Πέμπτη 10 Νοεμβρίου 2016
Book Review: Cases in Head and Neck Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach
http://aor.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/0003489416678565v1?rss=1
Book Review: Cases in Head and Neck Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Approach
http://aor.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/0003489416678565v1?rss=1
Book Review: Laryngeal Physiology for the Surgeon and Clinician
http://aor.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/0003489416675271v1?rss=1
Book Review: Laryngeal Physiology for the Surgeon and Clinician
http://aor.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/0003489416675271v1?rss=1
Cow genotyping strategies for genomic selection in a small dairy cattle population
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): J. Jenko, G.R. Wiggans, T.A. Cooper, S.A.E. Eaglen, W.G. de L. Luff, M. Bichard, R. Pong-Wong, J.A. Woolliams
This study compares how different cow genotyping strategies increase the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (EBV) in dairy cattle breeds with low numbers. In these breeds, few sires have progeny records, and genotyping cows can improve the accuracy of genomic EBV. The Guernsey breed is a small dairy cattle breed with approximately 14,000 recorded individuals worldwide. Predictions of phenotypes of milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, and calving interval were made for Guernsey cows from England and Guernsey Island using genomic EBV, with training sets including 197 de-regressed proofs of genotyped bulls, with cows selected from among 1,440 genotyped cows using different genotyping strategies. Accuracies of predictions were tested using 10-fold cross-validation among the cows. Genomic EBV were predicted using 4 different methods: (1) pedigree BLUP, (2) genomic BLUP using only bulls, (3) univariate genomic BLUP using bulls and cows, and (4) bivariate genomic BLUP. Genotyping cows with phenotypes and using their data for the prediction of single nucleotide polymorphism effects increased the correlation between genomic EBV and phenotypes compared with using only bulls by 0.163 ± 0.022 for milk yield, 0.111 ± 0.021 for fat yield, and 0.113 ± 0.018 for protein yield; a decrease of 0.014 ± 0.010 for calving interval from a low base was the only exception. Genetic correlation between phenotypes from bulls and cows were approximately 0.6 for all yield traits and significantly different from 1. Only a very small change occurred in correlation between genomic EBV and phenotypes when using the bivariate model. It was always better to genotype all the cows, but when only half of the cows were genotyped, a divergent selection strategy was better compared with the random or directional selection approach. Divergent selection of 30% of the cows remained superior for the yield traits in 8 of 10 folds.
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Short communication: Labeling Listeria with anaerobic fluorescent protein for food safety studies
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): José M. Landete, Ángela Peirotén, Margarita Medina, Juan L. Arqués
Many food safety-related studies require the tracking of inoculated food-borne pathogens to monitor their fate in food complex environments. In the current study, we demonstrate the potential of plasmids containing the fluorescence protein gene evoglow-Pp1 (Evocatal, Dusseldorf, Germany) as a real-time reporter system for Listeria strains. This anaerobic fluorescent protein provides an easily detectable phenotype of microorganisms for food safety studies. This work is the first to report a reliable method to identify fluorescently labeled Listeria strains in food ecosystems.
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Single-dose infusion of sodium butyrate, but not lactose, increases plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and insulin in lactating dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): K.J. Herrick, A.R. Hippen, K.F. Kalscheur, D.J. Schingoethe, D.P. Casper, S.C. Moreland, J.E. van Eys
Several studies have identified beneficial effects of butyrate on rumen development and intestinal health in preruminants. These encouraging findings led to further investigations related to butyrate supplementation in the mature ruminant. However, the effects of elevated butyrate concentrations on rumen metabolism have not been investigated, and consequently the maximum tolerable dosage rate of butyrate has not been established. Therefore, the first objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a short-term increase in rumen butyrate concentration on key metabolic indicators. The second objective was to evaluate the source of butyrate, either directly dosed in the rumen or indirectly supplied via lactose fermentation in the rumen. Jugular catheters were inserted into 4 ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 3-d periods. On d 1 of each period, 1 h after feeding, cows were ruminally dosed with 1 of 4 treatments: (1) 2 L of water (CON), (2) 3.5 g/kg of body weight (BW) of lactose (LAC), (3) 1 g/kg of BW of butyrate (1GB), or (4) 2 g/kg of BW of butyrate (2GB). Sodium butyrate was the source of butyrate, and NaCl was added to CON (1.34 g/kg of BW), LAC (1.34 g/kg of BW), and 1GB (0.67 g/kg of BW) to provide equal amounts of sodium as the 2GB treatment. Serial plasma and rumen fluid samples were collected during d 1 of each period. Rumen fluid pH was greater in cows given the 1GB and 2GB treatments compared with the cows given the LAC treatment. Cows administered the 1GB and 2GB treatments had greater rumen butyrate concentrations compared with LAC. Those cows also had greater plasma butyrate concentrations compared with cows given the LAC treatment. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate was greater and insulin tended to be greater for butyrate treatments compared with LAC. No difference in insulin was found between the 1GB and 2GB treatments. Based on plasma and rumen metabolites, singly infusing 3.5 g/kg of BW of lactose into the rumen is not as effective at providing a source of butyrate as compared with singly infusing 1 or 2 g/kg of BW of butyrate into the rumen. Additionally, rumen pH, rumen butyrate, plasma β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, and plasma butyrate were less affected in cows administered the 1GB treatment than in cows given the 2GB treatment. This finding suggests that singly dosing 1 g/kg of BW of butyrate could serve as the maximum tolerable concentration for future research.
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The effect of the research setting on the emotional and sensory profiling under blind, expected, and informed conditions: A study on premium and private label yogurt products
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Joachim J. Schouteten, Hans De Steur, Benedikt Sas, Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij, Xavier Gellynck
Although sensory and emotional evaluation of food products mostly occurs in a controlled laboratory environment, it is often criticized as it may not reflect a realistic situation for consumers. Moreover, products are mainly blind evaluated by participants, whereas external factors such as brand are often considered as key drivers of food choice. This study aims to examine the role of research setting (central location test versus home-use test) and brand information on the overall acceptance, and sensory and emotional profiling of 5 strawberry-flavored yogurts. Thereby, private label and premium brands are compared under 3 conditions: blind, expected, and informed (brand information). A total of 99 adult subjects participated in 3 sessions over 3 consecutive weeks. Results showed that overall liking for 2 yogurt samples was higher in the laboratory environment under the informed evaluation condition, whereas no effect of research setting was found under the blind and expected conditions. Although emotional profiles of the products differed depending on the research setting, this was less the case for the sensory profiles. Furthermore, brand information clearly affected the sensory perception of certain attributes but had less influence on overall liking and emotional profiling. These results indicate that both scientists and food companies should consider the effect of the chosen methodology on ecological validity when conducting sensory research with consumers because the laboratory context could lead to a more positive evaluation compared with a home-use test.
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The effects of feeding rations that differ in fiber and fermentable starch within a day on milk production and the daily rhythm of feed intake and plasma hormones and metabolites in dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M. Niu, Y. Ying, P.A. Bartell, K.J. Harvatine
A daily pattern of feed intake, milk synthesis, and plasma metabolites and hormones occurs in dairy cows fed a total mixed ration once or twice a day. The object of this study was to determine if feeding multiple rations within a day, complementing these rhythms, would improve milk production. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Cows were housed in tie stalls with feed tubs, and feed weight was recorded every 10 s for observation of feeding behavior. Rations were a low fiber and high fermentable starch ration [LFHS; 27.4% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 31.7% starch based on 55.7% corn silage and 14.1% steam-flaked corn], a high fiber and low fermentable starch ration (HFLS; 31.7% NDF and 22.3% starch based on 44% corn silage, 26.3% alfalfa haylage, and no steam-flaked corn), and a total mixed ration that was a 1:3 ratio of LFHS and HFLS (30.7% NDF, 24.5% starch). The control treatment (CON) cows were fed the total mixed ration at 0700 h, the high/low treatment (HL) fed HFLS ration at 0700 h and LFHS ration at 2200 h, and the low/high (LH) treatment fed LFHS ration at 0700 h and HFLS ration at 1100 h (LFHS and HFLS rations fed at a 1:3 ratio). No effect was found of treatment on daily milk, but LH decreased milk fat concentration and yield compared with HL (0.2 percentage units and 0.24 kg, respectively). Daily dry matter and NDF intake and total-tract digestibility did not differ between treatments. The HL treatment reduced intake at the morning-conditioned meal after feeding and reduced intake before the evening feeding. A treatment by time of day interaction was found for fecal NDF and indigestible NDF concentration, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma insulin, and fatty acid concentration, and body temperature. CON and LH increased the daily amplitude of fecal NDF by 1.0 and 1.1 percentage units compared with HL. Plasma insulin was higher in HL than CON at 0100 and 0400 h, but lower at 1300 and 1900 h. Plasma fatty acids were higher for CON than HL at 0700 h and HL was lower than LH at 0400 and 1900 h. Plasma BUN was higher for HL than control at 0100 h, but lower at 1000 h. Body temperature in CON and HL treatments followed a similar diurnal pattern, whereas body temperature for LH was lower than that of HL treatment at 1300 and 2300 h. No daily rhythm was found of fecal indigestible NDF concentration, plasma glucose, or fatty acids detected in the HL treatment, and the amplitude of plasma insulin and BUN was lower for HL compared with CON (70 and 60% decrease, respectively). In conclusion, feeding 2 rations that differ in fiber and fermentable starch modifies diurnal rhythms in dairy cows. Furthermore, feeding a high fiber and low fermentable starch ration during the high intake period of the day may stabilize nutrient absorption across the day.
