Lateral skull base surgery in a pediatric population: A 25-year experience in a referral skull base center

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
Author(s): Golda Grinblat, Sampath Chandra Prasad, Andrea Fulcheri, Melissa Laus, Alessandra Russo, Mario Sanna
ObjectiveTo analyze the pathology and surgical outcomes of lateral skull base (LSB) procedures in a pediatric population.Study DesignRetrospective case review in a referral skull base center.MethodsCharts of pediatric patients who underwent defined LSB procedures from 1983 to 2015 for various pathologies were evaluated at our center. A systematic review of literature was performed and our results were compared with the literature.Results63 patients presented with 65 diseased ears. The mean age was 13 years. 29 (44.6%) presented with hearing loss and 28 (44.4%) and chronic otorrhea. The most common pathology was petrous bone cholesteatoma (27, 42.5%) followed by vestibular schwannoma (10, 15.8%). Subtotal petrosectomy (24, 35.8%) was the most common surgical procedure followed by, transotic (18, 26.8%). The facial nerve function was preserved in 45 (67.1%) and the hearing in 28 (41.7%) cases respectively. No major complications, including mortality was encountered in our series.ConclusionIn rare and extensive pathologies involving the skull base in a pediatric population, the surgeon is posed with the dilemma of trying to achieve facial and hearing preservation while dealing with total tumor clearance. Mastery over LSB procedures can ensure complete disease clearance with optimal functional outcomes.Level of evidence2b.



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An Ancient Family of RNA-Binding Proteins: Still Important!

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
Author(s): Melissa L. Wells, Lalith Perera, Perry J. Blackshear
RNA-binding proteins are important modulators of mRNA stability, a crucial process that determines the ultimate cellular levels of mRNAs and their encoded proteins. The tristetraprolin (TTP) family of RNA-binding proteins appeared early in the evolution of eukaryotes, and has persisted in modern eukaryotes. The domain structures and biochemical functions of family members from widely divergent lineages are remarkably similar, but their mRNA 'targets' can be very different, even in closely related species. Recent gene knockout studies in species as distantly related as plants, flies, yeasts, and mice have demonstrated crucial roles for these proteins in a wide variety of physiological processes. Inflammatory and hematopoietic phenotypes in mice have suggested potential therapeutic approaches for analogous human disorders.



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IOP-details

Publication date: February 2017
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 112





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Editorial Board

Publication date: February 2017
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 112





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Instructions to Authors

Publication date: February 2017
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology, Volume 112





http://ift.tt/2itJ16l

A simple method to control the distal tip of nasotracheal tube using the surgical suture

With great interest, we read the recent article by Hung et al. [1] describing a novel method to control the distal tip of nasotracheal tube. In clinical practice, we had used this technique to achieve the successful nasotracheal intubation [2]. We completely agree with the authors that this method may be used as a back-up technique if the cuff inflation technique fails for controlling the tube tip location during nasotracheal intubation. However, one of main concerns on this method is possible injury of the nasal mucosa by removing the surgical suture along the tube placed in the nasal passage immediately after intubation.

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Evaluating LMA-ProSeal insertion techniques: A call for methodological clarification

In the recent article by Ishio et al. [1] evaluating the insertion efficacy of the LMA-ProSeal by novice doctors with or without a 90° bend created by an intubating stylet in anesthetized patients, they demonstrate that a 90° bend re-figuration facilitates LMA-ProSeal insertion, as shown by a higher successful insertion rate, a higher sealing pressure, and a lower subjective difficulty of insertion. To rightly compare effect of insertion techniques on performance of the studied device in a randomized controlled trial, however, standardization of equipment and rational design of study are crucial.

http://ift.tt/2jlR61b

Acute Truncal Lymphedema Secondary to Axillary Metastatic Melanoma Presenting Like Cellulitis

There are reported cases of diphencyprone used in treating cutaneous metastases of melanoma. Here, we report a patient with previous primary melanoma on his left back treated with surgical excision and lymphadenectomy, followed by radiotherapy for the recurrent tumor on the primary site. Despite radiotherapy and treatment with dabrafenib and trametinib, in-transit metastases have developed and topical diphencyprone was applied to these metastases. Six weeks later, the patient developed fever and a spreading erythematous tender indurated plaque covering the left side of the body including axillae, back, and flank, clinically suggestive of cellulitis. Systemic antibiotic therapy did not improve the condition and a biopsy showed sparse lymphocytic infiltrate. With the diagnosis of possible acute lymphedema, a CT scan was requested that showed significant axillary lymph node metastasis. The fever was considered secondary to dabrafenib and trametinib therapy. This case highlights that, in patients with lymphadenectomy, atypical forms of lymphedema on the body may appear. Truncal lymphedema is an infrequent event.

http://ift.tt/2jSaq75

Bottom-Up Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles with Higher Doxorubicin Efficacy

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Journal of Controlled Release
Author(s): Samer Bayda, Mohamad Hadla, Stefano Palazzolo, Vinit Kumar, Isabella Caligiuri, Emmanuele Ambrosi, Enrico Pontoglio, Marco Agostini, Tiziano Tuccinardi, Alvise Benedetti, Pietro Riello, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Giuseppe Corona, Giuseppe Toffoli, Flavio Rizzolio
Nanomedicine requires intelligent and non-toxic nanomaterials for real clinical applications. Carbon materials possess interesting properties but with some limitations due to toxic effects. Interest in carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) is increasing because they are considered green materials with tunable optical properties, overcoming the problem of toxicity associated with quantum dots or nanocrystals, and can be utilized as smart drug delivery systems. Using black tea as a raw material, we synthesized CNPs with a narrow size distribution, tunable optical properties covering visible to deep red absorption, non-toxicity and easy synthesis for large-scale production. We utilized these CNPs to label subcellular structures such as exosomes. More importantly, these new CNPs can escape lysosomal sequestration and rapidly distribute themselves in the cytoplasm to release doxorubicin (doxo) with better efficacy than the free drug. The release of doxo from CNPs was optimal at low pH, similar to the tumour microenvironment. These CNPs were non-toxic in mice and reduced the tumour burden when loaded with doxo due to an improved pharmacokinetics profile. In summary, we created a new delivery system that is potentially useful for improving cancer treatments and opening a new window for tagging microvesicles utilized in liquid biopsies.

Graphical abstract

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Dating and intimate partner violence among young persons ages 15–30: Evidence from a systematic review

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Wesley G. Jennings, Chidike Okeem, Alex R. Piquero, Christine S. Sellers, Delphine Theobald, David P. Farrington
While there has been much empirical research on adult dating violence, only recently has research began to also focus on young adult dating violence in general and teen dating violence specifically. With recognition of the growing research and media attention toward youth and young adult dating violence, the current study provides a systematic review of the extant literature devoted toward examinations of dating/intimate partner violence among individuals aged 15 to 30 and, more narrowly, on the prior research that has tested the effectiveness of dating/intimate partner violence interventions with this age group. Results from a comprehensive literature search of a number of existing databases revealed 169 studies that met the inclusion criteria, and 42 of these 169 studies were also characterized as intervention studies. Descriptive results are discussed for the 169 studies overall, and for the 42 intervention studies in particular in greater detail. Evidence gleaned from this systematic review revealed a number of similarities and differences between the studies in general, but also pointed toward the potential effectiveness of interventions to prevent the occurrence and re-occurrence of dating/intimate partner violence. Study limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.



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Unraveling the link between maltreatment and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Teresa Braga, Leonel Cunha Gonçalves, Miguel Basto-Pereira, Ângela Maia
The maltreatment-antisocial behavior relationship has been a focus of research for decades. However, understanding this association has been largely based on individual empirical studies or on reviews of maltreatments' broad consequences or of delinquency's diverse risk factors. To thoroughly examine the relationship between maltreatment and juvenile antisocial behaviors, we conducted a meta-analysis exclusively of prospective longitudinal studies and explored moderator effects. Overall maltreatment, physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and neglect were included, and general and aggressive antisocial behaviors were considered. The final data set consisted of 33 studies, including 23,973 youth, and 69 correlations. Results showed that maltreatment is associated with higher rates of general antisocial behaviors (r=0.11; 95% CI [0.08, 0.14]) and aggressive antisocial behaviors (r=0.11; 95% CI [0.07, 0.14]), and the relationship holds in the presence of potential confounders, as common risk factors and methodological variations. Furthermore, sexual and physical abuse were more strongly linked to aggressive rather than general antisocial behaviors, while neglected youth had an increased risk of general antisocial involvement. The causal mechanisms underlying these dissimilar relationships warrant further research to prevent the adverse antisocial consequences of maltreatment.



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Systematic review of early risk factors for life-course-persistent, adolescence-limited, and late-onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Darrick Jolliffe, David P. Farrington, Alex R. Piquero, Rolf Loeber, Karl G. Hill
This paper builds on our previous systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies and examines the early risk factors associated with life-course persistent offending (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending. Out of the 55 prospective longitudinal studies which theoretically could possess the relevant information, only four provided information about risk factors associated with the different offending types. An additional three provided data so that relevant analyses could be conducted. The results suggested that there was little evidence that specific early risk factors were associated with specific offending types. There was also limited evidence that specific risk factors predicted specific offending types when criminal career duration was included in the definitions of LCP, AL, and LO offending. However, LCP offenders tended to have a greater number of risk factors, and the magnitude of these was somewhat greater than for AL offenders, who in turn tended to have more risk factors (and of a greater magnitude) than LO offenders. LCP and AL offenders may differ more in degree (in the number and magnitude of risk factors) than in kind (in the specific risk factors that are predictive). Importantly, as the potential criminal career duration was increased in defining the offending types, those with longer careers tended to have more risk factors, but, LCP and AL offenders were not predicted by different risk factors. Much more research is needed on risk factors for offending types defined according to criminal career durations.



