Digital vs. analog PET/CT: intra-subject comparison of the SUVmax in target lesions and reference regions

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess whether digital photon counting technology in digital PET/CT influences the quantification of SUVmax in target lesions and regions of reference compared to analog PET/CT before an interchangeable use of either system in follow up studies.

Methods

From January to June of 2018, 100 oncological patients underwent successive PET/CT imaging with digital and analog systems in the same day. Fifty-eight patients underwent analog imaging first and digital imaging thereafter, and 42 patients the other way round. SUVmax was measured in reference regions (liver and mediastinal blood pool) and in the most metabolically active target lesion in each patient. According to the sequence order of PET/CT acquisition, two groups of SUVmax values were obtained, i.e. group 1: analog PET/CT performed first; group 2: digital PET/CT performed first.

Results

Mean SUVmax in the total sample (regardless of the order of PET/CT acquisition) in the target lesions with the analog PET/CT was 8.14 ± 6.39 and the digital 9.97 ± 6.14 (P = 0.000). Total mean SUVmax in the liver with the analog was 4.39 ± 2.59 and the digital 4.46 ± 3.18 (P = 0.477). Total mean SUVmax in the mediastinal blood pool with the analog was 2.30 ± 0.67 and the digital 2.54 ± 0.74 (P = 0.000).

Group 1: mean SUVmax in the target lesions with the analog system was 6.64 ± 4.71 and the digital 9.48 ± 5.60 (P = 0.000). Mean liver SUVmax with the analog was 4.70 ± 2.90 and the digital 4.80 ± 3.72 (P = 0.088). Mediastinal blood pool SUVmax with the analog was 2.33 ± 0.66 and the digital 2.45 ± 0.73 (P = 0.041).

Group 2: mean SUVmax in target lesions with the digital system was 10.63 ± 6.88 and the analog 10.16 ± 7.76 (P = 0.046). Mean liver SUVmax with the digital was 3.99 ± 2.20 and the analog 3.96 ± 2.04 (P = 0.218). Mediastinal blood pool SUVmax with the digital was 2.66 ± 0.75 and the analog 2.27 ± 0.68 (P = 0.000).

No significant differences between both time delays were found.

Conclusions

Improved photon counting technology in the digital PET/CT, and the effect of delayed increased uptake and retention significantly increases SUVmax values. This has to be taken into account before interchangeable use of either system in follow up studies.

http://bit.ly/2AuA9JC

Convergence in CO 2 emissions, carbon footprint and ecological footprint: evidence from OECD countries

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to augment the existing literature on convergence of CO₂ emissions, by adding carbon footprint per capita and ecological footprint per capita to the convergence debate. We use the residual augmented least squares regression to examine the stochastic convergence of the environmental indices in 27 OECD countries. Furthermore, in contrast to the previous studies which mainly used the conventional beta-convergence approach to examine conditional convergence, we use a beta-convergence method that is capable of identifying the actual number of countries that contribute to conditional convergence. The sigma-convergence of the environmental indices is also examined. The results suggest that conditional convergence exists in 12 countries for CO₂ emissions per capita, 15 countries for carbon footprint per capita and also 13 countries for ecological footprint per capita. There is evidence for sigma-convergence for all the three indicators. The policy implications of the results are discussed in the body of the paper.

http://bit.ly/2RfiY9a

One-step synthesis of versatile magnetic nanoparticles for efficiently removing emulsified oil droplets and cationic and anionic heavy metal ions from the aqueous environment

Abstract

Versatile polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method. The morphologies, structures, and properties of MNPs prepared for different reaction times have been characterized through various techniques. The synthesized MNPs were then used to separate emulsified oil and cationic and anionic heavy metal ions from the aqueous environment; moreover, the effects of the temperature, pH, and ionic strength of aqueous media, the solvothermal reaction time, and the number of reuse cycles on the removal efficiency have been investigated in detail. The results showed that pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm well described the adsorption processes of Cu(II) and Cr(VI). The Langmuir model yielded maximum adsorption capacities of 66.6 mg g⁻¹ for Cu(II) and 54.5 mg g⁻¹ for Cr(VI) at pH 5.0 and 25 °C. The synthetic MNPs could also efficiently separate diesel oil or olive oil droplets stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate from aqueous media. Moreover, these MNPs could be recycled five times without showing significant loss in separation efficiency. Notably, the synthesized PEI-coated MNPs could simultaneously separate emulsified oil and cationic and anionic heavy metal ions from multicomponent wastewater. Such versatile PEI-coated MNPs displayed good affinity towards emulsified oil and cationic and anionic heavy metal ions, showing great potential for practical applications in the treatment of complicated industrial wastewater matrices.

