Prehospital low titer group O whole blood is feasible and safe: Results of a prospective randomized pilot trial

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Prehospital low titer group O whole blood is feasible and safe: Results of a prospective randomized pilot trial Via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue INTRODUCTION Low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) resuscitation is increasingly common in both military and civilian settings. Data regarding the safety and efficacy of prehospital LTOWB remain limited. METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective, cluster randomized, prehospital through in-hospital whole blood pilot trial for injured air medical patients. We compared standard prehospital air medical care including red cell transfusion and crystalloids followed by in-hospital component transfusion to prehospital and in-hospital LTOWB resuscitation. Prehospital vital signs were used as inclusion criteria (systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg and heart rate ≥108 beats per minute or systolic blood pressure ≤70 mm Hg for patients at risk of hemorrhage). Primary outcome was feasibility. Secondary outcomes included 28-day and 24-hour mortality, multiple organ failure, nosocomial infection, 24-hour transfusion requirements, and arrival coagulation parameters. RESULTS Between November 2018 and October 2020, 86 injured patients were cluster randomized by helicopter base. The trial has halted early at 77% enrollment. Overall, 28-day mortality for the cohort was 26%. Injured patients randomized to prehospital LTOWB (n = 40) relative to standard care (n = 46) were similar in demographics and injury characteristics. Intent-to-treat Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated no statistical mortality benefit at 28 days (25.0% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.85). Patients randomized to prehospital LTOWB relative to standard care had lower red cell transfusion requirements at 24 hours (p View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Evaluating the complex association between Social Vulnerability Index and trauma mortality

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Evaluating the complex association between Social Vulnerability Index and trauma mortality Via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue INTRODUCTION Social determinants of health are known to impact patient-level outcomes, but they are often difficult to measure. The Social Vulnerability Index was created by the Centers for Disease Control to identify vulnerable communities using population-based measures. However, the relationship between SVI and trauma outcomes is poorly understood. METHODS In this retrospective study, we merged SVI data with a statewide trauma registry and used three analytic models to evaluate the association between SVI quartile and inpatient trauma mortality: (1) an unadjusted model, (2) a claims-based model using only covariates available to claims datasets, and (3) a registry-based model incorporating robust clinical variables collected in accordance with the National Trauma Data Standard. RESULTS We identified 83,607 adult trauma admissions from January 1, 2017, to September 30, 2020. Higher SVI was associated with worse mortality in the unadjusted model (odds ratio, 1.72 [95% confidence interval, 1.30–2.29] for highest vs. lowest SVI quintile). A weaker association between SVI and mortality was identified after adjusting for covariates common to claims data. Finally, there was no significant association between SVI and inpatient mortality after adjusting for covariates common to robust trauma registries (adjusted odds ratio, 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.53] for highest vs. lowest SVI quintile). Higher SVI was also associated with a higher likelihood of presenting with penetrating injuries, a shock index of >0.9, any Abbreviated Injury Scale score of >5, or in need of a blood transfusion (p View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

The effect of tranexamic acid dosing regimen on trauma/hemorrhagic shock-related glycocalyx degradation and endothelial barrier permeability: An in vitro model

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader The effect of tranexamic acid dosing regimen on trauma/hemorrhagic shock-related glycocalyx degradation and endothelial barrier permeability: An in vitro model Via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue BACKGROUND Improved outcomes with early tranexamic acid (TXA) following trauma hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) may be related to its antifibrinolytic, as well as anti-inflammatory properties. Previous in vitro studies have shown that early TXA administration protects against T/HS endothelial barrier dysfunction and associated glycocalyx degradation. An intact endothelial glycocalyx may protect against subsequent neutrophil mediated tissue injury. We postulated that early TXA administration would mitigate against glycocalyx damage and resultant neutrophil adherence and transmigration through the endothelial barrier. This was studied in vitro using a microfluidic flow platform. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers were subjected to control or shock conditions (hypoxia + epinephrine) followed by administration of TXA 90 minutes or 180 minutes later. RESULTS "Early" TXA administration protected against glycocalyx degradation, biomarkers of increased permeability and the development of a fibrinolytic phenotype. This was associated with decreased neutrophil endothelial adherence and transmigration. There were no differences in low versus high TXA concentrations. The protective effects were only significant with "early" TXA administration. CONCLUSION There was a concentration and temporal effect of TXA administration on endothelial glycocalyx degradation. This was associated with "vascular leakiness" as indexed by the relative ratio of Ang-2/1 and polymorphonuclear neutrophil transmigration. Tranexamic acid if administered in patients with T/HS should be administered "early"; this includes in the prehospital setting. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Direct to OR resuscitation of abdominal trauma: An NTDB propensity matched outcomes study

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Direct to OR resuscitation of abdominal trauma: An NTDB propensity matched outcomes study Via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue BACKGROUND Direct to operating room resuscitation (DOR) is used by some trauma centers for severely injured trauma patients as an approach to minimize time to hemorrhage control. It is unknown whether this strategy results in favorable outcomes. We hypothesized that utilization of an emergency department operating room (EDOR) for resuscitation of patients with abdominal trauma at an urban Level I trauma center would be associated with decreased time to laparotomy and improved outcomes. METHODS We included patients 15 years or older with abdominal trauma who underwent emergent laparotomy within 120 minutes of arrival both at our institution and within a National Trauma Data Bank sample between 2007 to 2019 and 2013 to 2016, respectively. Our institutional sample was matched 1:1 to an American College of Surgeons National Trauma Databank sample using propensity score matching based on age, sex, mechanism of injury, and abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale score. The primary outcome was time to laparotomy incision. Secondary outcomes included blood transfusion requirement, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, hospital LOS, and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Two hundred forty patients were included (120 institutional, 120 national). Both samples were well balanced, and 83.3% sustained penetrating trauma. There were 84.2% young adults between the ages of 15 and 47, 91.7% were male, 47.5% Black/African American, with a median Injury Severity Score of 14 (interquartile range [IQR], 8–29), Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 (IQR, 13–15), 71.7% had an systolic blood pressure of >90 mm Hg, and had a shock index of 0.9 (IQR, 0.7–1.1) which did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). Treatment in the EDOR was associated with decreased time to incision (25.5 minutes vs. 40 minutes; p ≤ 0.001), ICU LOS (1 vs. 3.1 days; p View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Beta blockade in TBI: Dose-dependent reductions in BBB leukocyte mobilization and permeability in vivo

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Beta blockade in TBI: Dose-dependent reductions in BBB leukocyte mobilization and permeability in vivo Via Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery - Current Issue BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is accompanied by a hyperadrenergic catecholamine state that can cause penumbral neuroinflammation. Prospective human studies demonstrate improved TBI survival with beta blockade (bb), although mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that deranged post-TBI penumbral blood brain barrier (BBB) leukocyte mobilization and permeability are improved by bb. METHODS CD1 male mice (n = 64) were randomly assigned to severe TBI—controlled cortical impact: 6 m/s velocity, 1 mm depth, 3 mm diameter—or sham craniotomy, and IP injection of either saline or propranolol (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) every 12 hours for 2 days. At 48 hours, in vivo pial intravital microscopy visualized live endothelial-leukocyte (LEU) interactions and BBB microvascular leakage. Twice daily clinical recovery was assessed by regaining of lost body weight and the Garcia Neurological Test (motor, sensory, reflex, balance assessments). Brain edema was determined by hemispheric wet-to-dry ratios. RESULTS Propranolol after TBI reduced both in vivo LEU rolling and BBB permeability in a dose-dependent fashion compared with no treatment (p View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

DNA Methylation subclass Receptor Tyrosine Kinase II (RTK II) is predictive for seizure development in glioblastoma patients

