraumbilical surgeries. Patients and methods This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 63 pediatric patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries, allocated into three groups to receive inhalational anesthesia with an appropriately sized laryngeal mask airway, followed by U/S-guided caudal epidural block using either only 0.25% levobupivacaine (L), or incorporating it with 1 μg/kg fentanyl (LF) or 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (LD) in a total volume of 0.7 ml/kg. Pain assessment using Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) score, time to first analgesic, and total analgesia required in the three groups and Ramsay sedation score were recorded. Hemodynamics and any adverse effects were also documented. Results None of the patients required intraoperative additional analgesia. A statistically significantly lower postoperative CHIPPS values with prolonged analgesic duration and time to rescue analgesia was observed in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl and levobupivacaine–dexmedetomidine groups (275±20.62 and 304.75±25.2, respectively) as opposed to the levobupivacaine only group (203.1±18), with an evident reduction in the total paracetamol dose required postoperatively (P<0.001). Arousable sedation time was significantly prolonged in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl and levobupivacaine–dexmedetomidine groups. Apart from pruritus and urine retention in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl group, no adverse events were recorded in all groups. Conclusion Caudal levobupivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg in pediatric patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries provides prolonged postoperative analgesia comparable to levobupivacaine–fentanyl and superior to levobupivacaine alone, with reduced postoperative analgesic requirements and extended arousable sedation time. The use of U/S raises the safety and ensures the success of caudal block.
http://ift.tt/2j704gw
Ain-Shams Journal of Anaesthesiology 2016 9(4):542-548
Introduction Single-shot caudal analgesia is a useful technique in controlling postoperative pain in infraumbilical pediatric surgeries, although of a limited duration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and rate of success when incorporating dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to levobupivacaine in ultrasound (U/S)-guided caudal block for infraumbilical surgeries. Patients and methods This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 63 pediatric patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries, allocated into three groups to receive inhalational anesthesia with an appropriately sized laryngeal mask airway, followed by U/S-guided caudal epidural block using either only 0.25% levobupivacaine (L), or incorporating it with 1 μg/kg fentanyl (LF) or 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (LD) in a total volume of 0.7 ml/kg. Pain assessment using Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) score, time to first analgesic, and total analgesia required in the three groups and Ramsay sedation score were recorded. Hemodynamics and any adverse effects were also documented. Results None of the patients required intraoperative additional analgesia. A statistically significantly lower postoperative CHIPPS values with prolonged analgesic duration and time to rescue analgesia was observed in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl and levobupivacaine–dexmedetomidine groups (275±20.62 and 304.75±25.2, respectively) as opposed to the levobupivacaine only group (203.1±18), with an evident reduction in the total paracetamol dose required postoperatively (P<0.001). Arousable sedation time was significantly prolonged in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl and levobupivacaine–dexmedetomidine groups. Apart from pruritus and urine retention in the levobupivacaine–fentanyl group, no adverse events were recorded in all groups. Conclusion Caudal levobupivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg in pediatric patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries provides prolonged postoperative analgesia comparable to levobupivacaine–fentanyl and superior to levobupivacaine alone, with reduced postoperative analgesic requirements and extended arousable sedation time. The use of U/S raises the safety and ensures the success of caudal block.
http://ift.tt/2j704gw
Anatomical distribution and outcome of surgical excision of fibrokeratoma – a clinical analysis of 124 cases
Abstract
Background
Fibrokeratoma is a benign, cutaneous, fibrous tumor usually occurring on the digits. There is little data about their occurrence on nondigital areas and their surgical outcomes.
Objectives
We sought to retrospectively characterize the distribution and surgical outcome of fibrokeratoma.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical information of patients with a histopathological diagnosis of fibrokeratoma, including age, gender, lesion site, number of lesions, symptoms and signs, history of trauma, and any recurrence.
Results
We identified 124 patients diagnosed with fibrokeratoma in a 13-year period. The mean age was 42 years. There was a male predilection (2 : 1), and all lesions were solitary. Twenty patients (16%) had symptoms, and 13 patients (10%) had a history of trauma. Thirty patients (24%) had lesions on nondigital areas, including the upper and lower extremities and buttocks. The overall recurrence rate was 4% (five cases). Among them, three recurrent lesions were located on the periungual area of the toe. Nine patients (7%) had giant fibrokeratoma (>1 cm) but none recurred.