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Parity differences in the behavior of transition dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): H.W. Neave, J. Lomb, M.A.G. von Keyserlingk, A. Behnam-Shabahang, D.M. Weary
During the transition period, around the time of calving, cows experience a suite of stressful events, including regrouping, diet changes, parturition, and the onset of lactation. These changes may be more difficult for primiparous cows that have not had these experiences previously. The objective of this study was to compare feeding, social, exploratory, and lying behaviors of primiparous and multiparous cows during the transition period. Thirty-eight healthy primiparous and 62 healthy multiparous dairy cows were housed in mixed-parity groups of 20 with access to 12 electronic feed bins from 3 wk before to 3 wk after calving. Primiparous cows had lower dry matter intake, spent more time feeding, ate more slowly, visited the feeder more frequently, and explored their feeding environment more compared with multiparous cows. Primiparous cows also lay down more frequently, but for shorter periods, such that total lying time did not differ between these parity classes. Primiparous cows were also replaced at the feeder more often than multiparous cows. These results show how the behavior of primiparous and multiparous cows differs during the transition period, and support the idea that primiparous cows may benefit from different management during this period.
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Growth performance of calves fed microbially enhanced soy protein in pelleted starters
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): N.D. Senevirathne, J.L. Anderson, W.R. Gibbons, J.A. Clapper
Our objective was to determine effects of feeding calves pelleted starters with microbially enhanced (fungi-treated) soy protein (MSP) in replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with different milk replacers (MR). Thirty-six Holstein calves (2 d old; 24 females, 12 males) in individual hutches were used in a 12-wk randomized complete block design study. Treatments were (1) MSP pellets with MR formulated for accelerated growth (28% crude protein, 18% fat; MSPA), (2) SBM pellets with MR formulated for accelerated growth (SBMA), and (3) MSP pellets with conventional MR (20% crude protein, 20% fat; MSPC). Pellets were similar except for 23% MSP or 23% SBM (dry matter basis). Pellets and water were fed ad libitum throughout the study. Feeding rates of MR on a dry matter basis were 0.37 kg twice daily during wk 1, 0.45 kg twice daily during wk 2 to 5, and 0.45 kg once daily during wk 6. Intakes were recorded daily. Body weights, frame size measurements, and jugular blood samples were collected 2 d every 2 wk at 3 h after the morning feeding. Fecal grab samples were collected 5 times per d for 3 d during wk 12 and then composited by calf for analysis of apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Total and starter pellet dry matter intake were greatest for calves fed SBMA and least for MSPC. Calves had similar average daily gain among treatments, but there was a treatment by week interaction and during the last few weeks of the study calves on MSPC had less body weight compared with MSPA or SBMA. Gain-to-feed ratio was similar among treatments; however, there was a treatment by week interaction. Serum glucose was similar among treatments. Plasma urea nitrogen was greatest for calves fed MSPA and least for MSPC. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were greatest for calves fed SBMA. Plasma concentrations of triglycerides were greatest for calves fed MSPC. Plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate had a treatment by time interaction. Treatments had similar total-tract dry matter digestibility, but calves fed MSPC had greater crude protein digestibility than SBMA, with MSPA similar to both. Results demonstrated calves fed pelleted starters with MSP had maintained growth performance with less starter intake compared with SBM.
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Effect of homogenization and heat treatment on the behavior of protein and fat globules during gastric digestion of milk
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Aiqian Ye, Jian Cui, Douglas Dalgleish, Harjinder Singh
The effects of homogenization and heat treatment on the formation and the breakdown of clots during gastric digestion of whole milk were investigated using a human gastric simulator. Homogenization and heat treatment led to formation of coagula with fragmented and crumbled structures compared with the coagulum formed from raw whole milk, but a larger fraction of the protein and more fat globules were incorporated into the coagula induced by action of the milk-clotting enzyme pepsin. The fat globules in the whole milk appeared to be embedded in the clots as they formed. After formation of the clot, the greater numbers of pores in the structures of the clots formed with homogenized milk and heated whole milk led to greater rates of protein hydrolysis by pepsin, which resulted in faster release of fat globules from the clots into the digesta. Coalescence of fat globules occurred both in the digesta and within the protein clots no matter whether they were in homogenized or heated milk samples. The formation of clots with different structures and hence the changes in the rates of protein hydrolysis and the release of milk fat into the digesta in the stomach provide important information for understanding the gastric emptying of milk and the potential to use this knowledge to manipulate the bioavailability of fat and other fat-soluble nutrients in dairy products.
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A comparison of serum metabolic and production profiles of dairy cows that maintained or lost body condition 15 days before calving
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M.R. Sheehy, A.G. Fahey, S.P.M. Aungier, F. Carter, M.A. Crowe, F.J. Mulligan
Body condition score (BCS) change is an indirect measure of energy balance. Energy balance before calving may affect production and health in the following lactation. It is likely that cows may experience BCS loss before calving due to negative energy balance. The objective of this study was to determine if loss of BCS 15 d before calving affected milk production, BCS profile, and metabolic status during the transition period and early lactation. On d −15 to d 0 relative to calving, BCS was assessed (1 = emaciated, 5 = obese) for 98 Holstein-Friesian cows. The cows were divided into 2 groups: those that did not lose BCS between d −15 and d 0 (maintained, BCS-M, n = 55) and those that lost BCS from d −15 to d 0 (lost, BCS-L, n = 43, average loss of 0.29 ± 0.11 BCS). The fixed effects of BCS group, parity, week (day when analyzing milk production records), their interactions, and a random effect of cow were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Before calving, BCS-L cows tended to have higher concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids than BCS-M cows (0.88 vs. 0.78 mmol/L). After calving, BCS-L cows had higher nonesterified fatty acid concentrations in wk 1 (0.93 vs. 0.71 mmol/L), wk 2 (0.84 vs. 0.69 mmol/L), and wk 4 (0.81 vs. 0.63 mmol/L) than BCS-M cows. The BCS-L cows had higher concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in wk 1 (0.72 vs. 0.57 mmol/L), wk 2 (0.97 vs. 0.70 mmol/L), and wk 4 (0.94 vs. 0.67 mmol/L) compared with BCS-M cows. We detected significant reductions in insulin concentrations in BCS-L cows from wk −1 (2.23 vs. 1.37 µIU/mL) to wk 2 (1.68 vs. 0.89 µIU/mL) and wk 4 (2.21 vs 1.59 µIU/mL) compared with BCS-M cows. Prevalence of subclinical ketosis increased in BCS-L cows in wk 3 and 4 when BHB was ≥1.4 mmol/L and in wk 1, 3, and 4 when BHB was ≥1.2 mmol/L. In wk 1, BCS-L cows tended to have lower levels of calcium than BCS-M cows (2.33 vs. 2.27 mmol/L). We found no differences between the groups of cows for milk yield and energy-corrected milk. The BCS-L cows had lower BCS up to 75 d in lactation. Overall, BCS-L cows had higher somatic cell scores with an elevated somatic cell score on d 45, d 60, and d 75. There was an overall tendency for BCS-L cows to have higher fat yield and an overall significant increase in fat percentage. Overall, BCS-L cows had lower lactose percentage, with a reduction on d 60. This work shows that BCS loss before calving may have significant consequences for metabolic status, milk composition, somatic cell score, and BCS profile in dairy cows.
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Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Diversity of ruminal microbes as analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative PCR
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Y. Jiang, I.M. Ogunade, S. Qi, T.J. Hackmann, C. Staples, A.T. Adesogan
This study was conducted to examine effects of the dose and viability of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the ruminal fermentation and bacteria population and the performance of lactating dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated lactating cows averaging 284 ± 18 d in milk were assigned to 4 treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four 21-d periods. Cows were fed a total mixed ration containing 41.7% corn silage, 12.1% brewer's grains, and 46.2% concentrate on a dry matter basis. The diet was supplemented with no yeast (control) or with a low dose of live yeast (5.7 × 107 cfu/cow per day; LLY), a high dose of live yeast (6.0 × 108 cfu/cow per day; HLY), or a high dose of killed yeast (6.0 × 108 cfu/cow per day; HDY). Microbial diversity was examined by high-throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The relative abundance of select ruminal bacteria was also quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Adding LLY to the diet increased the relative abundance of some ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus and Fibrobacter succinogenes) and amylolytic bacteria (Ruminobacter, Bifidobacterium, and Selenomonas ruminantium). Adding live instead of killed yeast increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and F. succinogenes; adding HDY increased the relative abundance of Ruminobacter, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus bovis, and Selenomonas ruminantium. The most dominant (≥1% of total sequences) bacteria that responded to LLY addition whose functions are among the least understood in relation to the mode of action of yeast include Paraprevotellaceae, CF231, Treponema, and Lachnospiraceae. Future studies should aim to speciate, culture, and examine the function of these bacteria to better understand their roles in the mode of action of yeast. A relatively precise relationship was detected between the relative abundance of F. succinogenes (R2 = 0.67) from qPCR and MiSeq sequencing, but weak relationships were detected for Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and S. ruminantium (R2 ≤ 0.19).