Graphical abstract

Simultaneous separation of emulsified oil and cationic and anionic heavy metal ions from aqueous media by using polyethyleneimine-coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles.

http://bit.ly/2C7MbZm

Cutaneous mycobacterial co‐infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

http://bit.ly/2Ri5bPy

Cutaneous mycobacterial co‐infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

http://bit.ly/2Ri5bPy

Correction to: Effluent composition prediction of a two-stage anaerobic digestion process: machine learning and stoichiometry techniques

The original publication of this paper contains a mistake. Unfortunately, an author was inadvertently missed out, Constanza Arriagada had participated in the operation of the anaerobic digesters cited in the work and now as a PhD student, she is involved in the production of other publication

http://bit.ly/2RcC003

Correction to: Migration and transformation of different phosphorus forms in rainfall runoff in bioretention system

The corresponding Author of this paper transferred to another institution. The correct affiliation is shown in this paper.

http://bit.ly/2CfBsMP

Association between frontal fibrosing alopecia and linear scleroderma “coup de sabre”

http://bit.ly/2VvbMVf

Association between frontal fibrosing alopecia and linear scleroderma “coup de sabre”

http://bit.ly/2VvbMVf

RE: “ASSOCIATIONS OF MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE AND PYRETHOIDS WITH BIRTH OUTCOMES AMONG PARTICIPANTS IN THE VENDA HEALTH EXAMINATION OF MOTHERS, BABIES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT RESIDING IN AN AREA SPRAYED FOR MALARIA CONTROL”

http://bit.ly/2LVV3Wo

RE: “POPULATION DENSITY IN HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI BEFORE THE BOMBINGS IN 1945: ITS MEASUREMENT AND IMPACT ON RADIATION RISK ESTIMATES IN THE LIFE SPAN STUDY OF ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS”

http://bit.ly/2schQnR

RE: “PROSPECTS FOR TUBERCULOSIS ELIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES: RESULTS OF A TRANSMISSION DYNAMIC MODEL”

http://bit.ly/2LVV1Og

RE: “TRAJECTORY OF POSTCONCUSSIVE SYMPTOMS 12 MONTHS AFTER DEPLOYMENT IN SOLDIERS WITH AND WITHOUT MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY”

http://bit.ly/2scJNMD

RE: “TOOLS FOR THE PRECISION MEDICINE ERA: HOW TO DEVELOP HIGHLY PERSONALIZED TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FROM COHORT AND REGISTRY DATA USING Q-LEARNING”

http://bit.ly/2LVV0tG

Mechanisms into the removal and translocation of cadmium by Oudemansiella radicata in soil

Abstract

This study investigated the removal and translocation mechanism of cadmium (Cd) by Oudemansiella radicata (O. radicata) in mushroom-soil rhizosphere and the fruiting body of mushroom. For this, the biomass, physiochemical parameters, and Cd distribution of O. radicata were examined in the soil spiked with 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg kg⁻¹ Cd. The soil microecology and the Cd fractionation in the soil rhizosphere were also measured. Results showed that, O. radicata possesses high capability to tolerate Cd, although its surface phenotypic structure was influenced by high concentrations of Cd. The observed concentrations of Cd in O. radicata were in the following order: root (the part of stipe in soil) > pileus > stipe. The presence of Cd led to an increase in the production of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH). These results suggested that antioxidant enzymes and GSH assisted detoxification and accumulation of Cd within the mushroom. Meanwhile, in the soil rhizosphere, the concentrations of oxalic, citric, and malic acids were enhanced with the treatment of Cd, indicating that the production of these acids was closely related to the presence of Cd in soils. Additionally, the proportion of acid-soluble Cd was increased and the soil microecology (microbial counts, urease, and acid phosphatase activities) also enhanced with the inoculation of O. radicata. Overall, this study demonstrated that O. radicata is a promising candidate for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.