Conclusion
Although most fibrokeratomas appeared on the digits, a certain number of cases (24%) were located on nondigital areas. The periungual area of the toe was the most common local recurrent site.
http://ift.tt/2iO0cRe
Single-chromosome Gains Commonly Function as Tumor Suppressors
Publication date: Available online 12 January 2017
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Jason M. Sheltzer, Julie H. Ko, John M. Replogle, Nicole C. Habibe Burgos, Erica S. Chung, Colleen M. Meehl, Nicole M. Sayles, Verena Passerini, Zuzana Storchova, Angelika Amon
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer, although its effects on tumorigenesis are unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between aneuploidy and cancer development using cells engineered to harbor single extra chromosomes. We found that nearly all trisomic cell lines grew poorly in vitro and as xenografts, relative to genetically matched euploid cells. Moreover, the activation of several oncogenic pathways failed to alleviate the fitness defect induced by aneuploidy. However, following prolonged growth, trisomic cells acquired additional chromosomal alterations that were largely absent from their euploid counterparts and that correlated with improved fitness. Thus, while single-chromosome gains can suppress transformation, the genome-destabilizing effects of aneuploidy confer an evolutionary flexibility that may contribute to the aggressive growth of advanced malignancies with complex karyotypes.
Teaser
By analyzing genetically matched euploid and trisomic cells, Sheltzer et al. find that single-chromosome gains commonly suppress tumorigenicity, and the tumor-suppressive effects of aneuploidy cannot be fully overcome by introducing oncogenic mutations. Following prolonged growth, trisomic cells acquire additional karyotype changes with improved fitness.http://ift.tt/2imFkiU
MYC Drives Progression of Small Cell Lung Cancer to a Variant Neuroendocrine Subtype with Vulnerability to Aurora Kinase Inhibition
Publication date: Available online 12 January 2017
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Gurkan Mollaoglu, Matthew R. Guthrie, Stefanie Böhm, Johannes Brägelmann, Ismail Can, Paul M. Ballieu, Annika Marx, Julie George, Christine Heinen, Milind D. Chalishazar, Haixia Cheng, Abbie S. Ireland, Kendall E. Denning, Anandaroop Mukhopadhyay, Jeffery M. Vahrenkamp, Kristofer C. Berrett, Timothy L. Mosbruger, Jun Wang, Jessica L. Kohan, Mohamed E. Salama, Benjamin L. Witt, Martin Peifer, Roman K. Thomas, Jason Gertz, Jane E. Johnson, Adi F. Gazdar, Robert J. Wechsler-Reya, Martin L. Sos, Trudy G. Oliver
Loss of the tumor suppressors RB1 and TP53 and MYC amplification are frequent oncogenic events in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We show that Myc expression cooperates with Rb1 and Trp53 loss in the mouse lung to promote aggressive, highly metastatic tumors, that are initially sensitive to chemotherapy followed by relapse, similar to human SCLC. Importantly, MYC drives a neuroendocrine-low "variant" subset of SCLC with high NEUROD1 expression corresponding to transcriptional profiles of human SCLC. Targeted drug screening reveals that SCLC with high MYC expression is vulnerable to Aurora kinase inhibition, which, combined with chemotherapy, strongly suppresses tumor progression and increases survival. These data identify molecular features for patient stratification and uncover a potential targeted treatment approach for MYC-driven SCLC.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Mollaoglu et al. generate a mouse model of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with elevated Myc expression and loss of Rb1 and Trp53. MYC promotes a neuroendocrine-low variant subtype of SCLC, which is paralleled in patients. Mouse and human SCLC with high MYC levels display sensitivity to Aurora kinase inhibition.http://ift.tt/2iqO1Me
Dobutamine aggravates haemodynamic deterioration induced by pleural effusion: A randomised controlled porcine study.
http://ift.tt/2jKOw5M
Dobutamine aggravates haemodynamic deterioration induced by pleural effusion: A randomised controlled porcine study.
http://ift.tt/2jKOw5M
Gerichte zerren an der ärztlichen Schweigepflicht
Eine Krankheit, die über sechs Wochen hinaus verläuft, gehört für die meisten Arbeitnehmer zum Glück nicht zum Alltag. Für die anderen — für ihre Arbeitgeber und auch für ihre Ärzte — wird es dann allerdings kompliziert. Die Frage ist, ob ein weiterer Anspruch auf Lohnfortzahlung besteht.
http://ift.tt/2jq7prw
Melanom: erst Nivolumab, dann Ipilimumab
Die Kombination aus Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab bei fortgeschrittenem Melanom ist erfolgreicher als die jeweilige Monotherapie. Welchen Nutzen eine Sequenztherapie hat, wurde in der Studie CheckMate 064 geprüft.
http://ift.tt/2jqfFHS
Neue und alte Waffen im Armamentarium des Dermatologen
Bei der EADV-Jahrestagung in Wien wurde ein Besucherrekord verzeichnet. Die 11.320 Teilnehmer erfuhren unter anderem, wie der Direktvergleich von Ixekizumab und Ustekinumab ausfiel und welche Kombinationstherapie aus altbekannten Substanzen bei Verrucae vulgares wirkt.
http://ift.tt/2jq5seB
Microfluidic approaches for isolation, detection, and characterization of extracellular vesicles: Current status and future directions
Source:Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 91
Author(s): Shima Gholizadeh, Mohamed Shehata Draz, Maryam Zarghooni, Amir Sanati-Nezhad, Saeid Ghavami, Hadi Shafiee, Mohsen Akbari
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles present in body fluids that play an essential role in various cellular processes, such as intercellular communication, inflammation, cellular homeostasis, survival, transport, and regeneration. Their isolation and analysis from body fluids have a great clinical potential to provide information on a variety of disease states such as cancer, cardiovascular complications and inflammatory disorders. Despite increasing scientific and clinical interest in this field, there are still no standardized procedures available for the purification, detection, and characterization of EVs. Advances in microfluidics allow for chemical sampling with increasingly high spatial resolution and under precise manipulation down to single molecule level. In this review, our objective is to give a brief overview on the working principle and examples of the isolation and detection methods with the potential to be used for extracellular vesicles. This review will also highlight the integrated on-chip systems for isolation and characterization of EVs.
http://ift.tt/2j71bwO
Synergistic Effects of Serotonin or Dopamine Combined With Lidocaine at Producing Nociceptive Block in Rats.
Background: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the interactions of the local anesthetic lidocaine combined with an agent (serotonin or dopamine) as infiltrative anesthetics. Methods: Cutaneous analgesia was characterized by the blockade of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex following 6 skin pinpricks on the rat back. Serotonin or dopamine at producing cutaneous analgesia in a dosage-dependent fashion was compared with lidocaine. Drug-drug interactions were calculated using the isobolographic analysis. Results: We revealed that serotonin, dopamine, and lidocaine provoked dose-related cutaneous analgesic effects. On the 50% effective dose basis, the rank of drugs' potency was found to be serotonin (1.70 [1.56-1.85] [mu]mol) > lidocaine (5.18 [4.67-5.75] [mu]mol) > dopamine (43.0 [40.9-45.2] [mu]mol) (P
http://ift.tt/2jqf1u7
http://ift.tt/2jqf1u7
Ultrasound-Guided Needle Technique Accuracy: Prospective Comparison of Passive Magnetic Tracking Versus Unassisted Echogenic Needle Localization.
Background and Objectives: Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia facilitates an approach to sensitive targets such as nerve clusters without contact or inadvertent puncture. We compared accuracy of needle placement with a novel passive magnetic ultrasound needle guidance technology (NGT) versus conventional ultrasound (CU) with echogenic needles. Methods: Sixteen anesthesiologists and 19 residents performed a series of 16 needle insertion tasks each, 8 using NGT (n = 280) and 8 using CU (n = 280), in high-fidelity porcine phantoms. Tasks were stratified based on aiming to contact (target-contact) or place in close proximity with (target-proximity) targets, needle gauge (no. 18/no. 22), and in-plane (IP) or out-of-plane (OOP) approach. Distance to the target, task completion by aim, number of passes, and number of tasks completed on the first pass were reported. Results: Needle guidance technology significantly improved distance, task completion, number of passes, and completion on the first pass compared with CU for both IP and OOP approaches (P
http://ift.tt/2iqKH3Z
http://ift.tt/2iqKH3Z
Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglion Gene Expression in Response to Spinal Cord Stimulation.
Background and Objectives: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to influence pain-related genes in the spinal cord directly under the stimulating electrodes. There is limited information regarding changes occurring at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). This study evaluates gene expression in the DRG in response to SCS therapy. Methods: Rats were randomized into experimental or control groups (n = 6 per group). Experimental animals underwent spared-nerve injury, implantation of lead, and continuous SCS (72 hours). Behavioral assessment for mechanical hyperalgesia was conducted to compare responses after injury and treatment. Ipsilateral DRG tissue was collected, and gene expression quantified for interleukin 1b (IL-1b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor [alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), GABA B receptor 1 (GABAbr1), substance P (subP), Integrin alpha M (ITGAM), sodium/potassium ATP-ase (Na/K ATPase), fos proto-oncogene (cFOS), serotonin receptor 3A (5HT3r), galanin (Gal), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NpY), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical significance was established using analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent t tests, and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Expression of IL-1b and IL-6 was reversed following SCS therapy relative to the increase caused by the injury model. Both GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase were significantly up-regulated upon implantation of the lead, and SCS therapy reversed their expression to within control levels. Pearson correlation analyses reveal that GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase expression was dependent on the stimulating current intensity. Conclusions: Spinal cord stimulation modulates expression of key pain-related genes in the DRG. Specifically, SCS led to reversal of IL-1b and IL-6 expression induced by injury. Interleukin 6 expression was still significantly larger than in sham animals, which may correlate to residual sensitivity following continuous SCS treatment. In addition, expression of GABAbr1 and Na/K ATPase was down-regulated to within control levels following SCS and correlates with applied current. Copyright (C) 2017 by American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
http://ift.tt/2jq8gZ8
http://ift.tt/2jq8gZ8
Heparan sulfate storage in the cardiac conduction system triggers atrioventricular block
Source:Brain and Development
Author(s): Rie Kato, Hiroaki Miyahara, Tatsuya Kawano, Atsuko Matsuzuka, Kimiko Noda, Tatsuro Izumi
ObjectiveTo elucidate the novel biological functions of heparan sulfate (HS) by clinic-pathologically studying a patient with paroxysmal atrioventricular (AV) block.PatientA long-surviving male patient with Sanfilippo syndrome type A presented with paroxysmal AV block at age 33years. He then survived another 2.5years after the onset of paroxysmal AV block and pacemaker implantation.Methods and resultsHis cardiac histopathological examination at autopsy showed HS storage in the cardiac conduction system (CCS), especially in the atrioventricular node (AVN)-His bundle branches.ConclusionHS storage in the CCS might trigger AV block, arising from below the AVN-His bundle branches. This is the first description to indicate that HS might be an essential constituent of life-long CCS plasticity and that its storage in the CCS results in AV block.
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Neural activity reveals perceptual grouping in working memory
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Laura R. Rabbitt, Daniel M. Roberts, Craig G. McDonald, Matthew S. Peterson
There is extensive evidence that the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a scalp recorded event-related brain potential, provides a reliable index of the number of objects held in visual working memory. Here we present evidence that the CDA not only indexes visual object working memory, but also the number of locations held in spatial working memory. In addition, we demonstrate that the CDA can be predictably modulated by the type of encoding strategy employed. When individual locations were held in working memory, the pattern of CDA modulation mimicked previous findings for visual object working memory. Specifically, CDA amplitude increased monotonically until working memory capacity was reached. However, when participants were instructed to group individual locations to form a constellation, the CDA was prolonged and reached an asymptote at two locations. This result provides neural evidence for the formation of a unitary representation of multiple spatial locations.
http://ift.tt/2jCIb8m
Cover Image
The cover image, by Wilfred Levin et al., is based on the Case Report High-dose intravenous steroid regimen for radiationinduced hypoglossal nerve palsy, DOI: 10.1002/hed.24600.
http://ift.tt/2jdLgix
Cover Image
The cover image, by Wilfred Levin et al., is based on the Case Report High-dose intravenous steroid regimen for radiationinduced hypoglossal nerve palsy, DOI: 10.1002/hed.24600.