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A combination of lactic acid bacteria regulates Escherichia coli infection and inflammation of the bovine endometrium
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Sandra Genís, Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi, Àlex Bach, Francesc Fàbregas, Anna Arís
Uterine function in cattle is compromised by bacterial contamination and inflammation after calving. The objective of this study was to select a combination of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to decrease endometrium inflammation and Escherichia coli infection. Primary endometrial epithelial cells were cultured in vitro to select the most favorable LAB combination modulating basal tissue inflammation and E. coli infection. Supernatants were obtained to determine expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and E. coli infection was evaluated after harvesting the tissue and plate counting. The selected LAB combination was tested in uterus explants to assess its capacity to modulate basal and acute inflammation (associated with E. coli infection). The combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus reuteri at a ratio of 25:25:2, respectively, reduced E. coli infection in vitro with (89.77%) or without basal tissue inflammation (95.10%) compared with single LAB strains. Lactic acid bacteria treatment reduced CXCL8 and IL1B expression 4.7- and 2.2-fold, respectively, under acute inflammation. Ex vivo, the tested LAB combination reduced acute inflammation under E. coli infection, decreasing IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-6 up to 2.2-, 2.5-, and 2.2-fold, respectively. In the total inflammation model, the LAB combination decreased IL-8 1.6-fold and IL-6 1.2-fold. Ultrastructural evaluation of the tissue suggested no direct interaction between the LAB and E. coli, although pathological effects of E. coli in endometrial cells were greatly diminished or even reversed by the LAB combination. This study shows the promising potential of LAB probiotics for therapeutic use against endometrial inflammation and infection.
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Phenotypic effects of subclinical paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in dairy cattle
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Tracey C. Pritchard, Mike P. Coffey, Karen S. Bond, Mike R. Hutchings, Eileen Wall
The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis (or Johne's disease) risk status on performance, health, and fertility was studied in 58,096 UK Holstein-Friesian cows with 156,837 lactations across lactations 1 to 3. Low-, medium-, and high-risk group categories were allocated to cows determined by a minimum of 4 ELISA milk tests taken at any time during their lactating life. Lactation curves of daily milk, protein, and fat yields and protein and fat percentage, together with loge-transformed somatic cell count, were estimated using a random regression model to quantify differences between risk groups. The effect of subclinical paratuberculosis risk groups on fertility, lactation-average somatic cell count, and mastitis were analyzed using linear regression fitting risk group as a fixed effect. Milk yield losses associated with high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 1, 2, and 3 for mean daily yield were 0.34, 1.05, and 1.61 kg; likewise, accumulated 305-d yields were 103, 316, and 485 kg, respectively. The total loss was 904 kg over the first 3 lactations. Protein and fat yield losses associated with high-risk cows were significant, but primarily a feature of decreasing milk yield. Similar trends were observed for both test-day and lactation-average somatic cell count measures with higher somatic cell counts from medium- and high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows, and differences were in almost all cases significant. Likewise, mastitis incidence was significantly higher in high-risk cows compared with low-risk cows in lactations 2 and 3. Whereas the few significant differences between risk groups among fertility traits were inconsistent with no clear trend. These results are expected to be conservative, as some animals that were considered negative may become positive after the timeframe of this study, particularly if the animal was tested when relatively young. However, the magnitude of milk yield losses together with higher somatic cell counts and an increase in mastitis incidence should motivate farmers to implement the appropriate control measures to reduce the spread of the disease.
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Overstocking dairy cows during the dry period affects dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol secretion
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M. Fustini, G. Galeati, G. Gabai, L.E. Mammi, D. Bucci, M. Baratta, P.A. Accorsi, A. Formigoni
Stressful situations trigger several changes such as the secretion of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from the adrenal cortex, in response to ACTH. The aim of this study was to verify whether overstocking during the dry period (from 21 ± 3 d to the expected calving until calving) affects DHEA and cortisol secretion and behavior in Holstein Friesian cows. Twenty-eight cows were randomly divided into 2 groups (14 animals each), balanced for the number of lactations, body condition score, and expected date of calving. Cows in the far-off phase of the dry period (from 60 to 21 d before the expected calving date) were housed together in a bedded pack. Then, animals from 21 ± 3 d before the expected calving until calving were housed in pens with the same size but under different crowding conditions due to the introduction of heifers (interference animals) into the pen. The control condition (CTR) had 2 animals per pen with 12.0 m2 each, whereas the overstocked condition (OS) had 3 interference animals in the same pen with 4.8 m2 for each animal. On d −30 ± 3, −21 ± 3, −15 ± 3, −10 ± 3, and −5 ± 3 before and 10, 20, and 30 after calving, blood samples were collected from each cow for the determination of plasma DHEA and cortisol concentrations by RIA. Rumination time (min/d), activity (steps/h), lying time (min/d), and lying bouts (bouts/d) were individually recorded daily. In both groups, DHEA increased before calving and the concentration declined rapidly after parturition. Overstocking significantly increased DHEA concentration compared with the CTR group at d −10 (1.79 ± 0.09 vs. 1.24 ± 0.14 pmol/mL), whereas an increase of cortisol was observed at d −15 (3.64 ± 0.52 vs. 1.64 ± 0.46 ng/mL). The OS group showed significantly higher activity (steps/h) compared with the CTR group. Daily lying bouts tended to be higher for the OS group compared with CTR group in the first week of treatment. The overall results of this study documented that overstocking during the dry period was associated with a short-term changes in DHEA and cortisol but these hormonal modifications did not influence cow behavior.
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Estimating teat canal cross-sectional area to determine the effects of teat-end and mouthpiece chamber vacuum on teat congestion
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): J.F. Penry, J. Upton, G.A. Mein, M.D. Rasmussen, I. Ohnstad, P.D. Thompson, D.J. Reinemann
The primary objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of mouthpiece chamber vacuum on teat-end congestion. The secondary objective was to assess the interactive effects of mouthpiece chamber vacuum with teat-end vacuum and pulsation setting on teat-end congestion. The influence of system vacuum, pulsation settings, mouthpiece chamber vacuum, and teat-end vacuum on teat-end congestion were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The low-risk conditions for teat-end congestion (TEL) were 40 kPa system vacuum (Vs) and 400-ms pulsation b-phase. The high-risk conditions for teat-end congestion (TEH) were 49 kPa Vs and 700-ms b-phase. The low-risk condition for teat-barrel congestion (TBL) was created by venting the liner mouthpiece chamber to atmosphere. In the high-risk condition for teat-barrel congestion (TBH) the mouthpiece chamber was connected to short milk tube vacuum. Eight cows (32 quarters) were used in the experiment conducted during 0400 h milkings. All cows received all treatments over the entire experimental period. Teatcups were removed after 150 s for all treatments to standardize the exposure period. Calculated teat canal cross-sectional area (CA) was used to assess congestion of teat tissue. The main effect of the teat-end treatment was a reduction in CA of 9.9% between TEL and TEH conditions, for both levels of teat-barrel congestion risk. The main effect of the teat-barrel treatment was remarkably similar, with a decrease of 9.7% in CA between TBL and TBH conditions for both levels of teat-end congestion risk. No interaction between treatments was detected, hence the main effects are additive. The most aggressive of the 4 treatment combinations (TEH plus TBH) had a CA estimate 20% smaller than for the most gentle treatment combination (TEL plus TBL). The conditions designed to impair circulation in the teat barrel also had a deleterious effect on circulation at the teat end. This experiment highlights the importance of elevated mouthpiece chamber vacuum on teat-end congestion and resultant decreases in CA.