http://bit.ly/2AxWpCx

Single versus double suspension sutures for selected cases of obstructive sleep apnea

To compare the results of expansion pharyngoplasty using bilateral single palatal suspension sutures (SSS) versus double suspension sutures (DSS) for the treatment of selected cases of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with retropalatal collapse.

http://bit.ly/2QrtpBw

Successful management of recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma in the deep infratemporal fossa by maxillo-orbito-zygomatic approach

In the case of deep invasion of an infratemporal fossa (ITF) tumor, surgeons find it difficult to gain sufficient visualization and working space by conventional surgical approaches. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a novel surgical technique, maxillo-orbito-zygomatic (MOZ) approach, by combining partial lateral maxillectomy with the conventional orbito-zygomatic approach.

http://bit.ly/2VBwWB9

Mesothelial cyst derived from chest wall pleura growing after thoracic surgery: a case report

Intrathoracic mesothelial cysts almost always arise in the mediastinum, and extramediastinal mesothelial cysts are extremely rare. Here we describe a case of mesothelial cyst derived from the chest wall pleura...

http://bit.ly/2FdqBqg

Clinical investigation of gustatory and neurosensory alterations following mandibular third molar surgery: an observational prospective study

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to prospectively observe gustatory and neurosensory alterations following surgical removal of mandibular third molars.

Material and methods

A prospective clinical study was conducted with patients who required mandibular third molar extraction, recruited from the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Federal University of Ceará (Brazil). Age, sex, and radiographic signs were recorded. The outcome variables were the presence or absence of gustatory and neurosensory alterations. The patients were observed preoperatively and at 7, 30, 90, and 180 days postoperatively by using gustatory and neurosensory tests.

Results

The response to sweet (p = 0.509) and sour (p = 0.078) stimulus did not alter significantly over time. The salty threshold significantly increased from the preoperative to 7- and 30-day postoperative periods, returning to baseline values at 90 days postoperatively (p = 0.038). The bitter threshold increased significantly from the preoperative to 7-day postoperative period, returning to baseline values at 30 days after surgery (p < 0.001). Regarding neurosensory evaluation, there was an altered response to stimulus at 7 days postoperatively in specific studied areas, returning to baseline values 30 days after surgery (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present study shows that mandibular third molar removal was associated with slight sensory disturbances related to mechanical, tactile, and gustatory perception. Regarding the recovery period, all patients returned to normal function without intervention, over a period ranging from 30 to 90 days.

Clinical relevance

This study highlighted the importance of a sensory evaluation following removal of third molars, notably regarding mechanical perception and gustatory threshold assessment.

http://bit.ly/2Azi4dA

Cardiac Arrest in the Airport Revealing Cocaine Body Packing: A Case Report

Ingestion of large amounts of cocaine packages is a well-known method for cross-border transportation. Intestinal obstruction and life-threatening sympathomimetic toxidrome including seizures, ventricular dysrhythmia, and cardiac arrest resulting from the rupture of cocaine packages may occur. Here, we report a case of a 34-year-old pregnant woman who had a sudden cardiac arrest while waiting for her bags at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, France. According to the flight attendants, the patient travelled from Brazil and complained of abdominal pain during the flight. After resuscitation, the patient presented sustained tachycardia and convulsions suggesting cocaine overdose caused by body packing. Once admitted to the hospital, laparotomy was performed allowing the extraction of 50 cocaine packages. Cardiac symptoms were attributed to the rupture of five of the packages. Prehospital and emergency physicians need to be aware of the possibility of cocaine overdose by body packing in patients presenting sudden cardiac arrest in airports.

http://bit.ly/2LS10Uy

Foreign Body in Paranasal Sinus: A Late Clinical Presentation

The occurrence of foreign bodies in paranasal sinuses is extremely rare. The symptoms are vague and usually discovered after extra/intracranial complications. They may, therefore, go unnoticed if there isn't a strong clinical suspicion. We present a clinical case of a 64-year-old woman with a paranasal sinus microsurgery history more than 30 years ago, who presented with headache and purulent rhinorrhea. A glass tubular structure was discovered in the ethmoid complex. She underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Since glass is an inert material that doesn't cause foreign body reaction, the patient may not present any symptom or sign. However, if there is obstruction in the drainage of the ostiomeatal complex, it can manifest itself as rhinosinusitis, which we believe happened in our case. To the best of our knowledge, this is probably the first reported case of a glass removed from the ethmoidal sinuses, diagnosed with more than 30 years of evolution.

