Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity of The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK/TMD-Br) into Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract

Background

Fear of movement (kinesiophobia) seems to play an important role in the development of chronic pain. However, in Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) there is a scarcity of studies about this topic. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for TMD (TSK/TMD) is the most widely used instrument to measure fear of movement and it is not available in Brazilian Portuguese.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to culturally adapt the TSK/TMD to Brazilian Portuguese and to assess its psychometric properties regarding internal consistency, reliability, and construct and structural validity.

Methods

A total of 100 female patients with chronic TMD participated in the validation process of the TSK/TMD-Br. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for statistical analysis of reliability (test-retest), Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, Spearman's rank correlation for construct validity, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for structural validity.

Results

CFA endorsed the pre-specified model with two domains and 12-items (Activity Avoidance - AA/ Somatic Focus - SF) and all items obtained a loading factor greater than 0.4. Acceptable levels of reliability were found (ICC>0.75) for all questions and domains of the TSK/TMD-Br. For internal consistency, Cronbach's α of 0.78 for both domains were found. Moderate correlations (0.40<r<0.70) were observed for 84% of the analyzes conducted between TSK/TMD-Br scores vs. catastrophizing, depression and jaw functional limitation.

Conclusion

TSK/TMD-Br 12 items and two-factor demonstrated sound psychometric properties (transcultural validity, reliability, internal consistency and structural validity). In such a way, the instrument can be used in clinical settings and for research purposes.

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