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Elemental characterisation of Andalusian wine vinegars with protected designation of origin by ICP-OES and chemometric approach

Publication date: May 2017
Source:Food Control, Volume 75
Author(s): P. Paneque, M.L. Morales, P. Burgos, L. Ponce, R.M. Callejón
Wine vinegars from three Protected Designations of Origin (PDO), Vinagre de Jerez (J), Vinagre de Montilla-Moriles (MM) and Vinagre del Condado de Huelva (CH) from Andalusia, Southern Spain, were investigated for their mineral elements content. Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, V and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical-emission (ICP-OES). Jerez vinegars had a statistically significant higher Sr content than the others, while with respect to B the same was true for Montilla-Moriles vinegars. Moreover, the ageing time of the vinegars clearly played a role in vinegar mineral content, with higher mineral levels found in aged vinegars than in young ones, especially in samples from Condado de Huelva. Multivariate analysis was performed in order to assess if the vinegars' geographical classification was possible through their elemental profile. Classification models were obtained by LDA and SVM, achieving good prediction abilities, 73 and 80%, respectively.



http://ift.tt/2jltYzT

Phosphorylation of chitosan/HEMA interpenetrating polymer network prepared by γ-radiation for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions

Publication date: 15 April 2017
Source:Carbohydrate Polymers, Volume 162
Author(s): Ahmed M. Elbarbary, Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels, based on chitosan (CS) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), have been prepared by γ-radiation followed by chemical modification via phosphorylation reaction and used for adsorption of Ca(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from their aqueous solutions. The gel content (%) increases with increasing the HEMA concentration. The maximum swelling (%) observed at the ratio (70/30) (CS/HEMA). CS/pHEMA IPN showed a higher thermal stability than CS. The phosphorylated hydrogel, Phos-(CS/pHEMA), characterized by XRD, EDS, SEM, DSC and TGA techniques. FT-IR spectra before and after adsorption of metal ions have been studied. Factors affecting the maximum adsorption capacity were also investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity using 0.01g Phos-(CS/pHEMA) was 66.3, 57.6 and 48.7 (mg/g) for Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ca(II) ions, respectively. The adsorption isotherms were simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models and the adsorption kinetics were simulated by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption follows Langmuir models and pseudo-second order. The IPN hydrogels showed effective adsorption of the three metal ions from aqueous solution.



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Interplay of bifurcated hydrogen bonds in making of inclusion/pseudo-inclusion complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) of a salophen type ligand: Crystal structures and spectral aspects

Publication date: 15 April 2017
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1134
Author(s): K.U. Ambili, M. Sithambaresan, M.R. Prathapachandra Kurup
Three novel photoluminescent materials were synthesized by treating Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) acetate salts with a Schiff base prepared from 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde and 2-aminobenzylamine. Among the prepared complexes, Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes are inclusion compounds while Zn(II) complex is a pseudo-inclusion compound. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–visible and EPR spectra. Single crystal XRD studies of these complexes suggest that Ni(II) and Cu(II) are in a distorted square planar environment while the spatial arrangement of donor atoms in Zn(II) complex is best described as distorted square based pyramid although significant distortion towards trigonal bipyramid is noticed. Stabilized crystal packing of the complexes is established via supramolecular interactions. The metal chelate rings as the π system for C–H···π interactions found in Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes explicit the concept of metalloaromaticity. TG-DTG studies reveal that all the complexes are thermally stable. Both ligand and complexes exhibit intense photoluminescence in near UV region. However, Zn(II) complex giving an intense blue-green emission spectrum at maximum wavelength of 518 nm with shoulder peaks, could be used for optoelectronic applications.

Graphical abstract

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Advances and Challenges in Oral Biofilm Control

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The paper aims to critically study the literature published over the past 3 years as relevant to oral biofilm control. The emphasis of this review is the interests and importance of new findings, seeking the following answers: (i) what is the major challenge in oral biofilm control?, (ii) what are the new anti-biofilm approaches?, and (iii) what are the further researches?

Recent Findings

In addition to mechanical plaque removal and the use of chemical agents against pathogenic biofilm, there is a need for development of new anti-biofilm approaches. The majority of the new studies aiming to control oral biofilm have been performed with the characterization of the extracellular matrix components. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (eDNA), lipoteichoic acids (LTA), and lipopolysaccharides have been identified in the matrices of bacterial biofilms and are considered the current targets to oral biofilm control.

Summary

The extracellular matrix is essential for the existence of the biofilm and by its virulence both in bacterial and fungal pathogens. The better understanding of the biomechanical properties of the EPS matrix is the main advance and is leading to new chemical and/or biological approaches to remove or disorganize cariogenic biofilms. Recently, researches are focusing on the extracellular matrix for oral biofilm control with further clinical applicability.

http://ift.tt/2jcDIdu

Adrenal Teratoma: a Case Series and Review of the Literature

Abstract

Adrenal teratomas are rare neoplasms and there is limited data on their surgical outcomes and long-term prognosis. We aimed to review our institutional experience and compare this to the existing literature on adrenal teratomas in adults and children. An institutional pathology database was searched for cases of adrenal teratoma (June 1956–July 2016). Clinical and imaging data were abstracted from the medical records and pathology slides were obtained for review. In addition, a PubMed search for "adrenal teratoma" from June 1952 to July 2016 was performed to identify reports of primary adrenal teratoma in patients of all ages. Of 7706 patients who underwent adrenalectomy during the study period at our institution, three patients were identified with adrenal teratoma. Patients were 24, 26, and 29 years of age, respectively. Two patients presented with abdominal pain and two of the three underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. A pathologic examination revealed mature cystic teratomas that frequently displayed well-differentiated respiratory, digestive, and squamous epithelia. Eighteen case reports in the literature were identified in patients 17–61 years of age. Patients presented most frequently with abdominal or flank pain (63.6%). Median tumor diameter was 9.0 cm and tumors were frequently left-sided (81.8%), cystic (63.6%), and calcified (72.7%) on either radiologic or pathologic examination. Primary adrenal teratomas are rare neoplasms that typically present as large, left-sided nodules with cystic and calcified components seen radiographically. Although the data are limited, they are generally amenable to laparoscopic resection and have a very favorable prognosis.

http://ift.tt/2iVhmMA

Resident Perspectives of an Interactive Case Review following Independent Didactic Study as a Method of Teaching a Pediatric Imaging Curriculum

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology
Author(s): Aleksandr Rozenberg, Sachin Dheer, Levon N. Nazarian, Suzanne S. Long




http://ift.tt/2jRP5ux

The High-Performing Radiology Residency: A Case Study

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology
Author(s): Lu Anne V. Dinglasan, Mary H. Scanlon




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Unexpected Presentation of Perianal Granular Cell Tumor in a Young Woman

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology
Author(s): Laila Rashidi, Darren Pollock, Sarah Bastawrous
Granular cell tumors (GCT) originate from Schwann cells of the soft tissues and are rarely observed in the perianal region. Often, correct diagnosis can be challenging due to non specific clinical symptoms and imaging characteristics, as well as its ability to mimic other malignant lesions histologically. We describe the case of a previously healthy 36-year-old woman who presents with a slow growing, painless lump in her perianal region who underwent surgical excision and was found to have a GCT on microscopic evaluation. This case highlights the importance for radiologists, pathologist, surgeons and other health care providers to be aware of this rare neoplasm and consider it in the differential diagnosis when encountering perianal masses.



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Actin isoform expression patterns in adult extracardiac and cardiac rhabdomyomas indicate a different cell of origin

Abstract

Rhabdomyomas are rare striated muscle-type tumors arising in the heart or in soft tissues. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for the cardiac isoform of α-actin (α-cardiac actin, α-CAA), differential expression patterns in striated muscle tissues were reported previously. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the α-actin isoform specificity is maintained in rhabdomyomas according to their origin, comparing extracardiac to cardiac rhabdomyomas. We immunohistochemically investigated adult extracardiac (pharyngeal) rhabdomyomas (n = 4) and cardiac rhabdomyomas (n = 7) employing isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies. The extracardiac rhabdomyomas revealed only a few scattered α-CAA-positive tumor cells (antibody cAc1-20.42) while the cardiac rhabdomyomas exhibited abundant expression of α-CAA, indicating a close relatedness to cardiac muscle fibers. The α-skeletal actin (α-SKA) specific monoclonal antibody (3B3) produced the reverse results. General sarcomeric antibodies (HHF35 and Alpha Sr-1) displayed strong positivity in all rhabdomyomas studied. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was negative or heterogeneously positive in extracardiac and cardiac rhabdomyomas. Our results suggest that despite similar morphology, the intrinsic differential alpha-actin isoform specificity of mature skeletal vs. cardiac muscle is maintained in extracardiac and cardiac rhabdomyomas. Thus, adult extracardiac rhabdomyomas differentiate towards mature skeletal muscle although they may exhibit centrally placed nuclei like cardiac muscle cells, while cardiac rhabdomyomas reflect true cardiac muscle differentiation. Our findings appear to indicate a different biological nature of cardiac and extracardiac rhabdomyomas, probably related to a different cell of origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting a derivation of extracardiac and cardiac rhabdomyomas from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, respectively.

http://ift.tt/2ipouok

Adaptation of primocane fruiting raspberry plants to environmental factors under the influence of Bacillus strains in Western Siberia

Abstract

In geographical locations with a short vegetative season and continental climate that include Western Siberia, growing primocane fruiting raspberry varieties becomes very important. However, it is necessary to help the plants to overcome the environmental stress factors. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the pre-planting treatment of primocane fruiting raspberry root system with Bacillus strains on the following plant development under variable environmental conditions. In 2012, Bacillus subtilis RCAM В-10641, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RCAM В-10642, and Bacillus licheniformis RCAM В-10562 were used for inoculating the root system of primocane fruiting raspberry cultivar Nedosyagaemaya before planting. The test suspensions were 10⁵ CFU/ml for each bacterial strains. The effects of this treatment on plant growth and crop productivity were estimated in 2012–2015 growing seasons differed by environmental conditions. The pre-planting treatment by the bacterial strains increased the number of new raspberry canes and the number of plant generative organs as well as crop productivity compared to control. In addition, these bacilli acted as the standard humic fertilizer. Variable environmental factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, and winter and spring frosts seriously influenced the plant biological parameters and crop productivity of control plants. At the same time, the pre-planting primocane fruiting root treatment by Bacillus strains decreased the negative effects of abiotic stresses on plants in all years of the research. Of the three strains studied, B. subtilis was shown to reveal the best results in adaptation of primocane fruiting raspberry plants to environmental factors in Western Siberia. For the first time, the role of Bacillus strains in enhancing frost resistance in primocane fruiting raspberry plants was shown. These bacilli are capable of being the basis of multifunctional biological formulations for effective plant and environmental health management in growing primocane fruiting raspberry.

http://ift.tt/2iUPad6

Investigation of diethylstilbestrol residue level in human urine samples by a specific monoclonal antibody

Abstract

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is used as a kind of animal feed additive and affects people's health through the food chain. The purpose of this study is to detect the residue level of DES in 576 human urine samples directly. DES-BSA was used to immunize Balb/c mice. The monoclonal antibody was produced by hybridoma that was screened through cell fusion techniques. Finally, we developed the indirect competitive ELISA method to analyze 576 human urine samples from Zhejiang Province, China. The IC₅₀ of this method was 3.33 ng/mL. The LOD and LOQ were 0.16 and 0.54 ng/mL. Linear range of the standard curve was from LOD to 12.50 ng/mL. There was no cross-reactivity with two kinds of estrogens and two structural analogs with DES. Five hundred seventy-six urine samples were analyzed by the indirect competitive ELISA method, and the detection rate was 98.78%. The mean concentration and geometric mean were 4.70 and 3.50 ng/mL. The indirect competitive ELISA method based on monoclonal antibody was sensitive and reliable for the detection of DES in human urine samples. The results warned us to pay more attention to human health and food safety.

http://ift.tt/2jjQSIr

Bio-based degradation of emerging endocrine-disrupting and dye-based pollutants using cross-linked enzyme aggregates

Abstract

In this study, manganese peroxidase (MnP) from an indigenous white-rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum IBL-05 was insolubilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) using various aggregating agents, i.e., acetone, ammonium sulfate, ethanol, 2-propanol, and tert-butanol, followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. The precipitant type, MnP, and GA concentrations affected the CLEAs activity recovery and aggregation yield. Among precipitants used, acetone appeared to be the most efficient aggregation agent, providing the highest activity recovery and aggregation yield of 31.26 and 73.46%, respectively. Optimal cross-linking was noticed using 2.0% (v/v) GA and 8:1 (v/v) MnP to GA ratio at 3.0 h cross-linking time under continuous agitation at 4 °C. The highest recovered activity and aggregation yield were determined to be 47.57 and 81.26%, respectively. The MnP-CLEAs, thus synthesized, were tested to investigate their bio-catalytic capacity for removing two known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), e.g., nonylphenol and triclosan in a packed bed reactor system. The insolubilized MnP efficiently catalyzed the biodegradation of both EDCs, transforming over 80% in the presence of MnP-based system. A maximal of 100% decolorization was recorded for Sitara textile (SIT-based) effluent, followed by 95.5% for Crescent textile (CRT-based) effluent, 88.0% for K&N textile (KIT-based) effluent, and 84.2% for Nishat textile (NIT-based) effluent.

http://ift.tt/2iV4TsD

Validated electrochemical and chromatographic quantifications of some antibiotic residues in pharmaceutical industrial waste water

Abstract

Realistic implementation of ion selective electrodes (ISEs) into environmental monitoring programs has always been a challenging task. This could be largely attributed to difficulties in validation of ISE assay results. In this study, the electrochemical response of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX), ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPLX), trimethoprim (TMP), and norfloxacin (NFLX) was studied by the fabrication of sensitive membrane electrodes belonging to two types of ISEs, which are polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane electrodes and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes. Linear response for the membrane electrodes was in the concentration range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻² mol/L. For the PVC membrane electrodes, Nernstian slopes of 55.1, 56.5, 56.5, and 54.0 mV/decade were achieved over a pH 4–8 for AMX, CPLX, and NFLX, respectively, and pH 3–6 for TMP. On the other hand, for GC electrodes, Nernstian slopes of 59.1, 58.2, 57.0, and 58.2 mV/decade were achieved over pH 4–8 for AMX, CPLX, and NFLX, respectively, and pH 3–6 for TMP. In addition to assay validation to international industry standards, the fabricated electrodes were also cross-validated relative to conventional separation techniques; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry. The HPLC assay was applied in concentration range of 0.5–10.0 μg/mL, for all target analytes. The TLC-densitometry was adopted over a concentration range of 0.3–1.0 μg/band, for AMX, and 0.1–0.9 μg/band, for CPLX, NFLX, and TMP. The proposed techniques were successfully applied for quantification of the selected drugs either in pure form or waste water samples obtained from pharmaceutical plants. The actual waste water samples were subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) for pretreatment prior to the application of chromatographic techniques (HPLC and TLC-densitometry). On the other hand, the fabricated electrodes were successfully applied for quantification of the antibiotic residues in actual waste water samples without any pretreatment. This finding assures the suitability of the fabricated ISEs for environmental analysis.

http://ift.tt/2jjXPJq

Ultrasensitive detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal tissue swabs

Abstract

Background

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) caused by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is rising worldwide. HPV-OPSCC is commonly diagnosed by RT-qPCR of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins or by p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been recently reported as an ultra-sensitive and highly precise method of nucleic acid quantification for biomarker analysis. To validate the use of a minimally invasive assay for detection of oncogenic HPV based on oropharyngeal swabs using ddPCR. Secondary objectives were to compare the accuracy of ddPCR swabs to fresh tissue p16 IHC and RT-qPCR, and to compare the cost of ddPCR with p16 IHC.

Methods

We prospectively included patients with p16⁺ oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer (OC/OPSCC), and two control groups: p16⁻ OC/OPSCC patients, and healthy controls undergoing tonsillectomy. All underwent an oropharyngeal swab with ddPCR for quantitative detection of E6 and E7 mRNA. Surgical specimens had p16 IHC performed. Agreement between ddPCR and p16 IHC was determined for patients with p16 positive and negative OC/OPSCC as well as for healthy control patients. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs were calculated against p16 IHC for OPSCC.

Results

122 patients were included: 36 patients with p16⁺OPSCC, 16 patients with p16⁻OPSCC, 4 patients with p16⁺OCSCC, 41 patients with p16⁻OCSCC, and 25 healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs against p16 IHC were 92 and 98% respectively, using 20–50 times less RNA than that required for conventional RT-qPCR. Overall agreement between ddPCR of tissue swabs and p16 of tumor tissue was high at ĸ = 0.826 [0.662-0.989].

Conclusion

Oropharyngeal swabs analyzed by ddPCR is a quantitative, rapid, and effective method for minimally invasive oncogenic HPV detection. This assay represents the most sensitive and accurate mode of HPV detection in OPSCC without a tissue biopsy in the available literature.

http://ift.tt/2jl4zq3

Ultrasensitive detection of oncogenic human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal tissue swabs

Abstract

Background

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) caused by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is rising worldwide. HPV-OPSCC is commonly diagnosed by RT-qPCR of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins or by p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been recently reported as an ultra-sensitive and highly precise method of nucleic acid quantification for biomarker analysis. To validate the use of a minimally invasive assay for detection of oncogenic HPV based on oropharyngeal swabs using ddPCR. Secondary objectives were to compare the accuracy of ddPCR swabs to fresh tissue p16 IHC and RT-qPCR, and to compare the cost of ddPCR with p16 IHC.

Methods

We prospectively included patients with p16⁺ oral cavity/oropharyngeal cancer (OC/OPSCC), and two control groups: p16⁻ OC/OPSCC patients, and healthy controls undergoing tonsillectomy. All underwent an oropharyngeal swab with ddPCR for quantitative detection of E6 and E7 mRNA. Surgical specimens had p16 IHC performed. Agreement between ddPCR and p16 IHC was determined for patients with p16 positive and negative OC/OPSCC as well as for healthy control patients. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs were calculated against p16 IHC for OPSCC.

Results

122 patients were included: 36 patients with p16⁺OPSCC, 16 patients with p16⁻OPSCC, 4 patients with p16⁺OCSCC, 41 patients with p16⁻OCSCC, and 25 healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR of oropharyngeal swabs against p16 IHC were 92 and 98% respectively, using 20–50 times less RNA than that required for conventional RT-qPCR. Overall agreement between ddPCR of tissue swabs and p16 of tumor tissue was high at ĸ = 0.826 [0.662-0.989].

Conclusion

Oropharyngeal swabs analyzed by ddPCR is a quantitative, rapid, and effective method for minimally invasive oncogenic HPV detection. This assay represents the most sensitive and accurate mode of HPV detection in OPSCC without a tissue biopsy in the available literature.

http://ift.tt/2jl4zq3

Lactucopicrin potentiates neuritogenesis and neurotrophic effects by regulating Ca2+/CaMKII/ATF1 signaling pathway

Publication date: 23 February 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 198
Author(s): Ramu Venkatesan, Won-Sik Shim, Eui-Ju Yeo, Sun Yeou Kim
Ethno-pharmacological relevanceLactucopicrin is one of constitutes in Cichorium intybus L, which is commonly known as chicory in worldwide. It has been used for traditional usage such as antianalgesics, antidepressants and antihyperglycemicsAim of studyWe investigated the neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin in in vitro and examined for the underlying mechanism.Materials and methodTo verify the neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin, we investigated the inhibitory AChE activity, neurite outgrowth-related downstream signaling in murine neuroblastoma N2a and neurotrophins secretion in rat C6 glioma cells.ResultsLactucopicrin inhibited the AChE activity and increased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels with a substantial rise in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) expression in N2a cells. Moreover, lactucopicrin actively promoted neurite outgrowth via Ca²⁺-mediated activation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII). It further activates transcription factor 1 (ATF1) along with modulating the levels of tropomyosin receptor kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, AKT, and synaptophysin 1 in N2a cells. Additionally, the levels of neurotrophins including NGF, BDNF, and NT3 were increased by treatment of lactucopicrin in C6 cells. The effects of lactucopicrin on NGF secretion and neuritogenesis were maintained even in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, indicating that lactucopicrin exerts its effect on neuritogenesis in a PI3K-independent manner.ConclusionOur results suggest that the natural compound lactucopicrin may be a promising neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jK3m8z

Aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata (K. Schum.) Hallier f. (Apocynaceae) palliates hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats

Publication date: 23 February 2017
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 198
Author(s): T.O. Ajiboye, A.A. Hussaini, B.Y. Nafiu, O.B. Ibitoye
Ethnopharmacological relevanceHunteria umbellata is used in the management and treatment of diabetes and obesity in Nigeria. This study evaluates the effect of aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndromeMaterials and methodsRats were randomized into seven groups (A-G). Control (group A) and group C rats received control diet for nine weeks while rats in groups B, D – G were placed on high-fructose diet for 9 weeks. In addition to the diets, groups C – F rats orally received 400, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata for 3 weeks starting from 6th – 9th week.ResultsHigh-fructose diet (when compared to control rats) mediated a significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight, body mass index and abdominal circumference. Similarly, levels of blood glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and insulin resistance were increased. It also caused a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, cardiac index and coronary artery index while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased significantly. Levels of proinflammatory factor, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and 8 were also increased by the high fructose diet. Moreover, it mediated decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and level of glutathione reduced. Conversely, levels of malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl and fragmented DNA were elevated. Aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata significantly ameliorated the high fructose diet-mediated alterations.ConclusionsFrom this study, it is concluded that aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata possesses hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidants abilities as evident from its capability to extenuate insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jjU4n9

Activation and pathogenic manipulation of the sensors of the innate immune system

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Microbes and Infection
Author(s): Charlotte Odendall, Jonathan C. Kagan
The innate immune system detects the presence of microbes through different families of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs detect pathogens of all origins and trigger signaling events that activate innate and adaptive immunity. These signaling pathways are initiated by the recruitment of adaptor proteins and enzymes to the site of ligand encounter, in large complexes termed supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). These events need to be tightly regulated in order to ensure optimal activation when required, and minimal signaling in the absence of microbial encounters. This regulation is achieved, at least in part, through the precise subcellular localization of receptors and adaptors. Consequently, mislocalization of these proteins inhibits innate immune pathways, and pathogens have evolved to alter host protein localization as a strategy to evade immune detection. This review describes the importance of subcellular localization of various PRR families and their adaptors, and highlights pathogenic immune evasion strategies that operate by altering immune proteins localization.



http://ift.tt/2jkL94u

Direct and indirect effects of wastewater use and herd environment on the occurrence of animal diseases and animal health in Pakistan

Abstract

The use of wastewater for rearing domestic animals is a common phenomenon in most of the developing countries like Pakistan that face a serious shortage of freshwater resources. However, most of the literature has only focused on the indirect effects of wastewater use on animal health or productivity, and literature on the direct effects of wastewater use is rare. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the direct and indirect effects of wastewater usage on the prevalence of animal diseases and animal health in Pakistan. The study is based on a household-level survey of 360 domestic water buffalo herds collected from 12 districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. We tested the prevalence of the animal's diseases, animal's health, and wastewater-use preference with various econometric tools, such as the Poisson, negative binomial, and logistic regressions. The findings of the study show that the majority of the farmers use wastewater for buffalo bathing due to the shortage of freshwater resources. Results explore the prevalence of diseases such as clinical mastitis, tick infestation, and foot and mouth disease at the farm level significantly associated with buffalo bathing in the wastewater. Moreover, bathing in wastewater pre- and post-milking also plays a role in the occurrence of diseases. Particularly, if the buffalo's access to wastewater for bathing is within 60 min after milking, the probability of the animals being exposed to mastitis is higher. Furthermore, on investigation, a number of factors are found, such as the distance to the water source, power shortage, groundwater availability, and the education of farmers that influence farmers' behavior of letting their animals take a bath in wastewater. Moreover, the use of different preventive measures improves the animal's health.

http://ift.tt/2iUAuKO

Palliative effects of extra virgin olive oil, gallic acid, and lemongrass oil dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestibility, carcass traits, and antioxidant status of heat-stressed growing New Zealand White rabbits

Abstract

This study explored the effects of supplemental dietary extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), gallic acid (GA), or lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, lipid peroxidation, hematological, and antioxidative status in growing rabbits under heat stress conditions. A total of 48 male growing New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups, which received a basal diet without any supplementation or supplemented with 15 g EVOO, 500 mg GA, or 400 mg LGEO/kg of diet, for eight consecutive weeks. Results revealed that the overall mean of temperature humidity index was 84.67 ± 0.35, reflecting a state of severe heat stress. Moreover, dietary supplementation with EVOO, GA, or LGEO significantly increased live body weight and daily body weight gain but decreased both feed conversion ratio and daily water consumption. Additionally, a significant increase in both organic matter and crude protein digestibility besides a remarkable elevation in the nutritive values of digestible crude protein, total digestible nutrients, and digestible energy, as well as an increase in the numbers of WBCs, lymphocytes, and heterophils was significant in EVOO-supplemented rabbits. Supplementation with EVOO, GA, or LGEO in the heat-stressed growing rabbit's diet enhanced catalase activity and reduced glutathione content, whereas EVOO-treated rabbits had the highest values. Also, malondialdehyde activity was reduced in response to all tested additives. In conclusion, these findings suggested that addition of EVOO, GA, or LGEO in growing rabbit's diet could be used effectively to alleviate negative impacts of heat stress load on performance, nutrient digestibility, oxidative status, and hemato-biochemical features. Furthermore, among these additives, EVOO achieved the best effects.

http://ift.tt/2jRaww6

Porous nano-cerium oxide wood chip biochar composites for aqueous levofloxacin removal and sorption mechanism insights

Abstract

The adsorption removal of levofloxacin (LEV), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, by using the biochars derived from the pyrolysis of pine wood chip pretreated with cerium trichloride was investigated through batch sorption experiments and multiple characterization techniques. The differences in the basic physicochemical properties between Ce-impregnated biochars and the pristine biochars were confirmed by the analysis of elemental compositions, specific surface areas, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and thermo-gravimetry. FT-IR spectra of the pre- and post-sorption biochars confirmed the chemical adsorption for LEV sorption onto the biochars. Large shifts in the binding energy of Ce_3d, O_1s, C_1s, and N_1s regions on the pre- and post-sorption biochars indicated the surface complexation of LEV molecule onto the biochars. The binding species of Ce⁴⁺ and Ce³⁺ identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reflect the role of Ce oxides during sorption. Batch adsorption showed the significant enhancement of adsorption capacity for LEV after the Ce modification. Batch adsorption kinetic data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model. Both the Langmuir and the Freundlich models reproduced the isotherm data well. Findings from this work indicated that Ce-impregnated biochars can be effective for the removal of aqueous LEV.

http://ift.tt/2iUMEDw

Comparative assessment of metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste with special emphasis on bioleaching

Abstract

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the urban environment worldwide. The core component of printed circuit board (PCB) in e-waste contains a complex array of metals in rich quantity, some of which are toxic to the environment and all of which are valuable resources. Therefore, the recycling of e-waste is an important aspect not only from the point of waste treatment but also from the recovery of metals for economic growth. Conventional approaches for recovery of metals from e-waste, viz. pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques, are rapid and efficient, but cause secondary pollution and economically unviable. Limitations of the conventional techniques have led to a shift towards biometallurgical technique involving microbiological leaching of metals from e-waste in eco-friendly manner. However, optimization of certain biotic and abiotic factors such as microbial species, pH, temperature, nutrients, and aeration rate affect the bioleaching process and can lead to profitable recovery of metals from e-waste. The present review provides a comprehensive assessment on the metallurgical techniques for recovery of metals from e-waste with special emphasis on bioleaching process and the associated factors.

http://ift.tt/2jRePHx

Genotypic differences in cadmium transport in developing barley grains

Abstract

Genotypic differences in cadmium (Cd) transport in developing grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were investigated using detached ears cultured in a nutrient solution containing 0.5 and 5 μM Cd. Cd concentration in each part of the ear in W6nk2 (a low-grain-Cd-accumulation genotype) was much less than in Zhenong8 (a high accumulator) with 0.5 μM Cd treatment. However, Cd concentration in W6nk2 grains increased with an increase in external Cd level and was similar to Zhenong8 with 5 μM Cd treatment. Awn removal, a high relative humidity (RH, 90%) and addition of sucrose markedly decreased grain Cd concentration in Zhenong8 but less affected Cd transport to grain in W6nk2. Stem girdling reduced Cd transport to developing grains with 5 μM Cd treatment, especially for W6nk2, whereas no effect was found in either genotype with low Cd treatment. Our results suggested that higher grain Cd in Zhenong8 is closely related to a larger capacity for xylem transport and is connected with Cd translocation in xylem and phloem sap.

http://ift.tt/2iUOep1

Biodegradability of fluoxetine, mefenamic acid, and metoprolol using different microbial consortiums

Abstract

The biodegradation of fluoxetine, mefenamic acid, and metoprolol using ammonium-nitrite-oxidizing consortium, nitrite-oxidizing consortium, and heterotrophic biomass was evaluated in batch tests applying different retention times. The ammonium-nitrite-oxidizing consortium presented the highest biodegradation percentages for mefenamic acid and metoprolol, of 85 and 64% respectively. This consortium was also capable to biodegrade 79% of fluoxetine. The heterotrophic consortium showed the highest ability to biodegrade fluoxetine reaching 85%, and it also had a high potential for biodegrading mefenamic acid and metoprolol, of 66 and 58% respectively. The nitrite-oxidizing consortium presented the lowest biodegradation of the three pharmaceuticals, of less than 48%. The determination of the selected pharmaceuticals in the dissolved phase and in the biomass indicated that biodegradation was the major removal mechanism of the three compounds. Based on the obtained results, the biodegradation kinetics was adjusted to pseudo-first-order for the three pharmaceuticals. The values of k _biol for fluoxetine, mefenamic acid, and metoprolol determined with the three consortiums indicated that ammonium-nitrite-oxidizing and heterotrophic biomass allow a partial biodegradation of the compounds, while no substantial biodegradation can be expected using nitrite-oxidizing consortium. Metoprolol was the less biodegradable compound. The sorption of fluoxetine and mefenamic acid onto biomass had a significant contribution for their removal (6–14%). The lowest sorption coefficients were obtained for metoprolol indicating that the sorption onto biomass is poor (3–4%), and the contribution of this process to the global removal can be neglected.

http://ift.tt/2jRkJbN

Zeolitic tuffs for acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment in Ecuador: breakthrough curves for Mn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr 3+ , Zn 2+ , and Al 3+

Abstract

Zeolitic tuff constitutes a technical and economical feasible alternative to manage acidic waters in initial phases of generation. A study of cation exchange with two zeolitic tuffs from Ecuador and one from Cuba has been conducted using breakthrough curve methodology. Cations Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺, Zn²⁺, and Al³⁺ have been chosen owing to their presence in underground water in exploration activities (decline development) in Fruta del Norte (Ecuador). Zeolites characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal stability after heating overnight as heulandites show a similar exchange behavior for the five cations studied. The clinoptilolite sample Tasajeras shows a relevant cation exchange performance expressed in the important increment of spatial time to reach the breakthrough point in comparison with heulandite samples. The maximum length of unused beds was found for Cr³⁺ and Zn²⁺ cations showing, therefore, a lower adsorption performance in relation with Mn²⁺ and Cd²⁺. A final disposal method of metal-loaded zeolites with cement is proposed.

http://ift.tt/2iUI3kC

Lethal Dysregulation of Energy Metabolism During Embryonic Vitamin E Deficiency

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Author(s): Melissa McDougall, Jaewoo Choi, Hye-Kyeong Kim, Gerd Bobe, J. Frederik Stevens, Enrique Cadenas, Robert Tanguay, Maret G. Traber
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol, VitE) was discovered in 1922 for its role in preventing embryonic mortality. We investigated the underlying mechanisms causing lethality using targeted metabolomics analyses of zebrafish VitE-deficient embryos over five days of development, which coincided with their increased morbidity and mortality. VitE deficiency resulted in peroxidation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), depleting DHA-containing phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, which also caused choline depletion. This increased lipid peroxidation also increased NADPH oxidation, which depleted glucose by shunting it to the pentose phosphate pathway. VitE deficiency was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction with concomitant impairment of energy homeostasis. The observed morbidity and mortality outcomes could be attenuated, but not fully reversed, by glucose injection into VitE-deficient embryos at developmental day one. Thus, embryonic VitE deficiency in vertebrates leads to a metabolic reprogramming that adversely affects methyl donor status and cellular energy homeostasis with lethal outcomes.



http://ift.tt/2jkIZlo

A rare complication of middle ear cholesteatoma – Pseudoaneurysm of petrous internal carotid artery

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences
Author(s): L.Y. Lim, I. Mohamad, J.H. Lau, I.P. Tang
ObjectivesTo report a rare complication of middle ear cholesteatoma resulting pseudoaneurysm of petrous internal carotid artery (ICA).Case reportA 39year old lady presented with sudden profuse bleeding from the right ear. Previously, she had been having bilateral intermittent foul smelling ear discharge for a year. Otoscope finding was insignificant as only blood seen. Computed tomography of temporal bone and magnetic resonance imaging of brain suggested locally aggressive cholesteatoma. Right ICA angiography showed pseudoaneurysm of petrous part of ICA. She underwent coil embolisation followed by bilateral modified radical mastoidectomy a month later. She recovered well after surgery and remained symptoms free.ConclusionsPseudoaneurysm of petrous ICA as a complication of middle ear cholesteatoma is extremely rare. Spontaneous profuse bleeding maybe the only clinical presentation. Radiological imaging is important to diagnose and assist in treatment. Endovascular technique may be required, followed by surgical treatment for infection control



http://ift.tt/2jkF5co

Joining aluminum alloy 5052 sheets via novel hybrid resistance spot clinching process

Publication date: 15 March 2017
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 118
Author(s): Yu Zhang, He Shan, Yang Li, Jing Guo, Zhen Luo, Cheng Yong Ma
Aluminum alloy 5052 sheets (thickness: 1mm) were joined using a novel method (resistance spot clinching) that combines mechanical clinching and resistance spot welding processes. A pair of molds combine with processing tapes were exerted in this process. The microstructure of the fusion zone under novel process presents more portion of equiaxed dendritic zone compared with that of the resistance spot welded joint, which is due to the different temperature gradient feature during solidification. The mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated via orthogonal trials of tensile shear tests performed on the joints. The results revealed that, even under lower heat input, the load-bearing capacity of the resistance spot clinching joints is superior to that of the traditional resistance spot welding joints. Digital image correlation was used to evaluate the distortion behavior of the weld joints during testing. Compared with the stiffness of traditional joints, the higher stiffness of the resistance spot clinching joint generated a higher tensile stress component in the periphery of the fusion zone during testing (which resulted in a higher peak load).

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2ixptRM

A rare complication of middle ear cholesteatoma – Pseudoaneurysm of petrous internal carotid artery

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences
Author(s): L.Y. Lim, I. Mohamad, J.H. Lau, I.P. Tang
ObjectivesTo report a rare complication of middle ear cholesteatoma resulting pseudoaneurysm of petrous internal carotid artery (ICA).Case reportA 39year old lady presented with sudden profuse bleeding from the right ear. Previously, she had been having bilateral intermittent foul smelling ear discharge for a year. Otoscope finding was insignificant as only blood seen. Computed tomography of temporal bone and magnetic resonance imaging of brain suggested locally aggressive cholesteatoma. Right ICA angiography showed pseudoaneurysm of petrous part of ICA. She underwent coil embolisation followed by bilateral modified radical mastoidectomy a month later. She recovered well after surgery and remained symptoms free.ConclusionsPseudoaneurysm of petrous ICA as a complication of middle ear cholesteatoma is extremely rare. Spontaneous profuse bleeding maybe the only clinical presentation. Radiological imaging is important to diagnose and assist in treatment. Endovascular technique may be required, followed by surgical treatment for infection control



http://ift.tt/2jkF5co

Δ14CO2 from dark respiration in plants and its impact on the estimation of atmospheric fossil fuel CO2

Publication date: April 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volumes 169–170
Author(s): Xiaohu Xiong, Weijian Zhou, Peng Cheng, Shugang Wu, Zhenchuan Niu, Hua Du, Xuefeng Lu, Yunchong Fu, George S. Burr
Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) has been widely used for quantification of fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff) in the atmosphere and for ecosystem source partitioning studies. The strength of the technique lies in the intrinsic differences between the ¹⁴C signature of fossil fuels and other sources. In past studies, the ¹⁴C content of CO2 derived from plants has been equated with the ¹⁴C content of the atmosphere. Carbon isotopic fractionation mechanisms vary among plants however, and experimental study on fractionation associated with dark respiration is lacking. Here we present accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon results of CO2 respired from 21 plants using a lab-incubation method and associated bulk organic matter. From the respired CO2 we determine Δ¹⁴Cres values, and from the bulk organic matter we determine Δ¹⁴Cbom values. A significant difference between Δ¹⁴Cres and Δ¹⁴Cbom (P < 0.01) was observed for all investigated plants, ranging from −42.3‰ to 10.1‰. The results show that Δ¹⁴Cres values are in agreement with mean atmospheric Δ¹⁴CO2 for several days leading up to the sampling date, but are significantly different from corresponding bulk organic Δ¹⁴C values. We find that although dark respiration is unlikely to significantly influence the estimation of CO2ff, an additional bias associated with the respiration rate during a plant's growth period should be considered when using Δ¹⁴C in plants to quantify atmospheric CO2ff.



http://ift.tt/2jkD6Vn

Nanoporous hydroxyapatite/sodium titanate bilayer on titanium implants for improved osteointegration

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): A. Carradò, F. Perrin-Schmitt, Q.V. Le, M. Giraudel, C. Fischer, G. Koenig, L. Jacomine, L. Behr, A. Chalom, L. Fiette, A. Morlet, G. Pourroy
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to improve the strength and quality of the titanium–hydroxyapatite interface in order to prevent long-term failure of the implanted devices originating from coating delamination and to test it in an in-vivo model.MethodsTi disks and dental commercial implants were etched in Kroll solution. Thermochemical treatments of the acid-etched titanium were combined with sol–gel hydroxyapatite (HA) coating processes to obtain a nanoporous hydroxyapatite/sodium titanate bilayer. The sodium titanate layer was created by incorporating sodium ions onto the Ti surface during a NaOH alkaline treatment and stabilized using a heat treatment. HA layer was added by dip-coating in a sol–gel solution. The bioactivity was assessed in vitro with murine MC3T3-E1 and human SaOs-2 cells. Functional and histopathological evaluations of the coated Ti implants were performed at 22, 34 and 60days of implantation in a dog lower mandible model.ResultsNanoporous hydroxyapatite/sodium titanate bilayer on titanium implants was sensitive neither to crack propagation nor to layer delamination. The in vitro results on murine MC3T3-E1 and human SaOs-2 cells confirm the advantage of this coating regarding the capacity of cell growth and differentiation. Signs of progressive bone incorporation, such as cancellous bone formed in contact with the implant over the existing compact bone, were notable as early as day 22. Overall, osteoconduction and osteointegration mean scores were higher for test implants compared to the controls at 22 and 34 days.SignificanceNanoporous hydroxyapatite/sodium titanate bilayer improves the in-vivo osteoconduction and osteointegration. It prevents the delamination during the screwing and it could increase HA-coated dental implant stability without adhesive failures. The combination of thermochemical treatments with dip coating is a low-cost strategy.



http://ift.tt/2jvROGN

Mechanical and microbiological properties and drug release modeling of an etch-and-rinse adhesive containing copper nanoparticles

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): M.F. Gutiérrez, P. Malaquias, T.P. Matos, A. Szesz, S. Souza, J. Bermudez, A. Reis, A.D. Loguercio, P.V. Farago
ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles (CN) at different concentrations into a two-step etch-and-rinse (2-ER) adhesive on antimicrobial activity (AMA), copper release (CR), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), solubility (SO), as well as the immediate (IM) and 1-year resin–dentin bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL).MethodsSeven adhesives were formulated according to the addition of CN (0, 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1wt%) in adhesive. The AMA was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assay. For CR, WS and SO, specimens were constructed and tested for 28 days. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24h and 28 days. For DC, specimens were constructed and tested after 24h by FTIR. After enamel removal, the ER was applied to dentin. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were sectioned to obtain resin–dentin sticks. For μTBS and NL, specimens were tested after 24h and 1-year periods. All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05).ResultsThe addition of CN provided AMA to the adhesives at all concentrations. Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of CN. UTS, DC, WS and SO were not influenced. For μTBS an increase was observed in 0.1 and 0.5% copper group. For NL, a significant decrease was observed in all groups in comparison with control group. After 1-year, no significant reductions of μTBS and no significant increases of NL were observed for copper containing adhesives compared to the control group.SignificanceThe addition of CN in concentrations up to 1wt% in the 2-ER adhesive may be an alternative to provide AMA and preserve the bonding to dentin, without reducing adhesives' mechanical properties evaluated.



http://ift.tt/2jkA7fu

Application of close-packed structures in dental resin composites

Publication date: Available online 14 January 2017
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): Ruili Wang, Eric Habib, X.X. Zhu
ObjectiveThe inorganic filler particles in dental resin composites serve to improve their mechanical properties and reduce polymerization shrinkage during their use. Efforts have been made in academia and industry to increase the filler particle content, but, few studies examine the theoretical basis for the maximum particle loading.MethodsThis work evaluates the packing of spherical particles in a close-packed state for highly loaded composites.ResultsCalculations show that for low dispersity particles, the maximum amount of particles is 74.05vol%, regardless of the particle size. This can be further improved by using a mix of large and small particles or by the use of non-spherical particles. For representative spherical particles with a diameter of 1000nm, two types of secondary particles with respective sizes of 414nm (dI) and 225nm (dII) are selected. The results show that after embedding secondary particles I & II into primary spherical particles, the packing factor is increased to 81.19% for the close-packed structures, which shows an improvement of 9.64%, compared to the 74.05% obtained only with primary spherical particles. This packing factor is also higher than either structure with the embedded secondary particles I or II.SignificanceExamples of these mixtures with different spherical particle sizes are shown as a theoretical estimation, serving as a guideline for the design and formulation of new dental resin composites with better properties and improved performance.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jvTsbf

Influence of enamel/dentin thickness on the toxic and esthetic effects of experimental in-office bleaching protocols

Abstract

Objectives

This paper aims to assess the whitening effectiveness and toxicity of tooth-bleaching protocols applied to enamel/dentin disks simulating mandibular incisors (ICs) and premolars (PMs).

Materials and methods

A 10% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) gel was applied for 3 × 15, 1 × 15, or 1 × 5 min to enamel/dentin disks simulating mandibular ICs and PMs, and the trans-enamel and trans-dentinal diffusion products were applied to human dental pulp cells (1 h). Professional therapy (35% H₂O₂—3 × 15 min) was used as positive control, and non-bleached samples were used as negative control. Cell viability and morphology, oxidative stress generation, and odontoblastic marker expression were assessed. The H₂O₂ diffusion and enamel color change (ΔE) were also analyzed.

Results

The 10% H₂O₂ gel induced significant cell viability reduction only when applied 3 × 15 min, with the intensity of oxidative stress and down-regulation of odontoblastic markers being higher in the IC group. The other experimental bleaching protocols caused slight alterations regarding the cell parameters evaluated, with intensity being related to enamel/dentin thickness. These effects were also correlated with higher H₂O₂ diffusion in the IC group. ΔE values similar as positive control were found for the 10% 3 × 15 and 1 × 15 protocols on IC group, after 4 and 6 sessions.

Conclusion

Application of a 10% H₂O₂ bleaching gel for 15 or 45 min to thin dental substrate significantly minimizes cell toxicity in comparison with highly concentrated gels associated with similar esthetic outcomes by increasing the number of bleaching sessions.

Clinical relevance

Bleaching gels with 10% H₂O₂ applied in small teeth for short periods may be an interesting alternative to obtain whitening effectiveness without causing toxicity to pulp cells, which may be able to reduce the tooth hypersensitivity claimed by patients.

http://ift.tt/2ixiBUs

Review of Diagnostic Challenges in Occupational Asthma

Abstract

Purpose of review

Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most frequent occupational diseases and its diagnosis is often difficult. This review summarizes its current diagnostic challenges.

Recent findings

OA is associated with significant health and socio-economic burden. It is underdiagnosed and physicians need to adopt a stepwise approach to confirm the diagnosis. Although early removal from exposure to the offending agent is associated with a better prognosis, physicians should try to confirm the diagnosis of work-related asthma before taking a worker off work. A proper occupational and medical history is very important but is not enough to make the diagnosis of OA. Objective evidence of work-related asthma is required and this represents a serious challenge to most physicians. Measurement of non-specific bronchial responsiveness (NSBR) and spirometry may confirm the diagnosis of asthma but do not confirm the diagnosis of OA. Serial monitoring of peak expiratory flows (PEF), NSBR, and airway inflammation at and off work may confirm the diagnosis of OA but are often difficult to perform. Confirming sensitization by skin prick tests or specific IgE may help to support the diagnosis of OA. Specific inhalation challenges (SIC) in the lab or at work are considered the reference standard but are of limited access. Medical surveillance programs along with primary prevention (reducing exposure) may help to reduce the burden of OA, but the ideal program has yet to be defined.

Summary

The diagnostic workup of OA remains a challenge and needs a rigorous stepwise evaluation.

http://ift.tt/2iTYg9Q

Review of Diagnostic Challenges in Occupational Asthma

Abstract

Purpose of review

Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most frequent occupational diseases and its diagnosis is often difficult. This review summarizes its current diagnostic challenges.

Recent findings

OA is associated with significant health and socio-economic burden. It is underdiagnosed and physicians need to adopt a stepwise approach to confirm the diagnosis. Although early removal from exposure to the offending agent is associated with a better prognosis, physicians should try to confirm the diagnosis of work-related asthma before taking a worker off work. A proper occupational and medical history is very important but is not enough to make the diagnosis of OA. Objective evidence of work-related asthma is required and this represents a serious challenge to most physicians. Measurement of non-specific bronchial responsiveness (NSBR) and spirometry may confirm the diagnosis of asthma but do not confirm the diagnosis of OA. Serial monitoring of peak expiratory flows (PEF), NSBR, and airway inflammation at and off work may confirm the diagnosis of OA but are often difficult to perform. Confirming sensitization by skin prick tests or specific IgE may help to support the diagnosis of OA. Specific inhalation challenges (SIC) in the lab or at work are considered the reference standard but are of limited access. Medical surveillance programs along with primary prevention (reducing exposure) may help to reduce the burden of OA, but the ideal program has yet to be defined.

Summary

The diagnostic workup of OA remains a challenge and needs a rigorous stepwise evaluation.

http://ift.tt/2iTYg9Q

Repeated applications of photodynamic therapy on Candida glabrata biofilms formed in acrylic resin polymerized

Abstract

Previous studies have been suggested that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be used as an adjuvant treatment for denture stomatitis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of multiple sessions of PDT on Candida glabrata biofilms in specimens of polymerized acrylic resin formed after 5 days. Subsequently, four applications of PDT were performed on biofilms in 24-h intervals (days 6–9). Also, we evaluated two types of PDT, including application of laser and methylene blue or light-emitting diode (LED) and erythrosine. The control groups were treated with physiological solution. The effects of PDT on biofilm were evaluated after the first and fourth application of PDT. The biofilm analysis was performed by counting the colony-forming units. The results showed that between the days 6 and 9, the biofilms not treated by PDT had an increase of 5.53 to 6.05 log (p = 0.0271). Regarding the treatments, after one application of PDT, the biofilms decreased from 5.53 to 0.89 log. When it was done four applications, the microbial reduction ranged from 6.05 log to 0.11 log. We observed that one application of PDT with laser or LED caused a reduction of 3.36 and 4.64 compared to the control groups, respectively (p = 0.1708). When it was done four applications of PDT, the reductions achieved were 1.57 for laser and 5.94 for LED (p = 0.0001). It was concluded that repeated applications of PDT on C. glabrata biofilms showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to single application. PDT mediated by LED and erythrosine was more efficient than the PDT mediated by laser and methylene blue.

http://ift.tt/2jimmhN

Dynamic optical absorption characteristics of blood after slow and fast heating

Abstract

Laser treatment is the most effective therapy in dermatology for vascular skin disorders, such as port-wine stains (PWS). Changes in heat-induced absorbance in blood must be determined for accurate numerical simulation and implementation of multi-pulse laser therapy for treatment of PWS. Thermally induced absorbance changes in hemoglobin in blood were compared in vitro between slow water bath heating and fast heating irradiated by using sub-millisecond Nd:YAG laser. Blood composition at different temperatures was calculated by comparing blood absorption spectra with those of pure HbO₂, Hb, and metHb at room temperature. Blood absorbance to heat energy were categorized into three stages distinguished by metHb and coagulation points, which are the validity and security thresholds of the optimized therapy, respectively. Rapid laser heating can distinctively enhance blood absorbance by photochemically induced strong instability compared with slow heating at a constant temperature. Slow heating facilitates metHb point at 70 °C and coagulation point at 75 °C as the temperature of the water bath increases. However, the temperature at which metHb or coagulation point shifts to higher than 10 °C when pulses and fluence in laser irradiation change. Laser fluence less than 20 J/cm² and more than 50 J/cm² is unsuitable for laser treatment because of its low probability to coagulate vascular hyperplasia and high probability to damage normal tissues adjacent to target lesions, respectively. Few bubbles formed after mediate fluence is beneficial to minimize adverse side-effects. Considering blood absorbance, temperature evolution, and bubble formation, we recommend 30–40 J/cm² and 2–4 Hz frequency as the optimal laser parameters in sub-millisecond Nd:YAG laser.

http://ift.tt/2jt2BRY

Outcome of early surgery in infantile esotropia: Our experience in tertiary care hospital

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Medical Journal Armed Forces India
Author(s): Anirudh Singh, J.K.S. Parihar, S.K. Mishra, R. Maggon, Anurag Badhani
BackgroundInfantile esotropia is a convergent strabismus presenting before 6 months of age and is the most common strabismus disorder presenting in the ophthalmology OPD. The dilemma of whether to go for early surgery and how early has been a matter of research for the last 50 years. We describe our results of surgery in infantile esotropia at variable age groups, as well as with different reoperation rates and compare with the results in western literature.MethodsA prospective study was carried out through a review of 113 cases operated for infantile esotropia between February 2013 and August 2014. The variables studied were: age at surgery, type of fixation, refractive error, associated nystagmus, inferior oblique overaction or dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), type of surgery performed and pre- and postoperative deviation angles.ResultsThere were 67 male and 46 female cases of infantile esotropia. The age group of patients varied from 6 months to 12 years. Latent nystagmus was seen in 22 cases, inferior oblique overaction in 49 cases and DVD (mild) in 14 cases. Bimedial rectus recession was done in 78 cases and recession–resection in non-dominant eye in remaining 35 cases. The postoperative residual deviation was <10 PD in 102 cases, between 10 and 16 PD in 5 cases and more than 16 PD in 6 cases. Only 6 cases (5.3%) required reoperation for correction of residual deviation.ConclusionThe authors recommend surgery before 12 months in all cases of infantile esotropia. The reoperation rates in the current study were considerably low.



http://ift.tt/2isflqj

OX40: Structure and function – What questions remain?

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Jane Willoughby, Jordana Griffiths, Ivo Tews, Mark S. Cragg
OX40 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, reported nearly 30 years ago as a cell surface antigen expressed on activated T cells. Since its discovery, it has been validated as a bone fide costimulatory molecule for T cells and member of the TNF receptor family. However, many questions still remain relating to its function on different T cell sub-sets and with recent interest in its utility as a target for antibody-mediated immunotherapy, there is a growing need to gain a better understanding of its biology.Here, we review the expression pattern of OX40 and its ligand, discuss the structure of the receptor:ligand interaction, the downstream signalling it can elicit, its function on different T cell subsets and how antibodies might engage with it to provide effective immunotherapy.



http://ift.tt/2jjb253

Anti-inflammatory effects of ononin on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Lin Dong, Lei Yin, Yuanbin Zhang, Xueyan Fu, Jincai Lu
Increasing evidence has shown that ononin, a major isoflavone, has anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of ononin are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated these effects and the underlying mechanisms of ononin on LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Mouse RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 1μg/mL LPS and 5, 25, 50, 100 or 150μM ononin for 18h. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assays, and the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in cultures was examined by Griess and ELISA analyses. qRT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear transcription factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathway-related proteins were assessed by western blot assays. The results showed that cell viability was not significantly affected by up to 100μM ononin. The production of NO, PGE2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the cultures, the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, COX-2 and iNOS, and the expression of phosphorylated IκB-α, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs proteins in LPS-treated cells were significantly increased. These changes could be reversed by treatment with ononin in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). The results suggest that ononin has anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and may be a potential treatment for inflammation.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jJyx3Y

Enhancement of NK cell-mediated lysis of non-small lung cancer cells by nPKC activator, ingenol 3,20 dibenzoate

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Chenyuan Gong, Chao Yao, Zihang Xu, Zhongya Ni, Xiaowen Zhu, Lixin Wang, Xuewei Yan, Wuxiong Zhou, Shiguo Zhu
The IFN-γ production is crucial for NK cell-mediated lysis of cancer cells. Thus increasing the IFN-γ production by NK cells may be an ideal strategy to improve their tumoricidal effect. Since the focus on new drug development has shifted towards natural products, limited information is out there about natural products that enhance the IFN-γ production by NK cells. In this study, through a high-throughput screening, we have identified a natural product ingenol 3,20 dibenzoate (IDB), an activator of tumor suppressor protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, could increase the IFN-γ production and degranulation by NK cells, especially when NK cells were stimulated by non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. IDB also significantly enhanced the NK cell-mediated lysis of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, PKC inhibitor, sotrastaurin abrogated IDB-induced IFN-γ production, degranulation and cytotoxicity, but did not affect IFN-γ production by NK cells without IDB treatment and NSCLC cell stimulation. The IFN-γ neutralization reversed the IDB-induced enhancement of NK cell mediated killing. In conclusion, our study indicated that IDB enhanced NK cell-mediated lysis of NSCLC cells is dependent on specific PKC mediated IFN-γ production and degranulation. Thus, IDB may have a promising application in clinic for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jJCFRg

Smoking as a Risk Factor for Breast Reduction: An Analysis of 13,503 Cases

Reduction mammaplasty is one of the most common reconstructive procedures performed by plastic surgeons. Over 100,000 procedures are performed annually. Although important for relieving the painful symptoms associated with macromastia, complication rates of this procedure are not insignificant. They are reported in up to half of cases. Reported risk factors for adverse outcomes include obesity, preoperative wound infection, and advanced ASA status. Smoking has been described as a risk factor for breast reduction.

http://ift.tt/2iouyhb

Evaluation of lip pulling method efficacy for direct laryngoscopy: A prospective crossover clinical pilot trial

A lip pulling method is usually used to prevent lip or tooth injuries [1]. We previously suggested that this method may provide a better laryngoscopy [2]. We hypothesized that lip pulling could also improve laryngoscopy, since the lips sometimes impede sufficient laryngoscopy with the Macintosh laryngoscope (McL). To test our hypothesis, we conducted a prospective randomized crossover study to compare laryngoscopy with or without lip pulling. The primary outcome was the efficiency of laryngoscopy (Fig.

http://ift.tt/2jJxZed

Comparing direct and indirect laryngoscopy: Study design is crucial

In a randomized, controlled clinical trial by Kurnaz and Sarıtaş [1]. comparing intubation performance of the Truview PCD™ and Macintosh laryngoscopes and their effects on intubation hemodynamic responses in geriatric patients, they show that compared to Macintosh laryngoscope, Truview PCD™ laryngoscope (TPL) does not provide significant hemodynamic response sparing or a shorten intubation time. Besides the limitations described in the discussion, there are the several issues in this study that need to be clarified.

http://ift.tt/2jj8rbu

Reply to the correspondence in relation to the article “Randomized study of post-cesarean analgesia with intrathecal morphine alone or combined with clonidine”

Firstly I would like to thank the opportunity to respond Dr. Bhakta.

http://ift.tt/2jJx7GH

Anaesthetic management of a patient with Michels syndrome

Michels Syndrome, which was first defined in 1978, is an uncommon syndrome seen with craniosynostosis, blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, cleft lip/palate, abnormal supra umbilical abdominal wall defect and mental deficit, hearing loss, spina bifida occulta, abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder and genital system [1].

http://ift.tt/2jj24Fd

Lip injury associated with i-gel placement during general anesthesia

Although the i-gel® (i-gel: Intersurgical, U.K.) supraglottic airway device is useful for airway management during general anesthesia [1,2], there are reports of nerve and tongue injuries associated with i-gel use [3,4]. Here, we report a case of lip injury associated with i-gel use during general anesthesia.

http://ift.tt/2jJxZLf

Dose ranging effects of pregabalin on pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: A randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled, clinical trial

The study aimed to investigate the preemptive analgesia efficacy of different concentrations (75, 150 and 300mg) of preemptive pregabalin for the postoperative pain management after laparoscopic hysterectomy.

http://ift.tt/2jj4Ee1

Use of local anesthetic a key tenet in multimodal analgesia to modulate chronic post-mastectomy pain

Steyaert et al. performed a cross-sectional survey of women undergoing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection to determine risk factors, including anesthetic and analgesic regimen, for the development of chronic post-mastectomy pain [1]. They found that of the many anesthetic and analgesic variables studied, only the use of halogenated agents was associated with a decreased incidence of chronic pain. We appreciate the diligence of this investigation into how our anesthetic care can affect our patients, particularly given the frequent incidence of chronic post-mastectomy pain in this population.

http://ift.tt/2jJybdL

Sexual segregation in foraging giraffe

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Acta Oecologica, Volume 79
Author(s): Rosemary Peter Mramba, Obeid Mahenya, Annetjie Siyaya, Karen Marie Mathisen, Harry Peter Andreassen, Christina Skarpe
Sexual segregation in giraffe is known to vary between savannas. In this study, we compared sexual segregation in giraffe in one nutrient-rich savanna, the Serengeti National Park, one nutrient-poor, Mikumi National Park, and one medium rich savanna, Arusha National Park, (from here on referred to just by name) based on effects of sexual size dimorphism and related hypotheses. Data were collected in the wet and dry seasons, by driving road transects and making visual observations of browsing giraffe. Additional data were collected from literature (plant chemistry; mammal communities). There was a noticeable difference in browsing by females and males and in browsing between the three savannas. Females browsed a higher diversity of tree species in Serengeti whereas males browsed a higher diversity in Arusha, while the diversity of species browsed in Mikumi was high and about the same in both sexes. Females selected for high concentrations of nitrogen and low concentrations of tannins and phenolics compared to males in Serengeti but selection in Mikumi was more complex. Males browsed higher in the canopy than females in all sites, but the browsing height was generally higher in Serengeti than Mikumi and Arusha. Season had an effect on the browsing height independent of sex in Mikumi, where giraffes browsed higher in the dry season compared to the wet season. Males spent more time browsing per tree compared to females in all three sites; however, browsing time in Mikumi was also affected by season, where giraffes had longer browsing bouts in the wet season compared to the dry season. We suggest that sexual differences in forage requirement and in foraging interacts with differences in tree chemistry and in competing herbivore communities between nutrient rich and nutrient poor savanna in shaping the sexual segregation.



http://ift.tt/2isg3nF

OX40: Structure and function – What questions remain?

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Jane Willoughby, Jordana Griffiths, Ivo Tews, Mark S. Cragg
OX40 is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein, reported nearly 30 years ago as a cell surface antigen expressed on activated T cells. Since its discovery, it has been validated as a bone fide costimulatory molecule for T cells and member of the TNF receptor family. However, many questions still remain relating to its function on different T cell sub-sets and with recent interest in its utility as a target for antibody-mediated immunotherapy, there is a growing need to gain a better understanding of its biology.Here, we review the expression pattern of OX40 and its ligand, discuss the structure of the receptor:ligand interaction, the downstream signalling it can elicit, its function on different T cell subsets and how antibodies might engage with it to provide effective immunotherapy.



http://ift.tt/2jjb253

Enhancement of NK cell-mediated lysis of non-small lung cancer cells by nPKC activator, ingenol 3,20 dibenzoate

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Chenyuan Gong, Chao Yao, Zihang Xu, Zhongya Ni, Xiaowen Zhu, Lixin Wang, Xuewei Yan, Wuxiong Zhou, Shiguo Zhu
The IFN-γ production is crucial for NK cell-mediated lysis of cancer cells. Thus increasing the IFN-γ production by NK cells may be an ideal strategy to improve their tumoricidal effect. Since the focus on new drug development has shifted towards natural products, limited information is out there about natural products that enhance the IFN-γ production by NK cells. In this study, through a high-throughput screening, we have identified a natural product ingenol 3,20 dibenzoate (IDB), an activator of tumor suppressor protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, could increase the IFN-γ production and degranulation by NK cells, especially when NK cells were stimulated by non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. IDB also significantly enhanced the NK cell-mediated lysis of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, PKC inhibitor, sotrastaurin abrogated IDB-induced IFN-γ production, degranulation and cytotoxicity, but did not affect IFN-γ production by NK cells without IDB treatment and NSCLC cell stimulation. The IFN-γ neutralization reversed the IDB-induced enhancement of NK cell mediated killing. In conclusion, our study indicated that IDB enhanced NK cell-mediated lysis of NSCLC cells is dependent on specific PKC mediated IFN-γ production and degranulation. Thus, IDB may have a promising application in clinic for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jJCFRg

Anti-inflammatory effects of ononin on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Molecular Immunology, Volume 83
Author(s): Lin Dong, Lei Yin, Yuanbin Zhang, Xueyan Fu, Jincai Lu
Increasing evidence has shown that ononin, a major isoflavone, has anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of ononin are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated these effects and the underlying mechanisms of ononin on LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Mouse RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 1μg/mL LPS and 5, 25, 50, 100 or 150μM ononin for 18h. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assays, and the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in cultures was examined by Griess and ELISA analyses. qRT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear transcription factor Kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling pathway-related proteins were assessed by western blot assays. The results showed that cell viability was not significantly affected by up to 100μM ononin. The production of NO, PGE2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the cultures, the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, COX-2 and iNOS, and the expression of phosphorylated IκB-α, ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs proteins in LPS-treated cells were significantly increased. These changes could be reversed by treatment with ononin in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). The results suggest that ononin has anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and may be a potential treatment for inflammation.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2jJyx3Y

Patterns of Immune Development in Urban Preschoolers with Recurrent Wheeze and/or Atopy

Understanding factors that influence immune development in early life have the potential to offer new preventive strategies for allergic sensitization and recurrent wheeze, two important risk factors for childhood asthma.

http://ift.tt/2jJqKmv

Parents’ Childhood Socioeconomic Circumstances are Associated with their Children’s Asthma Outcomes

The childhood socioeconomic background that parents grow up in predicts their children's asthma clinical and immune outcomes, suggesting a need to better understand parent childhood environments and their potential contribution to children's health.

http://ift.tt/2jj4PGl

Longitudinal variation of serum periostin in adults with stable asthma

We have shown that serum periostin levels are stable within an individual with well-controlled asthma and have little seasonal variation. These are desirable characteristics if serum periostin is to be used as a biomarker in asthma.

http://ift.tt/2jJsMmU

Abnormal CD161+ Immune Cells and RORΓT Mediated Enhanced IL-17F Expression in Genetic Hypertension

Hypertension is considered to be an autoimmune dysfunction. We show in a genetic hypertension model that inhibition of RORγt, the master regulator transcription factor that promotes Th17 differentiation and IL-17F production, reduces hypertension.

http://ift.tt/2jiVA90

When the cows come home: occupational tinea barbae in a cattle farmer

We recently treated a man with an unusual facial infection who had been admitted under the maxillofacial team. He was 29 years old, otherwise healthy, and presented with pyrexia and a severe, spreading, facial folliculitis, which had worsened over two weeks. He had initially been treated for suspected folliculitis with amoxicillin orally, but to no effect.

http://ift.tt/2jvoT5A

Investigating the role of the newly described OSCC amoeboid phenotype in metastasis and chemoresistance of oral cancer

Cellular plasticity, as seen in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), may be partly responsible for metastasis and therapeutic failure. In addition to the epithelial and mesenchymal cells, we describe another oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) stem phenotype, seen thus far only in aggressive tumours such as melanomas and sarcomas. This is the amoeboid cell, whose distinct properties we describe in OSCC for the first time.

http://ift.tt/2iosEwM

Lateral skull base surgery in a pediatric population: A 25-year experience in a referral skull base center

To analyze the pathology and surgical outcomes of lateral skull base (LSB) procedures in a pediatric population.

http://ift.tt/2iTQexK

Early childhood otitis media and later school performance – A prospective cohort study of associations

Otitis media (OM) is a common disease in childhood and hearing loss (HL) is the most common complication. Prolonged HL may lead to language delay and cognitive difficulties. However, the consequences of HL due to OM are not fully understood.The aim of this study was to determine the possible association between number of OM episodes in childhood and self-rated school performance controlling for potential confounders.

http://ift.tt/2jj3csj

The Effectiveness of the Braden Scale as a Tool for Identifying Nutrition Risk

Publication date: Available online 13 January 2017
Source:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Author(s): Wendy Phillips, Monica Hershey, Kate Willcutts, Janette Dietzler-Otte




http://ift.tt/2iwX7XZ

Component columella augmentation in cleft nose rhinoplasty: a preliminary study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a component columella augmentation technique in cleft nose rhinoplasty. This prospective study included rhinoplasty procedures in bilateral cleft nose patients treated by component columella augmentation technique. After surgery, all patients were followed up daily for the first week, and then at 1 month and 6 months postoperative. The following four parameters were assessed: nasal tip projection, infratip lobule length, infratip lobule-to-base distance, and columella–labial angle.

http://ift.tt/2jvl8ND

Omalizumab-associated eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)

Omalizumab is a humanized anti-IgE antibody that has been recommended for the management of persistent asthma associated with high serum IgE levels.1 Several cases have been reported in the literature that suggest its association with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), which was previously called Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS). EGPA is a rare necrotizing systemic vasculitis of medium and small blood vessels characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and eosinophilic or granulomatous tissue inflammation.

http://ift.tt/2iTUDAV

Mealtime behavior among parents and their young children with food allergy

Food allergies are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. Balancing allergen avoidance with the promotion of healthy eating behaviors can be challenging for families.

http://ift.tt/2jj14kf

Review of Diagnostic Challenges in Occupational Asthma

Abstract

Purpose of review

Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most frequent occupational diseases and its diagnosis is often difficult. This review summarizes its current diagnostic challenges.

Recent findings

OA is associated with significant health and socio-economic burden. It is underdiagnosed and physicians need to adopt a stepwise approach to confirm the diagnosis. Although early removal from exposure to the offending agent is associated with a better prognosis, physicians should try to confirm the diagnosis of work-related asthma before taking a worker off work. A proper occupational and medical history is very important but is not enough to make the diagnosis of OA. Objective evidence of work-related asthma is required and this represents a serious challenge to most physicians. Measurement of non-specific bronchial responsiveness (NSBR) and spirometry may confirm the diagnosis of asthma but do not confirm the diagnosis of OA. Serial monitoring of peak expiratory flows (PEF), NSBR, and airway inflammation at and off work may confirm the diagnosis of OA but are often difficult to perform. Confirming sensitization by skin prick tests or specific IgE may help to support the diagnosis of OA. Specific inhalation challenges (SIC) in the lab or at work are considered the reference standard but are of limited access. Medical surveillance programs along with primary prevention (reducing exposure) may help to reduce the burden of OA, but the ideal program has yet to be defined.

Summary

The diagnostic workup of OA remains a challenge and needs a rigorous stepwise evaluation.

http://ift.tt/2iTYg9Q

Omalizumab-associated eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)

Omalizumab is a humanized anti-IgE antibody that has been recommended for the management of persistent asthma associated with high serum IgE levels.1 Several cases have been reported in the literature that suggest its association with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), which was previously called Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS). EGPA is a rare necrotizing systemic vasculitis of medium and small blood vessels characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and eosinophilic or granulomatous tissue inflammation.

http://ift.tt/2iTUDAV

Mealtime behavior among parents and their young children with food allergy

Food allergies are increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. Balancing allergen avoidance with the promotion of healthy eating behaviors can be challenging for families.

http://ift.tt/2jj14kf

Review of Diagnostic Challenges in Occupational Asthma

Abstract

Purpose of review

Occupational asthma (OA) is one of the most frequent occupational diseases and its diagnosis is often difficult. This review summarizes its current diagnostic challenges.

Recent findings

OA is associated with significant health and socio-economic burden. It is underdiagnosed and physicians need to adopt a stepwise approach to confirm the diagnosis. Although early removal from exposure to the offending agent is associated with a better prognosis, physicians should try to confirm the diagnosis of work-related asthma before taking a worker off work. A proper occupational and medical history is very important but is not enough to make the diagnosis of OA. Objective evidence of work-related asthma is required and this represents a serious challenge to most physicians. Measurement of non-specific bronchial responsiveness (NSBR) and spirometry may confirm the diagnosis of asthma but do not confirm the diagnosis of OA. Serial monitoring of peak expiratory flows (PEF), NSBR, and airway inflammation at and off work may confirm the diagnosis of OA but are often difficult to perform. Confirming sensitization by skin prick tests or specific IgE may help to support the diagnosis of OA. Specific inhalation challenges (SIC) in the lab or at work are considered the reference standard but are of limited access. Medical surveillance programs along with primary prevention (reducing exposure) may help to reduce the burden of OA, but the ideal program has yet to be defined.

Summary

The diagnostic workup of OA remains a challenge and needs a rigorous stepwise evaluation.

http://ift.tt/2iTYg9Q