Head and Neck Diseases by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis: 12/24/15

Πέμπτη 24 Δεκεμβρίου 2015

Environmental Microbial Exposure and Protection against Asthma

Despite the increasing availability of highly specific T-helper type 2 (Th2) antagonists, atopic asthma remains a major cause of morbidity among children and adults and may require lifelong treatment. Prospective birth-cohort studies have shown that asthma usually begins to develop during infancy…

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Sports-related eye and adnexal injuries in the Western Australian paediatric population

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Unraveling Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Abstract

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) affect more than 30,000 patients in the USA per year, most of whom are elderly, and these diseases are associated with dismal prognoses. The main features of MDS are ineffective hematopoiesis and aberrant myeloid differentiation. Furthermore, MDS are heterogeneous, both clinically and molecularly. This heterogeneity and the frequent occurrence of age-related comorbidities make the management of these diseases challenging. In fact, there have been no new drug approvals for MDS in the USA in the last 9 years, and few currently available investigational drugs are likely to be approved in the near future. Novel targeted treatment based on better understanding of the pathogenesis of MDS is needed to maximize patient outcomes. Here, we discuss new insights into diagnostic accuracy, prognostic assessment, pathogenic mechanisms, and effective treatments for MDS.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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Sports-related eye and adnexal injuries in the Western Australian paediatric population

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Unraveling Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Abstract

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Clinical Utility of Circulating Tumor Cells in Advanced Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) frequently have circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are detectable in their peripheral blood. The CellSearch® method of enumerating CTCs is presently the only FDA-cleared CTC test available clinically for men with mCRPC and has been shown to have prognostic significance in this setting, both before and during systemic therapy. Clinical utility, reflecting the ability of this test to favorably change outcomes, is a more controversial and higher bar. The CellSearch® CTC assay can provide updated prognostic and potentially surrogate information in specific clinical scenarios and in clinical trials, but formal randomized trials of clinical utility remain an unmet clinical need. Recent data suggest that CTCs may harbor genetic information (such as the androgen receptor splice variant 7, AR-V7) relevant to changing clinical management and predicting treatment sensitivity or resistance to cancer therapies such as enzalutamide, abiraterone, and taxane chemotherapies. Further molecular characterization of CTCs, cell-free DNA, or RNA can also provide additional information that may have clinical utility. Thus, CTC research is moving toward predictive medicine, based on the biologic characterization and improvements in clinical outcomes associated with heterogeneous cell types both within and between patients.

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Second Cancer Risk Up to 40 Years after Treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Since the late 1960s, when combination chemotherapy and high-energy radiation therapy were introduced for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma, survival has increased dramatically. Cure has come at a price, however, because the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma has been shown to increase the risk…

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Survival outcomes from the CALGB 40603 study in triple-negative breast cancer

Dr Sikov talks to ecancertv at SABCS 2015 about survival outcomes from the CALGB 40603 study involving women with stage II-III triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) who were treated with carboplatin, bevacizumab, or both in addition to standard…

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Geburtseinleitung: Medikamentöse & mechanische Methoden im Überblick

Anything new?
Vor 200 Jahren war der intrauterine Fruchttod nahezu die einzige Indikation für eine Geburtseinleitung. Heute handelt es um eine häufige präventive Maßnahme. Eine Übersicht über die unterschiedlichen Einleitungsmethoden.

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Selexipag for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe disease with a poor prognosis despite available treatment options. Current recommendations support the use of a combination of therapies that target the endothelin, nitric-oxide, and prostacyclin pathways. Despite the benefits of intravenous prostacyclin…

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TAILORx: Genomic test helps identify low-risk women who do not need chemotherapy

Dr Kaklamani talks to ecancertv at SABCS 2015 about results from the ongoing, prospective Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) involving more than 10,000 women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative, axillary…

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HER2 status as predictive marker for aromatase inhibitor versus tamoxifen use in early breast cancer

Dr Bartlett talks to ecancertv at SABCS 2015 about using HER2 status as a predictive marker for benefiting from treatment with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) versus tamoxifen based on data from a meta-analysis of more than 12,000 patients who participated…

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Farnesoid X Receptor-dependent and -independent Pathways Mediate the Transcriptional Control of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 by Vitamin A

Publication date: Available online 23 December 2015
Source:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Daniel Jahn, Dominic Sutor, Donata Dorbath, Johannes Weiß, Oliver Götze, Johannes Schmitt, Heike M. Hermanns, Andreas Geier
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a gut-derived hormone that controls bile acid (BA), carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Whereas strong evidence supports a key role of BAs and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for the control of FGF19 expression, information on other regulators is limited. In mice, FGF15 expression (ortholog of human FGF19) is induced by vitamin A (VitA) in an FXR-dependent manner. However, the significance of this finding for human FGF19 is currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that VitA derivatives induce FGF19 in human intestinal cell lines by a direct transcriptional mechanism. In contrast to mouse FGF15, however, this direct regulation is not dependent on FXR but mediated by retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and their interaction with a novel DR-5 element in the human FGF19 gene. In addition to this direct effect, VitA derivatives impacted on the BA-mediated control of FGF19 by regulation of FXR protein levels. In conclusion, VitA regulates human FGF19 expression through FXR-dependent and -independent pathways. Moreover, we suggest that considerable mechanistic differences exist between humans and mice with regard to the nuclear receptors controlling the VitA-FGF15/19 axis. These findings may implicate a clinical relevance of RAR-activating VitA derivatives for the regulation of FGF19 levels in humans.