http://ift.tt/2jdLgix
Understanding c-MET signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck
Publication date: Available online 12 January 2017
Source:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
Author(s): P. Szturz, E. Raymond, C. Abitbol, S. Albert, A. de Gramont, S. Faivre
c-MET is a membrane spanning receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) also termed scatter factor. Transmitting signals from mesenchymal to epithelial cells, the HGF/c-MET axis mediates a range of biological processes that stimulate proliferation, motility, invasiveness, morphogenesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Aberrant c-MET signal transduction favours tumorigenesis with the acquisition of invasive and metastatic phenotypes. Biological functions of c-MET may strongly vary according to microenvironmental changes, which occur at different stages of tumorigenesis and include also HGF/c-MET activation in stromal cells. In this review, we focused on abnormalities in non-nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck. While the prevalence of c-MET mutations and amplifications ranges 0–25%, c-MET upregulation can be found in the majority of squamous head & neck carcinomas. Despite marked heterogeneity in published scoring methods, immunohistochemical overexpression of c-MET has been typically linked to advanced stages and associated with impaired survival and/or resistance to radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and cetuximab. Experimental studies in cell lines and patient-derived xenografts using various c-MET antagonists (both as single-agents and in combination with cytotoxic and epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR]-directed agents) yielded promising results, albeit benefit in clinical trials remains to be demonstrated. Consequently, selecting more active agents and integrating them effectively in studies, which incorporate predictive biomarkers such as c-MET gene mutations, amplifications, and overexpression, remains challenging. Further investigations should increase emphasis on disentangling the role of tumour-stromal interactions and analyse their potential as modifiers of drug response.
http://ift.tt/2jJpLqM
Antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy in combination with colistin against a pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn patient
Source:Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Author(s): Ebrahim Boluki, Hossein Kazemian, Hadi Peeridogaheh, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Sima Shahabi, Leili Beytollahi, Roghayeh Ghorbanzadeh
Nosocomially-acquired multi-, extensively-, and pandrug resistant (MDR, XDR, and PDR) strains of microorganisms such as Acinetobacter baumannii remain a serious cause of infection and septic mortality in burn patients. Treatment of patients with nosocomial burn wound infections is often complicated by drug-resistant strains of A. baumannii. Today, many researchers are focusing on the investigation of novel non-antibiotic strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). We report a new PDT strategy that suppresses colistin resistance in PDR A. baumannii by interfering with the expression of a pmrA/pmrB two-component system. In the current study, A. baumannii with a PDR feature isolated from a burn patient was used as a test strain. PDT was carried out using toluidine blue O (TBO) and light-emitting diode (LED) as a photosensitizer and radiation source, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were assessed for cells surviving PDT. The effects of sub-lethal PDT (sPDT) on the expression of the pmrA/pmrB two-component signal transduction system were evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Results of drug susceptibly testing (DST) in LED and TBO groups separately showed that the bacteria were resistant to all tested antibiotics, while the DST result of the LED+TBO group showed highly declining bacterial growth when compared with the control group. Reduction in the expression of pmrA and pmrB was observed in the treated strains after sPDT. This represents the first conclusive example of a direct role for the PDT in breaking antibiotic resistance by directly modulating two-component system activity.
http://ift.tt/2iqNdXV
Differences between biological and sociolegal incest offenders: A meta-analysis
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Lesleigh E. Pullman, Megan L. Sawatsky, Kelly M. Babchishin, Ian V. McPhail, Michael C. Seto
There is an important theoretical distinction between biological and sociolegal incest offenders, but this is not always recognized in clinical or empirical work. The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to examine the extent to which biological and sociolegal incest offenders differ on a number of theoretically or clinically relevant domains. In this meta-analysis, we compared a total of 4192 biological incest offenders to 2322 sociolegal incest offenders across 27 samples that were disseminated between 1984 and 2012 (Mdn=1993). Sociolegal incest offenders exhibited more antisocial tendencies (general self-regulation problems, impulsivity, drug and alcohol problems) compared to biological incest offenders. Biological incest offenders exhibited more psychopathology (repression, mental health difficulties) compared to sociolegal incest offenders. Differences were generally small to moderate in magnitude. Contrary to expectations, there were no meaningful differences between groups on atypical sexual interests (ds ranged from −0.09 to 0.11), though sociolegal incest offenders were more likely to have sexual self-regulation problems. One meaningful moderator emerged: whether the biological incest offender group was composed only of biological fathers or of both biological fathers and other biological relatives (e.g., uncles and grandfathers). The theoretical implications of these results are discussed, and areas of future research are highlighted.