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Breed of cow and herd productivity affect milk composition and modeling of coagulation, curd firming, and syneresis
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): G. Stocco, C. Cipolat-Gotet, T. Bobbo, A. Cecchinato, G. Bittante
Milk coagulation properties (MCP) have been widely investigated in the past using milk collected from different cattle breeds and herds. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have assessed MCP in individual milk samples from several multi-breed herds characterized by either high or low milk productivity, thereby allowing the effects of herd and cow breed to be evaluated independently. Multi-breed herds (n = 41) were classified into 2 categories based on milk productivity (high vs. low), defined according to the average milk net energy yielded daily by lactating cows. Milk samples were taken from 1,508 cows of 6 different breeds: 3 specialized dairy (Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey) and 3 dual-purpose (Simmental, Rendena, Alpine Grey) breeds, and analyzed in duplicate (3,016 tests) using 2 lactodynamographs to obtain 240 curd firming (CF) measurements over 60 min (1 every 15 s) for each duplicate. The 5 traditional single-point MCP (RCT, k20, a30, a45, and a60) were yielded directly by the instrument from the available CF measures. All 240 CF measures of each replicate were also used to estimate 4 individual equation parameters: RCT estimated according to curd firm change over time modeling (RCTeq), asymptotic potential curd firmness (CFP), curd firming instant rate constant (kCF), and syneresis instant rate constant (kSR) and 2 derived traits: maximum curd firmness achieved within 45 min (CFmax) and time at achievement of CFmax (tmax) by curvilinear regression using a nonlinear procedure. Results showed that the effect of herd-date on traditional and modeled MCP was modest, ranging from 6.1% of total variance for k20 to 10.7% for RCT, whereas individual animal variance was the highest, ranging from 32.0% for tmax to 82.5% for RCTeq. The repeatability of MCP was high (>80%) for all traits except those associated with the last part of the lactodynamographic curve (i.e., a60, kSR, kCF, and tmax: 57 to 71%). Reproducibility, taking into account the effect of instrument, was equal to or slightly lower than repeatability. Milk samples collected in farms characterized by high productivity exhibited delayed coagulation (RCTeq: 18.6 vs. 16.3 min) but greater potential curd firmness (CFP: 76.8 vs. 71.9 mm) compared with milk samples collected from low-productivity herds. Parity and days in milk influenced almost all MCP. Large differences in all MCP traits were observed among breeds, both between specialized and dual-purpose breeds and within these 2 groups of breeds, even after adjusting for milk quality and yield. Milk quality and MCP of samples from Jersey cows, and coagulation time of samples from Rendena cows were better than in milk from Holstein-Friesian cows, and intermediate results were found with the other breeds of Alpine origin. The results of this study, taking into account the intrinsic limitation of this technique, show that the effects of breed on traditional and modeled MCP are much greater than the effects of herd productivity class, parity, and DIM. Moreover, the variance in individual animals is much greater than the variance in individual herds within herd productivity class. It seems that improvement in MCP depends more on genetics (e.g., breed, selection) than on environmental and management factors.
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Assessment of the relative sensitivity of milk ELISA for detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infectious dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Emilie L. Laurin, Javier Sanchez, Marcelo Chaffer, Shawn L.B. McKenna, Greg P. Keefe
Milk ELISA are commonly used for detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibodies in dairy cows, due to low cost and quick processing for large numbers of samples. However, low sensitivity and variations from host and environmental factors can impede detection of MAP antibodies at early disease stages. The objectives of our study were to assess the sensitivity of milk ELISA in comparison with fecal tests and to evaluate how detectable antibody concentrations in milk vary with changes in fecal shedding of MAP, cow age, cow parity, days in milk, and time of year. To compare the sensitivity of a commercial milk ELISA with solid and broth fecal culture and with fecal real-time PCR, a longitudinal study was performed for the identification of MAP-infectious animals as determined by prior fecal testing for MAP shedding. In addition, associations between variation in milk MAP ELISA score and changes in fecal MAP shedding, host age, days in milk, and season were evaluated. Monthly milk and fecal samples were collected over 1 yr from 46 cows that were previously shedding MAP in their feces. Sensitivity of milk ELISA was 29.9% (95% CI: 24.8 to 35.1%), compared with 46.7% (40.7 to 52.7%) for fecal solid culture, 55.0% (49.3 to 60.7%) for fecal broth culture, and 78.4% (73.3 to 83.1%) for fecal direct real-time PCR. The effect of stage of lactation could not be separated from the effect of season, with increased milk ELISA scores at greater days in milk in winter. However, unpredictable monthly variations in results were observed among the 3 assays for individual cow testing, which highlights the importance of identifying patterns in pathogen and antibody detection over time in MAP-positive herds.
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Short communication: Conversion of lactose and whey into lactic acid by engineered yeast
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Timothy L. Turner, Eunbee Kim, ChangHoon Hwang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Jing-Jing Liu, Yong-Su Jin
Lactose is often considered an unwanted and wasted byproduct, particularly lactose trapped in acid whey from yogurt production. But using specialized microbial fermentation, the surplus wasted acid whey could be converted into value-added chemicals. The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly used for industrial fermentation, cannot natively ferment lactose. The present study describes how an engineered S. cerevisiae yeast was constructed to produce lactic acid from purified lactose, whey, or dairy milk. Lactic acid is an excellent proof-of-concept chemical to produce from lactose, because lactic acid has many food, pharmaceutical, and industrial uses, and over 250,000 t are produced for industrial use annually. To ferment the milk sugar lactose, a cellodextrin transporter (CDT-1, which also transports lactose) and a β-glucosidase (GH1-1, which also acts as a β-galactosidase) from Neurospora crassa were expressed in a S. cerevisiae strain. A heterologous lactate dehydrogenase (encoded by ldhA) from the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was integrated into the CDT-1/GH1-1–expressing strain of S. cerevisiae. As a result, the engineered strain was able to produce lactic acid from purified lactose, whey, and store-bought milk. A lactic acid yield of 0.358 g of lactic acid/g of lactose was achieved from whey fermentation, providing an initial proof of concept for the production of value-added chemicals from excess industrial whey using engineered yeast.
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The effect of colostrum storage conditions on dairy heifer calf serum immunoglobulin G concentration and preweaning health and growth rate
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): C. Cummins, D.P. Berry, J.P. Murphy, I. Lorenz, E. Kennedy
The objective of the present study was to compare serum IgG concentration, weight gain, and health characteristics in Irish spring-born dairy calves fed colostrum stored using a range of conditions. Immediately after birth, 75 dairy heifer calves were assigned to 1 of 5 experimental colostrum treatments: (1) fresh pasteurized colostrum, fed immediately after pasteurization; (2) fresh colostrum, fed immediately after collection but not pasteurized; (3) colostrum stored unpasteurized at 4°C in a temperature-controlled unit for 2 d before being fed to calves; (4) colostrum stored unpasteurized at 13°C in a temperature-controlled unit for 2 d before being fed to calves; and (5) colostrum stored unpasteurized at 22°C in a temperature-controlled unit for 2 d before being fed to calves. All colostrum had IgG concentrations >50 g/L and was fed to calves promptly after birth. Blood samples were obtained from calves via the jugular vein at 0 h (before colostrum feeding) and at 24 h of age to determine the rate of passive transfer of IgG; individual calf live-weights were recorded to monitor weight gain (kg/d) from birth to weaning. Colostrum stored in warmer conditions (i.e., 22°C) had >42 times more bacteria present and a pH that was 0.85 units lower and resulted in a serum IgG concentration that was almost 2 times lower compared with colostrum that was pasteurized, untreated, or stored at 4°C for 2 d. Colostrum stored at 4°C for 2 d had more bacteria present than pasteurized and fresh colostrum but did not result in reduced calf serum IgG concentrations. Average daily weight gain from birth to weaning did not differ among treatments. Even if colostrum has sufficient IgG (>50 g/L) but cannot be fed to calves when freshly collected, storage at ≤4°C for 2 d is advisable to ensure adequate passive transfer when it is consumed by the calf.
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Short communication: Temporal effect of feeding potassium carbonate sesquihydrate on milk fat in lactating dairy cows fed a fat-depressing diet
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Guiling Ma, J.H. Harrison, E. Block, T.C. Jenkins, Lynn VanWieringen
A lactation study with 10 multiparous dairy cows in early lactation, with an average of 64 days in milk (standard deviation = 37), were used to evaluate how quickly milk fat concentration would change when potassium carbonate sesquihydrate was abruptly added to the diet. The experiment had 3 periods. In period 1 (d 0 to 7) all cows were fed the same basal (control) diet with 1.8% soy oil, dry basis; in period 2 (d 8 to 28) 5 cows received the control diet, whereas the other 5 cows received the control diet plus 0.59% of added K with K carbonate sesquihydrate; and in period 3 (d 29 to 42) all 10 cows received the control diet. The control diet was formulated for a dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), calculated as Na + K − Cl − S, of 37.7 mEq/100 g of dry matter (DM), 1.74% of DM as K, and 5.7% long-chain fatty acids (DM%), which included 1.8% of DM as soybean oil. Period 1 was used as a covariate. In period 2, d 8 to 28, 5 cows remained on the control diet whereas 5 cows were fed with the control diet plus K carbonate sesquihydrate (DCAD+ diet; DCAD of 54.3 mEq/100 g DM and 2.33% of DM as K). After feeding the DCAD+ diet, we noted a difference in milk fat concentration from 3.9 to 4.3% within 72 h. Over the 21 d of period 2, the DCAD+ diet resulted in significantly greater milk fat percentage from 4.0 to 4.3%, lactose from 4.74 to 4.82%, and fat efficiency in the form of fat in milk divided by fat in DMI from 1.27 to 1.49, without affecting dry matter intake (DMI), milk protein concentration, solids-not fat concentration, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and protein efficiency in the form of protein in milk divided by protein in DMI. In period 3 (d 29–42), all cows were again fed the control diet, resulting in a tendency for greater milk fat concentration, significantly greater lactose concentration, and fat efficiency in the form of fat in milk divided by fat in DMI for the cows having received the DCAD+ diet during period 2. In conclusion, the abrupt addition of K carbonate sesquihydrate resulted in a greater milk fat concentration and tended to maintain the greater concentration after cessation of K carbonate sesquihydrate feeding.
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Short communication: Outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated mastitis in a closed dairy herd
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): F.F. Guimarães, M.P. Manzi, S.F. Joaquim, V.B. Richini-Pereira, H. Langoni
Cows are probably the main source of contamination of raw milk with Staphylococcus aureus. Mammary glands with subclinical mastitis can shed large numbers of Staph. aureus in milk. Because of the risk of this pathogen to human health as well as animal health, the aim of this paper was to describe an outbreak of mastitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA), oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive Staph. aureus (OS-MRSA), and methicillin-susceptible Staph. aureus (MSSA) on a dairy farm. Milk samples were obtained from all quarters, showing an elevated somatic cell count by the California Mastitis Test. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 53% (61/115) of the milk samples, with 60 isolates identified as Staph. aureus (98.4%) and 1 isolate identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.6%). The presence of the mecA gene was verified in 48.3% of Staph. aureus isolates. Of the Staph. aureus isolates, 23.3% were MRSA and 25.0% were OS-MRSA. The total of mastitis cases infected with MRSA was 12.2%. The detection of this large percentage of mastitis cases caused by MRSA and OS-MRSA is of great concern for the animals' health, because β-lactams are still the most important antimicrobials used to treat mastitis. In addition, Staph. aureus isolates causing bovine mastitis represent a public health risk.
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Reply to ‘CD123 immunohistochemistry for plasmacytoid dendritic cells is useful in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia’: three PDC-related parameters are useful in differentiating lupus alopecia from LPP
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fcup.12845
Editorial Board
Publication date: 1 January 2017
Source:Talanta, Volume 162
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Salmonella Gives MARCH(ing) Orders to MHC-II
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Patrick A. McLaughlin, Adrianus W.M. van der Velden
How bacterial pathogens evade adaptive immunity is not well understood. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bayer-Santos et al. (2016) show that the Salmonella effector protein SteD mediates MARCH8-dependent ubiquitination of class II MHC molecules, thereby inhibiting antigen presentation and limiting T cell responses.
Teaser
How bacterial pathogens evade adaptive immunity is not well understood. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Bayer-Santos et al. (2016) show that the Salmonella effector protein SteD mediates MARCH8-dependent ubiquitination of class II MHC molecules, thereby inhibiting antigen presentation and limiting T cell responses.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304450%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D6d240a056130e36dae440e468e7d8a41
Getting a gRIP on Flu by Casting the DAI
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Danielle M. Clancy, Seamus J. Martin
Influenza A initiates host cell death through unknown mechanisms. Thapa et al. (2016) in this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, along with recent work by Kuriakose et al. (2016), indicate that this virus provokes divergent modes of cell death, including apoptosis and necroptosis, via the nucleic acid sensor, DAI.
Teaser
Influenza A initiates host cell death through unknown mechanisms. Thapa et al. (2016) in this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, along with recent work by Kuriakose et al. (2016), indicate that this virus provokes divergent modes of cell death, including apoptosis and necroptosis, via the nucleic acid sensor, DAI.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304395%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D8407ebf85ca87d4eea69226a34d9859a
Tackling Difficult Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Antibodies Show the Way
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Bo Shopsin, Srini V. Kaveri, Jagadeesh Bayry
The recent spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has brought increasing concerns of heightened disease severity and persistence following invasive disease. In line with the need for new treatment paradigms, two recent reports have shown that antibody-based therapies can restrict acute S. aureus infection and persistence and improve pathological symptoms.
Teaser
The recent spread of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has brought increasing concerns of heightened disease severity and persistence following invasive disease. In line with the need for new treatment paradigms, two recent reports have shown that antibody-based therapies can restrict acute S. aureus infection and persistence and improve pathological symptoms.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304449%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D77797906578ad26922d68ab52150ab33
The Human Microbiome before Birth
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Martin J. Blaser, Maria G. Dominguez-Bello
The conservation of the microbiota within humans and other hominids suggests an ancient assembly that has been selected to optimize host fitness. Pregnancy induces changes in the maternal microbiome just before the intergenerational hand-off of the microbiota. Interventions, including peri-partum antibiotics and Cesarean sections, may have unintended effects on babies.
Teaser
The conservation of the microbiota within humans and other hominids suggests an ancient assembly that has been selected to optimize host fitness. Pregnancy induces changes in the maternal microbiome just before the intergenerational hand-off of the microbiota. Interventions, including peri-partum antibiotics and Cesarean sections, may have unintended effects on babies.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304401%26_version%3D1%26md5%3Dfce85cf1156d3b58e45bda0ba8116a01
The Liver at the Nexus of Host-Microbial Interactions
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Andrew J. Macpherson, Mathias Heikenwalder, Stephanie C. Ganal-Vonarburg
The liver receives blood from the intestine, from the spleen, and directly from the heart and holds a vital position in vertebrate physiology. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism, bile secretion, maintaining blood sterility, serum homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and immunological activity. This article provides our perspective on the liver as a nexus in establishing and maintaining host microbial mutualism. We discuss the role of the liver not only in sanitizing the blood stream from penetrant live microbes, but also in metabolizing xenobiotics that are synthesized or modified by intestinal microbes, and how microbiota modify the signaling potential of bile acids. The combination of bile acids as hormones and the metabolic control from pervasive effects of other absorbed microbial molecules powerfully shape hepatic metabolism. In addition, intestinal microbial metabolites can be sensed by liver-resident immune cells, which may disturb liver homeostasis, leading to fibrosis and liver cancer.
Teaser
The liver holds a vital position in vertebrate physiology. Macpherson and colleagues provide their perspective on the liver as a nexus in establishing and maintaining host microbial mutualism. They also discuss how the liver mirrors the consequences of disturbing host-microbial relationship through diet or intestinal dysfunction.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304425%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D439b6d99747e6516805296793095c862
Rickettsia Evades a Tense Situation
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Keith Ireton
Many bacterial pathogens remodel the plasma membrane of the host cell in order to promote infection. In a recent Cell paper, Lamason et al. (2016) identify a mechanism of remodeling by pathogenic Rickettsia that involves manipulation of plasma membrane tension.
Teaser
Many bacterial pathogens remodel the plasma membrane of the host cell in order to promote infection. In a recent Cell paper, Lamason et al. (2016) identify a mechanism of remodeling by pathogenic Rickettsia that involves manipulation of plasma membrane tension.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304437%26_version%3D1%26md5%3Dcc9afe9bd8ccb7fecc44fb834591ebbe
Secreted Effectors Encoded within and outside of the Francisella Pathogenicity Island Promote Intramacrophage Growth
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Aria Eshraghi, Jungyun Kim, Alexandra C. Walls, Hannah E. Ledvina, Cheryl N. Miller, Kathryn M. Ramsey, John C. Whitney, Matthew C. Radey, S. Brook Peterson, Brittany R. Ruhland, Bao Q. Tran, Young Ah Goo, David R. Goodlett, Simon L. Dove, Jean Celli, David Veesler, Joseph D. Mougous
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, a zoonosis that can be fatal. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) encoded by the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) is critical for the virulence of this organism. Existing studies suggest that the complete repertoire of T6SS effectors delivered to host cells is encoded by the FPI. Using a proteome-wide approach, we discovered that the FPI-encoded T6SS exports at least three effectors encoded outside of the island. These proteins share features with virulence determinants of other pathogens, and we provide evidence that they can contribute to intramacrophage growth. The remaining proteins that we identified are encoded within the FPI. Two of these FPI-encoded proteins constitute effectors, whereas the others form a unique complex required for core function of the T6SS apparatus. The discovery of secreted effectors mediating interactions between Francisella and its host significantly advances our understanding of the pathogenesis of this organism.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
The Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI) encodes a unique type VI secretion system. Eshraghi et al. discover several effector proteins secreted by this system, some of which are encoded by genes unlinked to the FPI. Effectors encoded within and outside the FPI cooperate to enhance the growth of Francisella in macrophages.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304346%26_version%3D1%26md5%3Df87074d91d4a790f7e205df430e8a88f
The Salmonella Effector SteD Mediates MARCH8-Dependent Ubiquitination of MHC II Molecules and Inhibits T Cell Activation
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Ethel Bayer-Santos, Charlotte H. Durkin, Luciano A. Rigano, Andreas Kupz, Eric Alix, Ondrej Cerny, Elliott Jennings, Mei Liu, Aindrias S. Ryan, Nicolas Lapaque, Stefan H.E. Kaufmann, David W. Holden
The SPI-2 type III secretion system (T3SS) of intracellular Salmonella enterica translocates effector proteins into mammalian cells. Infection of antigen-presenting cells results in SPI-2 T3SS-dependent ubiquitination and reduction of surface-localized mature MHC class II (mMHCII). We identify the effector SteD as required and sufficient for this process. In Mel Juso cells, SteD localized to the Golgi network and vesicles containing the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 and mMHCII. SteD caused MARCH8-dependent ubiquitination and depletion of surface mMHCII. One of two transmembrane domains and the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of SteD mediated binding to MARCH8 and mMHCII, respectively. Infection of dendritic cells resulted in SteD-dependent depletion of surface MHCII, the co-stimulatory molecule B7.2, and suppression of T cell activation. SteD also accounted for suppression of T cell activation during Salmonella infection of mice. We propose that SteD is an adaptor, forcing inappropriate ubiquitination of mMHCII by MARCH8 and thereby suppressing T cell activation.