Graphical abstract

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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Strategies for equilibrium maintenance during single leg standing on a wobble board

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Priscila de Brito Silva, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Anderson Souza Oliveira, Uffe Laessoe, Uwe Gustav Kersting
The aim of this study was to identify and compare movement strategies used to maintain balance while single leg standing on either a firm surface (FS) or on a wobble board (WB). In 17 healthy men, retroreflective markers were positioned on the xiphoid process and nondominant lateral malleolus to calculate trunk and contralateral-leg excursion (EXC) and velocity (VEL), and center of pressure (CoP) EXC and VEL during FS on a force platform. From the WB test, standing time (WBTIME) was determined and the board's angular EXC and VEL were calculated from four markers on the WB as surrogate measures for CoP dynamics. Electromyographic average rectified values (ARV) from eight leg and thigh muscles of the supporting limb were calculated for both tasks. WB ARV amplitudes were normalized with respect to the value of FS ARV and presented significantly higher peroneus longus and biceps femoris activity (p<0.05). WB standing time was correlated to trunk sagittal plane velocity (r=−0.73 at p=0.016) and excursion (r=−0.67 at p=0.03). CoP and WB angular movement measures were weakly and not significantly correlated between tasks. This lack of correlation indicates that WB balance maintenance requires movement beyond the ankle strategy as described for the FS task. WB standing likely demands different biomechanical and neuromuscular control strategies, which has immediate implications for the significance of WB tests in contrast to FS balance tests. Differences in control strategies will also have implications for the understanding of mechanisms for rehabilitation training using such devices.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Normal aging increases postural preparation errors: Evidence from a two-choice response task with balance constraints

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Julius Verrel, Nina Lisofsky, Simone Kühn, Ulman Lindenberger
Correlational studies indicate an association between age-related decline in balance and cognitive control, but these functions are rarely addressed within a single task. In this study, we investigate adult age differences in a two-choice response task with balance constraints under three levels of response conflict. Sixteen healthy young (20–30years) and 16 healthy older adult participants (59–74years) were cued symbolically (letter L vs. R) to lift either the left or the right foot from the floor in a standing position. Response conflict was manipulated by task-irrelevant visual stimuli showing congruent, incongruent, or no foot lift movement. Preparatory weight shifts (PWS) and foot lift movements were recorded using force plates and optical motion capture. Older adults showed longer response times (foot lift) and more PWS errors than younger adults. Incongruent distractors interfered with performance (greater response time and PWS errors), but this compatibility effect did not reliably differ between age groups. Response time effects of age and compatibility were strongly reduced or absent in trials without PWS errors, and for the onset of the first (erroneous) PWS in trials with preparation error. In addition, in older adults only, compatibility effects in the foot lift task correlated significantly with compatibility effects in the Flanker task. The present results strongly suggest that adult age differences in response latencies in a task with balance constraints are related to age-associated increases in postural preparation errors rather than being an epiphenomenon of general slowing.

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The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Joel T. Fuller, Avelino Amado, Richard E.A van Emmerik, Joseph Hamill, Jonathan D. Buckley, Margarita D. Tsiros, Dominic Thewlis
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h⁻¹ in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h⁻¹ speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.

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Clinical Utility of Circulating Tumor Cells in Advanced Prostate Cancer

Abstract

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Second Cancer Risk Up to 40 Years after Treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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Survival outcomes from the CALGB 40603 study in triple-negative breast cancer

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Geburtseinleitung: Medikamentöse & mechanische Methoden im Überblick

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Selexipag for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

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TAILORx: Genomic test helps identify low-risk women who do not need chemotherapy

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HER2 status as predictive marker for aromatase inhibitor versus tamoxifen use in early breast cancer

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Farnesoid X Receptor-dependent and -independent Pathways Mediate the Transcriptional Control of Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 by Vitamin A

Graphical abstract

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Relationship between housing characteristics, lifestyle factors and phthalates exposure: the first Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2009–2011)

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Homologous recombination deficiency predicts neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer

Dr Kaklamani talks to ecancertv at SABCS 2015 about a pooled analysis of five phase II studies showing that homologous recombination deficiency predicts response to neo-adjuvant platinum-based therapy in patients with triple-negative breast…

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Characterization of aroma-active and phenolic profiles of wild thyme ( Thymus serpyllum ) by GC-MS-Olfactometry and LC-ESI-MS/MS

Abstract

The present study was designed to characterize the volatile, aroma-active and phenolic compounds of wild thyme. Volatile components of T. serpyllum were extracted by use of the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction method gave highly representative aromatic extract of the studied sample based on the sensory analysis. A total of 24 compounds were identified and quantified in Thymus serpyllum. Terpenes were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the sample. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the first time for the determination of aroma-active compounds of Thymus serpyllum. In total, 12 aroma-active compounds were detected in the aromatic extract by GC-MS-Olfactometry and terpenes were the most abundant compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis. 18 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the T. serpyllum. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin and rosmarinic acid were the most abundant phenolics in this herb.

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Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

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Πέμπτη 24 Δεκεμβρίου 2015

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Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου