Publication date: Available online 6 December 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): E.A. Casassa, P. Nicol, R. Viraben, C. Gaudin, C. Bulai Livideanu, C. Mengelle, L. Lamant, F. Fortenfant, C. Paul, M.P. Konstantinou
IntroductionDevant des ulcérations cutanéomuqueuses chroniques, une infection herpétique doit être recherchée. Nous rapportons une observation d'ulcération périnéale due à herpes simplex virus (HSV), résistant à l'aciclovir (ACV), qui a révélé une leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC).ObservationUne femme de 85 ans consultait pour une ulcération étendue invalidante de la région périnéale évoluant depuis 8 mois. La patiente n'avait pas d'antécédent d'infection herpétique, ni de traitement antiviral. Un HSV de type 2 était mis en évidence dans le prélèvement cutané. Un traitement par valaciclovir était prescrit, relayé par ACV intraveineux, sans efficacité. La biopsie de l'ulcération montrait une hyperplasie épithéliale bénigne avec marquages positifs pour HSV 1 et HSV 2 en immunohistochimie. Le bilan immunitaire révélait une prolifération lymphocytaire B monoclonale posant le diagnostic de LLC B. La présence d'une souche HSV résistant à l'ACV était suspectée et confirmée par la détection d'une mutation de la thymidine kinase (TK) virale sous forme de décalage du cadre de lecture avec codon stop : M183stop. Un traitement par foscarnet pendant 3 semaines permettait une cicatrisation presque complète ; il était interrompu en raison de l'induction d'une insuffisance rénale aiguë. Les lésions résiduelles étaient traitées par imiquimod crème. Du valaciclovir était par la suite instauré à dose préventive, mais une récidive survenait 11 mois plus tard.DiscussionLa prévalence des HSV ACV-résistants est de 0,32 % chez le sujet immunocompétent et atteint 3,5 % chez le patient immunodéprimé. Cette résistance est due à la sélection locale, sous inhibiteurs de TK à des doses sous-optimales ou en traitement prolongé, de mutants résistants minoritaires préexistants. Ces virus résistants présentent une virulence et une capacité de réactivation plus faible que les virus sauvages. Le foscarnet, un inhibiteur de l'ADN polymérase virale, détruit la majorité de la population virale résistante à l'ACV, ce qui explique que les éventuelles rechutes se fassent avec un virus sauvage, permettant un traitement préventif par valaciclovir. À notre connaissance, aucun cas d'herpès chronique résistant à l'ACV et révélateur d'une LLC n'a été décrit jusqu'ici.ConclusionUn herpès chronique résistant doit faire rechercher une maladie hématologique et, en cas de résistance clinique aux inhibiteurs de la thymidine kinase, envisager un traitement par inhibiteur de l'ADN polymérase.BackgroundChronic HSV infection is a cause of chronic perineal ulcerations. We report a case of a chronic and refractory HSV infection revealing chronic lymphoid leukaemia.Patients and methodsAn 85-year-old woman with an 8-month history of chronic perineal ulcerations was referred to our dermatology department. She had no previous medical history of herpes infection. Skin biopsies ruled out carcinoma but were consistent with HSV infection. A local swab was positive for HSV2. Treatment with valaciclovir and intravenous acyclovir (ACV) at the recommended doses was ineffective. Laboratory tests revealed type-B chronic lymphoid leukaemia. Molecular biology studies confirmed the presence of ACV-resistant HSV via decreased thymidine kinase activity (stop codon: M183stop). Foscarnet was administered for a period of 3 weeks with almost complete healing of the ulcerations. Treatment was stopped prematurely due to acute renal insufficiency and the remaining lesions were treated using imiquimod cream. Valaciclovir was prescribed to prevent further episodes. The condition recurred a mere 11 months later.DiscussionThe prevalence of ACV-resistant HSV is 0.32 % in immunocompetent patients and 3.5 % in immunocompromised patients. Insufficient dosing regimens or prolonged treatment with TK inhibitors result in the local selection of pre-existing mutant HSV viruses. Foscarnet, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, is the treatment of choice in HSV-resistant infections. ACV-resistant HSV is less virulent and replicates less, with reactivations being mainly due to wild-type HSV latent in the neural ganglia. Valaciclovir can be used as a preventive treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case of ACV-resistant HSV infection revealing chronic lymphoid leukaemia.ConclusionChronic perineal ulcerations can be the first manifestation of immunodeficiency seen for example with haematological diseases. In the event of clinical resistance of an HSV infection to recommended thymidine kinase inhibitor regimens, the use of foscarnet should be considered.
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Herpès chronique périnéal résistant à l’aciclovir révélateur d’une leucémie lymphoïde chronique
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