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader DNA Methylation subclass Receptor Tyrosine Kinase II (RTK II) is predictive for seizure development in glioblastoma patients Via Neuro-Oncology Advance Access Abstract Background Seizures can present at any time before or after the diagnosis of a glioma. Roughly, 25-30 % of glioblastoma (GBM) patients initially present with seizures, and an additional 30 % develop seizures during the course of the disease. Early studies failed to show an effect of general administration of anti-epileptic drugs for glioblastoma patients, since they were unable to stratify patients into high- or low-risk seizure groups. Methods 111 patients, who underwent surgery for a GBM, were included. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was performed, before methylation subclasses and copy number changes inferred from methylation data were correlated with clinical characteristics. Independently, global gene expression was analyzed in GBM methylation subclasses from TCGA datasets (n=68). Results Receptor tyrosine Kinase (RTK) II GBM showed a significantly higher incidence of seizures than RTK I and mesenchymal (ME S) GBM (p<0.01). Accordingly, RNA expression datasets revealed an upregulation of genes involved in neurotransmitter synapses and vesicle transport in RTK II glioblastomas. In a multivariate analysis, temporal location (p=0.02, OR 5.69) and RTK II (p=0.03, OR 5.01) were most predictive for preoperative seizures. During postoperative follow-up, only RTK II remained significantly associated with the development of seizures (p<0.01, OR 8.23). Consequently, the need for antiepileptic medication and its increase due to treatment failure was highly associated with the RTK II methylation subclass (p<0.01). Conclusion Our study shows a strong correlation of RTK II glioblastomas with preoperative and long-term seizures. These results underline the benefit of molecular glioblastoma profiling with important implications for postoperative seizure control. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Artificial Enamel – Stronger and Durable finds other uses beyond Medicine

alexandrossfakianakis shared this article with you from Inoreader Artificial Enamel – Stronger and Durable finds other uses beyond Medicine Via Junior Dentist Researchers have successfully designed artificial Enamel in their lab, which might not be used in repairing or replacing lost Enamel on natural teeth but can be used in other areas beyond medicine. Artificial Enamel can be used in creating Body armor, stronger body for Vehicles, hardening surfaces of many appliances and even in building materials which can help in protecting against Earthquakes as wel l. The Artificial or Lab grown Enamel has been found to out perform the natural enamel in six different areas such as Elasticity, absorbing vibrations, strength etc. Scientists Develop Gel which repairs Damaged Enamel Enamel is a Complex structure and to replicate it and mimic all its properties is a big step in the right direction. Natural Enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body which is strong enough to not crack on applying hard forces for lifetime and also elastic enough to bear all types of forces. Natural Enamel has many nested modes of organization like wool fibers spun into yarn and then knitted in to a cable knit sweater, Calcium, phosphorus and oxygen atoms must come together in a complex repeating pattern to form crystalline wires. To achieve artificial enamel structure, researchers used extreme temperature to arrange the wires in an orderly formation to achieve the required arrangement. Earlier scientists unsuccessfully used peptides - short chains of amino acids which help in building proteins to mimic enamel. With the new attempt Researchers used malleable metal based coating to encase the wires to give extra strength According to Nicholas Kotov, a chemical engineer at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, said - What makes the artificial Enamel more like Natural Enamel is the coating on the crystalline wires which makes the Artificial Enamel more resilient and less likely to break, the soft material covering the wires can absorb high amount of pressures and shock. The magnesium rich coating of the Natural Enamel has been replaced with Zirconium Oxide giving it more strength and also non toxic. The use of these materials helped in achieving a material which was hard and could be cut into desired shapes using a diamond based saw. The team of Researchers have tested the hardness and elasticity of the new Artificial Enamel material by making a small notch on the surface and applied pressure on it until it gave in and formed a fracture. The toughness of the material was determined by seeing the pressure applied and the length of the crack, it also helped in determining the strain resistance of the enamel. The researchers even tried Artificial Enamel against Natural Enamel where the results where in favor of lab grown enamel outperforming the Natural one. The cells (Ameloblasts) which form Enamel die as soon as the tooth emerges from the gums hence Enamel cannot repair itself. Most dental visits are due to Caries in the Enamel and n neglecting, it might lead to tooth loss as well. To replace damaged Enamel, Dentists use artificial filling materials such as GIC, Composite, Dental Amalgam, etc which do not have the same properties such as Natural Enamel to withstand the Oral forces for decades. Use of this Artificial Enamel in repairing natural Enamel might still take some time as bonding Artificial Enamel to Natural Enamel needs to first heated to 300 degrees C first, Frozen and then cut into the required shape which is not so easy in a Clinical practice. References:  Science.org View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.