Graphical abstract
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Dendritic cell infection by Salmonella depletes mature MHC class II (mMHCII) from the cell surface. Bayer-Santos et al. reveal that the Salmonella effector SteD binds the E3 ligase MARCH8 and mMHCII to promote mMHCII ubiquitination and surface depletion. SteD suppressed dendritic cell-mediated T cell activation in vitro and in mice.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304334%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D77b76af5a4168f551ed65a66c6cc54ab
Plasmodium Merozoite TRAP Family Protein Is Essential for Vacuole Membrane Disruption and Gamete Egress from Erythrocytes
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Daniel Y. Bargieri, Sabine Thiberge, Chwen L. Tay, Alison F. Carey, Alice Rantz, Florian Hischen, Audrey Lorthiois, Ursula Straschil, Pallavi Singh, Shailja Singh, Tony Triglia, Takafumi Tsuboi, Alan Cowman, Chetan Chitnis, Pietro Alano, Jake Baum, Gabriele Pradel, Catherine Lavazec, Robert Ménard
Surface-associated TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein) family proteins are conserved across the phylum of apicomplexan parasites. TRAP proteins are thought to play an integral role in parasite motility and cell invasion by linking the extracellular environment with the parasite submembrane actomyosin motor. Blood stage forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium express a TRAP family protein called merozoite-TRAP (MTRAP) that has been implicated in erythrocyte invasion. Using MTRAP-deficient mutants of the rodent-infecting P. berghei and human-infecting P. falciparum parasites, we show that MTRAP is dispensable for erythrocyte invasion. Instead, MTRAP is essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes, where it is necessary for the disruption of the gamete-containing parasitophorous vacuole membrane, and thus for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. This indicates that motor-binding TRAP family members function not just in parasite motility and cell invasion but also in membrane disruption and cell egress.
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MTRAP, a protein expressed in Plasmodium blood stages, was thought to function during invasion of erythrocytes by the asexual merozoite stage. Bargieri et al. report that MTRAP is dispensable for merozoite invasion but is essential for egress of the gamete sexual stage from erythrocytes and for parasite transmission to mosquitoes.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304413%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D23e53fc5e82bf69b66776efd7014088f
A Herpesvirus Protein Selectively Inhibits Cellular mRNA Nuclear Export
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Danyang Gong, Yong Hoon Kim, Yuchen Xiao, Yushen Du, Yafang Xie, Kevin K. Lee, Jun Feng, Nisar Farhat, Dawei Zhao, Sara Shu, Xinghong Dai, Sumit K. Chanda, Tariq M. Rana, Nevan J. Krogan, Ren Sun, Ting-Ting Wu
Nuclear mRNA export is highly regulated to ensure accurate cellular gene expression. Viral inhibition of cellular mRNA export can enhance viral access to the cellular translation machinery and prevent anti-viral protein production but is generally thought to be nonselective. We report that ORF10 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a nuclear DNA virus, inhibits mRNA export in a transcript-selective manner to control cellular gene expression. Nuclear export inhibition by ORF10 requires an interaction with an RNA export factor, Rae1. Genome-wide analysis reveals a subset of cellular mRNAs whose nuclear export is blocked by ORF10 with the 3′ UTRs of ORF10-targeted transcripts conferring sensitivity to export inhibition. The ORF10-Rae1 interaction is important for the virus to express viral genes and produce infectious virions. These results suggest that a nuclear DNA virus can selectively interfere with RNA export to restrict host gene expression for optimal replication.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to inhibit cellular gene expression, thereby impeding host antiviral responses. Gong et al. identify a herpesvirus protein, ORF10, of KSHV that blocks nuclear export of selective mRNAs by interacting with an RNA export factor, Rae1. This interaction of ORF10 is critical for optimal KSHV replication.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304309%26_version%3D1%26md5%3D9db448bec244da22c290ce34d4f59154
Receptor-Mediated Sorting of Typhoid Toxin during Its Export from Salmonella Typhi-Infected Cells
Publication date: 9 November 2016
Source:Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 20, Issue 5
Author(s): Shu-Jung Chang, Jeongmin Song, Jorge E. Galán
Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor of Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. Typhoid toxin is secreted into the lumen of Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), after which it is packaged into vesicle carrier intermediates and released extracellularly through incompletely understood mechanisms. Following export, the toxin targets cells by interacting with human-specific Neu5Ac-terminated glycan receptors. We show that typhoid toxin is sorted from the SCV into vesicle carrier intermediates via interactions of its B subunit, PltB, with specific lumenal sialylated glycan packaging receptors. Cells deficient in N-glycosylation or the synthesis of specific gangliosides or displaying Neu5Gc-terminated, as opposed to Neu5Ac-terminated, glycans do not support typhoid toxin export. Additionally, typhoid toxin packaging requires the specific SCV environment, as toxin produced by an S. Typhi mutant with impaired trafficking is not properly sorted into vesicles. These results reveal how the exotoxin of an intracellular pathogen engages host pathways for packaging and release.
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Typhoid toxin is produced by intracellular S. Typhi and subsequently packaged into transport carriers, which take it to the extracellular space. Chang et al. show that typhoid toxin sorting into the transport intermediates requires a host glycan receptor and engagement by the toxin B subunit, PltB.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS1931312816304310%26_version%3D1%26md5%3De8eb59b1f8916b303fb48a15601a4479
Bevacizumab versus anti–epidermal growth factor receptor in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. A meta-analysis: The last building block?
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 69
Author(s): Michel Ducreux, Jean-Pierre Pignon
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Role of tumour-free margin distance for loco-regional control in vulvar cancer—a subset analysis of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie CaRE-1 multicenter study
Source:European Journal of Cancer, Volume 69
Author(s): Linn Woelber, Lis-Femke Griebel, Christine Eulenburg, Jalid Sehouli, Julia Jueckstock, Felix Hilpert, Nikolaus de Gregorio, Annette Hasenburg, Atanas Ignatov, Peter Hillemanns, Sophie Fuerst, Hans-Georg Strauss, Klaus H. Baumann, Falk C. Thiel, Alexander Mustea, Werner Meier, Philipp Harter, Pauline Wimberger, Lars Christian Hanker, Barbara Schmalfeldt, Ulrich Canzler, Tanja Fehm, Alexander Luyten, Martin Hellriegel, Jens Kosse, Christoph Heiss, Peer Hantschmann, Peter Mallmann, Berno Tanner, Jacobus Pfisterer, Barbara Richter, Petra Neuser, Sven Mahner
Aim of the studyA tumour-free pathological resection margin of ≥8 mm is considered state-of-the-art. Available evidence is based on heterogeneous cohorts. This study was designed to clarify the relevance of the resection margin for loco-regional control in vulvar cancer.MethodsAGO-CaRE-1 is a large retrospective study. Patients (n = 1618) with vulvar cancer ≥ FIGO stage IB treated at 29 German gynecologic-cancer-centres 1998–2008 were included. This subgroup analysis focuses on solely surgically treated node-negative patients with complete tumour resection (n = 289).ResultsOf the 289 analysed patients, 141 (48.8%) had pT1b, 140 (48.4%) pT2 and 8 (2.8%) pT3 tumours. One hundred twenty-five (43.3%) underwent complete vulvectomy, 127 (43.9%) partial vulvectomy and 37 (12.8%) radical local excision. The median minimal resection margin was 5 mm (1 mm–33 mm); all patients received groin staging, in 86.5% with full dissection. Median follow-up was 35.1 months. 46 (15.9%) patients developed recurrence, thereof 34 (11.8%) at the vulva, after a median of 18.3 months. Vulvar recurrence rates were 12.6% in patients with a margin <8 mm and 10.2% in patients with a margin ≥8 mm. When analysed as a continuous variable, the margin distance had no statistically significant impact on local recurrence (HR per mm increase: 0.930, 95% CI: 0.849–1.020; p = 0.125). Multivariate analyses did also not reveal a significant association between the margin and local recurrence neither when analysed as continuous variable nor categorically based on the 8 mm cutoff. Results were consistent when looking at disease-free-survival and time-to-recurrence at any site (HR per mm increase: 0.949, 95% CI: 0.864–1.041; p = 0.267).ConclusionsThe need for a minimal margin of 8 mm could not be confirmed in the large and homogeneous node-negative cohort of the AGO-CaRE database.