http://bit.ly/2GXypOM

Uptake and distribution of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues in tomato and bell pepper plant tissues

Abstract

The present study describes the uptake and distribution of fungicides, fluopyram, and tebuconazole in tomato and bell pepper plant tissues from the soil drench application of their combination product fluopyram17.7% + tebuconazole 17.7%. For extraction and cleanup of fluopyram, its metabolite fluopyram benzamide, and tebuconazole samples, the QuEChERS method was used in conjunction with LC-MS/MS. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method determined were 1.5 μg kg⁻¹ and 0.005 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, and recoveries of all analytes from sample matrices remained within the acceptable range of 70–120%. Rapid uptake of the fungicides by tomato and bell pepper plants was observed from the first day onwards. In the tomato plant, the major part of the fungicides accumulated in the roots, whereas in bell pepper plant, it accumulated both in the roots and in the leaves. Accumulation of fluopyram and tebuconazole residues was lowest in tomato and bell pepper fruits which were much below their respective maximum residue limits (MRLs). The highest residue concentration of fluopyram and tebuconazole in tomato fruits was 0.060 and 0.009 mg kg⁻¹; the corresponding values in bell pepper fruits were 0.080 and 0.013 mg kg⁻¹. In field soil, fluopyram residues were 3.18–3.570 mg kg⁻¹ initially which dissipated at the half-life of 36 days. Tebuconazole concentration was 1.57–1.892 mg kg⁻¹ initially, and it dissipated at the half-life of 44.5–49.5 days. The major metabolite of fluopyram, fluopyram benzamide, was detected in plant tissues as well as in soil, and remained within 12% of the parent compound. The results of the study indicated that fluopyram and tebuconazole are less likely of entry into food chain through intake of tomato and bell pepper fruits if these crops are grown on soil contaminated with these fungicides.

http://bit.ly/2CUtrOR

Assessment of Pb and Cd contaminations in the urban waterway sediments of the Nen River (Qiqihar section), Northeastern China, and transfer along the food chain

Abstract

The increasing anthropogenic inputs of Pb and Cd into China's Nen River (Qiqihar section) owing to rapid urbanization in the past 50 years may pose ecological risks to the river's aquatic system. To confirm this hypothesis, we determined the Pb and Cd concentrations in the sediments of the Nen River flowing across Qiqihar City by comparing the control group (samplings in the Nen River branch bypassing the city) and bioaccumulation along the food chain. We found significantly higher Pb concentrations in the sediments than in the control group (39.21 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight [dw] vs. 22.44 mg kg⁻¹ dw; p < 0.05). However, the difference between the Cd contents of the two groups was nonsignificant (0.33 mg kg⁻¹ dw vs. 0.30 mg kg⁻¹ dw) (p = 0.07). Accumulated Pb and Cd in the sediments pose a medium risk to the system of Nen River according to the result of risk assessment code analysis. The increased Pb and Cd levels along the food chain had adverse health effects in the species at the top level of the food chain. For example, the feathers of Corvus frugilegus and Sterna hirundo contained 0.28–2.25 mg kg⁻¹ dw of Cd. These values are considered potentially toxic to common avian species. The bone Pb level of C. frugilegus ranged from 4.82 to 7.41 mg kg⁻¹ dw within the increasing Pb range (2–15 mg kg⁻¹ dw) of common water birds. The inputs of Pb and Cd into the local environment should be reduced for the preservation of aquatic system health.