http://ift.tt/2impMM2
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after high-dose cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia
Christopher R Newey, Premkumar N Chandrasekaran, Mohammad R Mohebbi
Neurology India 2017 65(1):220-220
http://ift.tt/2iqDUHk
Neurology India 2017 65(1):220-220
http://ift.tt/2iqDUHk
Clinicopathological conference: A strong educational tool
Ashru K Banerjee
Neurology India 2017 65(1):2-4
http://ift.tt/2imyppR
Neurology India 2017 65(1):2-4
http://ift.tt/2imyppR
An unusual cause of bilateral tongue wasting and weakness
Aastha Takkar, Aditya Choudhary, Manoj K Goyal, Manish Modi, Vivek Lal
Neurology India 2017 65(1):188-189
http://ift.tt/2iqASmA
Neurology India 2017 65(1):188-189
http://ift.tt/2iqASmA
Two patriarchs of Indian Neurosciences: Professor Baldev Singh and Professor Jacob Chandy
Prakash N Tandon
Neurology India 2017 65(1):5-10
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Neurology India 2017 65(1):5-10
http://ift.tt/2imlwMD
“Hot-cross bun” and “inverse trident sign' in neurosarcoidosis: An important finding
Kadam Nagpal, Puneet Agarwal
Neurology India 2017 65(1):175-176
http://ift.tt/2iqFeKj
Neurology India 2017 65(1):175-176
http://ift.tt/2iqFeKj
An early description of monomelic amyotrophy: An excerpt from the diaries of Dr. Charles I Smith (1830–1880) in Bangalore, Southern India
Sanjeev Jain
Neurology India 2017 65(1):11-13
An early description of paralysis confined to an upper limb can be found in the casebook of Dr. Charles I Smith, who was a doctor in Bangalore in the 19th century. The historical and clinical aspects, as well as the current importance of this entity are described briefly.
http://ift.tt/2imw3Hq
Neurology India 2017 65(1):11-13
An early description of paralysis confined to an upper limb can be found in the casebook of Dr. Charles I Smith, who was a doctor in Bangalore in the 19th century. The historical and clinical aspects, as well as the current importance of this entity are described briefly.
http://ift.tt/2imw3Hq
Extraventricular neurocytoma: An uncommon tumor in a young boy. A review of literature
Parimal Agrawal, Kirti Gupta, Harsimrat B S Sodhi
Neurology India 2017 65(1):202-205
http://ift.tt/2iqEEfC
Neurology India 2017 65(1):202-205
http://ift.tt/2iqEEfC
The death wish and motor neuron disease! The chameleons and new research optimism
Ashok Panagariya, Parul Dubey, Bhawna Sharma
Neurology India 2017 65(1):14-15
http://ift.tt/2imsNMv
Neurology India 2017 65(1):14-15
http://ift.tt/2imsNMv
Concern and utilization of smart phone based telemedical health-care in allied neurological speciality: Real health–care model of future India
Guru Dutta Satyarthee
Neurology India 2017 65(1):232-233
http://ift.tt/2iqDh0E
Neurology India 2017 65(1):232-233
http://ift.tt/2iqDh0E
Death wish in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Sudesh Prabhakar
Neurology India 2017 65(1):16-17
http://ift.tt/2imq9X2
Neurology India 2017 65(1):16-17
http://ift.tt/2imq9X2
Newly described additional sites of extrapontine myelinolysis along with typical pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis
Kamble Jayaprakash Harsha, K Parameswaran
Neurology India 2017 65(1):181-182
http://ift.tt/2iqzX5z
Neurology India 2017 65(1):181-182
http://ift.tt/2iqzX5z
Sonothrombolysis in acute large vessel ischemic stroke
Amit Herwadkar
Neurology India 2017 65(1):18-19
http://ift.tt/2imxRR3
Neurology India 2017 65(1):18-19
http://ift.tt/2imxRR3
Treatment challenges in neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Kamble Jayaprakash Harsha
Neurology India 2017 65(1):193-195
http://ift.tt/2iqFVDs
Neurology India 2017 65(1):193-195
http://ift.tt/2iqFVDs
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