A comprehensive study of smoking-specific microRNA alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) affects more than 650,000 people annually, with 5-year mortality rates exceeding 50% [1,2]. Because HNSCCs are linked to several distinct risk factors, including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection [3], and arise in a number of different sites within the head and neck region, they collectively exhibit significant heterogeneity at the molecular and genetic level and disparate response to treatment and clinical outcome.

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