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Serum autoreactivity predicts time to response to omalizumab therapy in chronic spontaneous urticaria
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Janine Gericke, Martin Metz, Tatevik Ohanyan, Karsten Weller, Sabine Altrichter, Per Stahl Skov, Sidsel Falkencrone, Janko Brand, Arno Kromminga, Tomasz Hawro, Martin K. Church, Marcus Maurer
Teaser
A slow response to omalizumab (anti-IgE) in CSU patients is strongly correlated with IgG-anti-FcεRI-mediated serum-induced basophil histamine release suggesting that, in these patients, effects on FcεRI are critical for the mechanism of action of omalizumab.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS0091674916312829%26_version%3D1%26md5%3Dc42ab9672ffc2bdecc230b6ca3971e41
Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Juliana Durack, Susan V. Lynch, Snehal Nariya, Nirav R. Bhakta, Avraham Beigelman, Mario Castro, Anne-Marie Dyer, Elliot Israel, Monica Kraft, Richard J. Martin, David T. Mauger, Sharon R. Rosenberg, Tonya Sharp-King, Steven R. White, Prescott G. Woodruff, Pedro C. Avila, Loren C. Denlinger, Fernando Holguin, Stephen C. Lazarus, Njira Lugogo, Wendy C. Moore, Stephen P. Peters, Loretta Que, Lewis J. Smith, Christine A. Sorkness, Michael Wechsler, Sally E. Wenzel, Homer A. Boushey, Yvonne J. Huang
BackgroundCompositional differences in bronchial bacterial microbiota have been associated with asthma, but it remains unclear whether the findings are attributable to asthma, to aeroallergen sensitization or to inhaled corticosteroid treatment.ObjectivesTo compare the bronchial bacterial microbiota in adults with steroid-naive atopic asthma (AA), with atopy but no asthma (ANA), and non-atopic healthy subjects (HC), and determine relationships of bronchial microbiota to phenotypic features of asthma.MethodsBacterial communities in protected bronchial brushings from 42 AA, 21 ANA, and 21 HC subjects were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial composition and community-level functions inferred from sequence profiles were analyzed for between-group differences. Associations with clinical and inflammatory variables were examined, including markers of type 2-related inflammation and change in airway hyper-responsiveness following six weeks of fluticasone treatment.ResultsThe bronchial microbiome differed significantly among the three groups. Asthmatic subjects were uniquely enriched in members of the Haemophilus, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Sphingomonodaceae, and depleted in members of the Mogibacteriaceae and Lactobacillales. Asthma-associated differences in predicted bacterial functions included involvement of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolism pathways. Subjects with type 2-high asthma harbored significantly lower bronchial bacterial burden. Distinct changes in specific microbiota members were seen following fluticasone treatment. Steroid-responsiveness was linked to differences in baseline compositional and functional features of the bacterial microbiome.ConclusionEven in mild steroid-naive asthma subjects, differences in the bronchial microbiome are associated with immunologic and clinical features of the disease. The specific differences identified suggest possible microbiome targets for future approaches to asthma treatment or prevention.
Teaser
Mild atopic asthma is associated with distinct differences in the composition and inferred functional capacities of bronchial bacterial microbiota, which further associate with type 2-low airway inflammation and with responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment.http://rss.sciencedirect.com/action/redirectFile?&zone=main¤tActivity=feed&usageType=outward&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DGatewayURL%26_origin%3DIRSSSEARCH%26_method%3DcitationSearch%26_piikey%3DS0091674916312830%26_version%3D1%26md5%3Dc43998ebd6b40943d96d56917cd37b4b
Quality assessment of systematic reviews regarding immediate placement of dental implants into infected sites: An overview
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Olavo B. de Oliveira-Neto, Fabiano Timbó Barbosa, Célio Fernando de Sousa-Rodrigues, Fernando José C. de Lima
Statement of problemWith the increased number of published systematic reviews and in view of their wide clinical applicability, these studies must be carefully assessed before professionals begin to use their recommendations in daily practice, and above all, the methodological quality of this study design must be considered. In implant dentistry, one topic that has been arousing particular interest is the immediate placement of dental implants into infected sites.PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to determine the methodological quality of systematic reviews that evaluated the immediate placement of dental implants into infected sites.Material and methodsA systematic search was performed by 2 independent reviewers of PubMed, LILACS, and ISI Web of Knowledge up to March 2016. All selected articles were published in the English language. Systematic reviews of original papers that assessed the immediate placement of dental implants into infected sites were eligible for the overview. Narrative reviews, randomized clinical trials, and case reports were excluded. Methodological quality assessment was performed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews.ResultsOf the 5 selected systematic reviews, 3 were low methodological quality and 2 were assessed as moderate. None were high methodological quality. The first systematic review of the topic was published in 2010, and the most recent, published in 2015, was the only one that performed meta-analysis.ConclusionsThe systematic reviews that assessed the immediate placement of dental implants into infected sites were assessed as low or moderate methodological quality. The topic focus remains controversial because the implant survival rate, the main outcome considered for the implant placement prognosis, presents contradictory results.
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Consequences of experience and specialist training on the fabrication of implant-supported prostheses: A survey
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Noga Harel, Zeev Ormianer, Efrat Zecharia, Avi Meirowitz
Statement of problemFabricating fixed restorations on implants requires that dentists stay up-to-date with the scientific publications.Material and methodsA questionnaire containing 29 questions was sent to dentists, members of the Israeli Society of Prosthodontics, and university faculty members. Differences were evaluated using the chi-square and Fisher exact tests and Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests for questions enquiring into the frequency of use of certain methods (α=.05).ResultsA total of 155 questionnaires were completed by 84 general dental practitioners and 71 specialists and residents. Statistical differences (P<.05) were found in the course of the fabrication of the implant-supported prostheses in the diagnostic waxing, trial restoration, and impression-making processes. Trial restorations were often used by residents and specialists before starting an esthetic restoration. Diagnostic waxing was used when treating patients with complex esthetic needs, mainly by prosthodontists (P=.019). A custom tray for impression making was used more by residents and specialists than by general dental practitioners (P<.001). The open tray technique for impression making of single or up to 3 implants was performed mainly by residents, specialists, and general dental practitioners with professional experience of fewer than 15 years. General dental practitioners used primarily plastic or metal trays for impression making.ConclusionsSignificantly, impression techniques and the use of custom open trays, diagnostic waxing, and trial restorations were performed by residents, specialists, and dentists with fewer than 15 years of experience.
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Volumetric shrinkage and film thickness of cementation materials for veneers: An in vitro 3D microcomputed tomography analysis
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Camila S. Sampaio, João Malta Barbosa, Eduardo Cáceres, Lindiane C. Rigo, Paulo G. Coelho, Estevam A. Bonfante, Ronaldo Hirata
Statement of problemFew studies have investigated the volumetric polymerization shrinkage and film thickness of the different cementation techniques used to cement veneers.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the volumetric polymerization shrinkage (VS) and film thickness (FT) of various cementation techniques through 3-dimensional (3D) microcomputed tomography (μCT).Material and methodsForty-eight artificial plastic maxillary central incisors with standard preparations for veneers were provided by a mannequin manufacturer (P-Oclusal) and used as testing models with the manufacturer's plastic veneers. They were divided into 8 groups (n=6): RelyX Veneer + Scotchbond Universal (RV+SBU); Variolink Esthetic LC+Adhese Universal (VE+ADU); Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable + Scotchbond Universal (FF+SBU); IPS Empress Direct Flow + Adhese Universal (IEF+ADU); Filtek Supreme Ultra Universal + Scotchbond Universal (FS+SBU); IPS Empress Direct + Adhese Universal (IED+ADU); Preheated Filtek Supreme Ultra Universal + Scotchbond Universal (PHF+SBU); and Preheated IPS Empress Direct + Adhese Universal (PHI+ADU). Specimens were scanned before and after polymerization using a μCT apparatus (mCT 40; Scanco Medical AG), and the resulting files were imported and analyzed with 3D rendering software to calculate the VS and FT. Collected data from both the VS and FT were submitted to 1-way ANOVA (α=.05).ResultsVE+ADU had the lowest volumetric shrinkage (1.03%), which was not significantly different from RV+SBU, FF+SBU or IEF+ADU (P>.05). The highest volumetric shrinkage was observed for FS+SBU (2.44%), which was not significantly different from RV+SBU, IED+ADU, PHF+SBU, or PHI+ADU (P>.05). Group RV+SBU did not differ statistically from the remaining groups (P>.05). Film thickness evaluation revealed the lowest values for RV+SBU, VE+ADU, FF+SBU, and IEF+ADU, with an average between groups of 0.17 mm; these groups were significantly different from FS+SBU, IED+ADU, PHF+SBU, and PHI+ADU (P>.05), with an average of 0.31 mm.ConclusionsBoth the VS and the FT of direct restorative composite resins were higher than those of veneer cements and flowable composite resins, whether preheated or not preheated.
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Biocompatibility of primers and an adhesive used for implant-retained maxillofacial prostheses: An in vitro analysis
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Liliane da Rocha Bonatto, Marcelo Coelho Goiato, Emily Vivianne Freitas da Silva, Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira, Marcela Filié Haddad, Antônio Hernandes Chaves Neto, Victor Gustavo Balera Brito, Daniela Micheline dos Santos
Statement of problemImplant-retained maxillofacial prostheses should be biocompatible, regardless of the primers and adhesives used to bond the acrylic resin and facial silicone. The authors are unaware of any study evaluating the influence of these primers and adhesives on the biocompatibility of maxillofacial prostheses.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of primers and an adhesive used to bond acrylic resin and facial silicone during the fabrication of implant-retained maxillofacial prostheses.Material and methodsTwenty-eight circular specimens made of resin and silicone were fabricated, either bonded or nonbonded with primer and adhesive. The specimens were divided into 7 groups: resin; silicone; resin+silastic medical adhesive type A+silicone; resin+DC 1205 primer silicone; resin+Sofreliner primer+silicone; resin+DC 1205 primer+silastic medical adhesive type A+silicone; and resin+Sofreliner primer+silastic medical adhesive type A+silicone. Eluates of the materials tested were prepared by setting 4 specimens of each experimental group in Falcon tubes with medium and incubating at 37°C for 24 hours. The eluate cytotoxicity was evaluated by an assay of survival/proliferation ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide [MTT] test) in cultures of human keratinocytes. The levels of IL1, IL6, TNFα, and the chemokine MIP-1α were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expressions for MMP-9, TGF-β, and collagen type IV were analyzed by the real time polymerase chain reaction. Data were submitted to analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc tests (α=.05).ResultsAn increased cell proliferation was observed for the RAS group, with statistically significant differences (P<.001) compared with the unstimulated group. The RDCpS group showed the highest IL6 concentration values (P<.001). No significant statistical difference was found in the relative quantification of mRNA for collagen type IV, MMP9, or TGFβ between the groups (P>.05).ConclusionsThe RAS group showed the highest cell proliferation percentage, while the RDCpS group exhibited the highest IL6 concentration values. No detectable levels of IL1β, TNF α, or CCL3/MIP1α were observed. The tested materials showed no toxic effects on the HaCaT cell line.
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Managing a fractured one-piece zirconia abutment with a modified plastic periodontal probe: A clinical report
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Paola C. Saponaro, Damian J. Lee, Edwin A. McGlumphy
This clinical report describes the management of a fractured 1-piece zirconia stock abutment from an implant with an internal connection using a modified plastic periodontal probe. This minimally invasive approach allows for the retrieval of fractured prosthetic components without causing irreversible damage to the implant's platform or its internal threads and does not require special equipment or costly instruments.
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Load to failure of different zirconia implant abutments with titanium components
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Faye Mascarenhas, Burak Yilmaz, Edwin McGlumphy, Nancy Clelland, Jeremy Seidt
Statement of problemAbutments with a zirconia superstructure and a titanium insert have recently become popular. Although they have been tested under static load, their performance under simulated mastication is not well known.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the cyclic load to failure of 3 types of zirconia abutments with different mechanisms of retention of the zirconia to the titanium interface.Material and methodsFifteen implants (n=5 per system) and abutments (3 groups: 5 friction fit [Frft]; 5 bonded; and 5 titanium ring friction fit [Ringfrft]) were used. Abutments were thermocycled in water between 5°C and 55°C for 15000 cycles and then cyclically loaded for 20000 cycles or until failure at a frequency of 2 Hz by using a sequentially increased loading protocol up to a maximum of 720 N. The load to failure for each group was recorded, and 1-way analysis of variance was performed.ResultsThe mean load-to-failure values for the Frft group was 526 N, 605 N for the bonded group 605, 288 N for the Ringfrft group. A statistically significant difference was found among all abutments tested (P<.05).ConclusionsAbutments with the bonded connection showed the highest load-to-failure value, and the abutment with the titanium ring friction fit connection showed the lowest load-to-failure value.
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In vitro evaluation of marginal discrepancy of monolithic zirconia restorations fabricated with different CAD-CAM systems
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Tamer A. Hamza, Rana M. Sherif
Statement of problemDental laboratories use different computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) systems to fabricate fixed prostheses; however, limited evidence is available concerning which system provides the best marginal discrepancy.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal fit of 5 different monolithic zirconia restorations milled with different CAD-CAM systems.Material and methodsThirty monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated on a custom-designed stainless steel die and were divided into 5 groups according to the type of monolithic zirconia crown and the CAD-CAM system used: group TZ, milled with an MCXL milling machine; group CZ, translucent zirconia milled with a motion milling machine; group ZZ, zirconia milled with a dental milling unit; group PZ, translucent zirconia milled with a zirconia milling unit; and group BZ, solid zirconia milled using an S1 VHF milling machine. The marginal fit was measured with a binocular microscope at an original magnification of ×100. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and post hoc surface range test, and pairwise multiple comparisons were made using Bonferroni correction (α=.05).ResultsThe type of CAD-CAM used affected the marginal fit of the monolithic restoration. The mean (±SD) highest marginal discrepancy was recorded in group TZI at 39.3 ±2.3 μm, while the least mean marginal discrepancy was recorded in group IZ (22.8 ±8.9 μm). The Bonferroni post hoc test showed that group TZI was significantly different from all other groups tested (P<.05).ConclusionsWithin the limitation of this in vitro study, all tested CAD-CAM systems produced monolithic zirconia restorations with clinically acceptable marginal discrepancies; however, the CAD-CAM system with the 5-axis milling unit produced the best marginal fit.
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Facially generated and cephalometric guided 3D digital design for complete mouth implant rehabilitation: A clinical report
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Christian Coachman, Marcelo Alexandre Calamita, Francis Gray Coachman, Robert Gray Coachman, Newton Sesma
Harmony among the teeth, lips, and facial components is the goal of prosthodontic treatment, whether performed by conventional or digital workflow methods. This clinical report describes a facial approach to planning computer-guided surgery and immediate computer-aided designed and computer-aided manufactured (CAD-CAM) interim complete-arch fixed dental prostheses on immediately placed dental implants with a digital workflow. A single clinical appointment for data collection included dentofacial documentation with photographs and videos. On these photographs, facial reference lines were drawn to create a smile frame. This digital smile design and sagittal cephalometric analysis were merged with 3-dimensional scanned casts and a cone beam computed tomographic file in virtual planning software, thus guiding virtual waxing and implant positioning. Computer-guided implant surgery and CAD-CAM interim dental prostheses allowed esthetic and functional rehabilitation in a predictable manner and integrated with the patient's face.
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Prosthodontic planning in patients with temporomandibular disorders and/or bruxism: A systematic review
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Daniele Manfredini, Carlo E. Poggio
Statement of problemThe presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and/or bruxism signs and symptoms may present multifaceted concerns for the prosthodontist.PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the relationship between prosthetic rehabilitation and TMDs and bruxism.Material and methodsThree research questions were identified based on different clinical scenarios. Should prosthodontics be used to treat TMD and/or bruxism? Can prosthodontics cause TMDs and/or bruxism? How can prosthodontics be performed (for prosthetic reasons) in patients with TMDs and/or bruxism? A systematic search in the PubMed database was performed to identify all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of prosthodontics with that of other treatments in the management of TMDs and/or bruxism (question 1); clinical trials reporting the onset of TMDs and/or bruxism after the execution of prosthetic treatments in healthy individuals (question 2); and RCTs comparing the effectiveness of different prosthodontics strategies in the management of the prosthetic needs in patients with TMDs and/or bruxism (question 3).ResultsNo clinical trials of the reviewed topics were found, and a comprehensive review relying on the best available evidence was provided. Bruxism is not linearly related to TMDs, and both of these conditions are multifaceted. Based on the diminished causal role of dental occlusion, prosthetic rehabilitation cannot be recommended as a treatment for the 2 conditions. In theory, they may increase the demand for adaptation beyond the stomatognathic system's tolerability. No evidence-based guidelines were available for the best strategy for managing prosthetic needs in patients with TMDs and/or bruxism.ConclusionsThis systematic review of publications revealed an absence of RCTs on the various topics concerning the relationship between TMD and bruxism and prosthodontics. Based on the best available evidence, prosthetic changes in dental occlusion are not yet acceptable as strategies for solving TMD symptoms or helping an individual stop bruxism. Clinicians should take care when performing irreversible occlusal changes in healthy individuals and in patients with TMD and/or bruxism.
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