http://bit.ly/2TyA92u

Characteristics of pipe corrosion scales in untreated water distribution system and effect on water quality in Peshawar, Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigated the characteristics of iron corrosion scales in pipes at tube well, overhead tank, and consumers' end in older untreated water distribution system in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Effect of water quality conditions on corrosion scales and that of scales on drinking water quality in such systems was also assessed by undertaking a comparison with new piped distribution systems. The scales were analyzed for chemical composition and morphology using X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while water quality was examined for physicochemical and biological characteristics. The main crystalline phases of corrosion scales were goethite, magnetite, siderite, and quartz. From tube well to consumers' end, goethite increased from 36 up to 48%, quartz declined from 22 to 15%, while magnetite fluctuated and siderite disappeared. Elemental composition of scales showed the deposition of Zn, Al, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu, As, and Cd with Zn (13.9 g/kg) and Al (3.6 g/kg) in highest proportion. The SEM analysis illustrated the presence of microbial communities indicating the formation of biofilms in the corrosion scales. The significant difference (P < 0.05) in levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), Cl⁻, SiO₄⁴⁻, electrical conductivity (EC), SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, alkalinity, hardness, and trace metals between old (DS-O) and new piped systems indicated their role in corrosion scale formation/destabilization and the effect of scale dissolution on water quality. In DS-O, EC, Cu, and Mn were significantly higher (P < 0.05), whereas turbidity, EC, DO, and SiO₄⁴⁻ significantly increased from source to consumers' end implying a higher dissolution of scales and lowered corrosion rates in DS-O to utilize SiO₄⁴⁻ and DO for iron oxidation.

http://bit.ly/2CUtpGJ

Successful management of recurrent adenoid cystic carcinoma in the deep infratemporal fossa by maxillo-orbito-zygomatic approach

Publication date: Available online 6 January 2019

Source: Auris Nasus Larynx

Author(s): Takahiro Hongo, Junichi Fukushima, Yoshinori Uchida, Fumihide Rikimaru, Satoshi Toh, Yuichiro Higaki, Muneyuki Masuda

Abstract

Objective

In the case of deep invasion of an infratemporal fossa (ITF) tumor, surgeons find it difficult to gain sufficient visualization and working space by conventional surgical approaches. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a novel surgical technique, maxillo-orbito-zygomatic (MOZ) approach, by combining partial lateral maxillectomy with the conventional orbito-zygomatic approach.

Methods

A 63-year-old male presented with the fifth recurrent adenoid-cystic carcinoma in the right deep ITF. Using a Weber–Ferguson-type incision and partial dismasking, we elevated the skin and scalp flap, while preserving the facial nerve and orbicularis oculi muscle intact in the flap. Then, we performed MOZ osteotomy using three cut lines, the zygomatic arch, the frontozygomatic suture, and from the inferior orbital fissure to the anterolateral wall of the maxilla. Following this, we temporarily elevated the bone flap by partially opening the lateral maxillary sinus. We obtained an excellent surgical view of the ITF, middle skull base, and pterygopalatine fossa with this technique, which facilitated the safe removal of the tumor.

Results

The postoperative course remained almost uneventful, and we obtained favorable cosmetic results.

Conclusions

Our novel MOZ approach could be a robust approach to remove deep ITF tumors.

http://bit.ly/2AHy3X9

Single versus double suspension sutures for selected cases of obstructive sleep apnea

Publication date: Available online 6 January 2019

Source: Auris Nasus Larynx

Author(s): Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar, Sherif Askar, Amr Hassan El-Sinbawy, Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Salem

Abstract

Objective

To compare the results of expansion pharyngoplasty using bilateral single palatal suspension sutures (SSS) versus double suspension sutures (DSS) for the treatment of selected cases of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with retropalatal collapse.

Methods

Patients were randomly categorized into two groups: the first group for whom bilateral SSS were performed and a second group for whom bilateral DSS were done. Snoring on the basis of the visual analog scale (VAS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), apnea hypopnea index (AHI), lowest O₂ saturation were assessed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively in all patients.

Results

DSS provided significantly more retroplatal space (p = 0.0137) and less snoring score (p = 0.0005). While no significance difference between SSS and DSS as regard inter pillar distance (p = 0.0985), AHI (p = 0.1677), ESS (p = 0.4094), and lowest O₂ saturation (p = 0.0839).

Conclusion

Both SSS and DSS are simple, rapid, bloodless and effective procedures for treating OSA (in patients with retropalatal collapse) with no temporary or persistent postoperative complications. Adding the second suture in DSS could significantly enlarge more retropalatal space and reduce more snoring scale than SSS.

http://bit.ly/2SLD7QU

Human Biology

Health care: Where are we heading? Monali Amit Shah Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):1-1

The incidence of brain tumours in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis Soheil Hassanipour, Gholamreza Namvar, Mohammad Fathalipour, Mohammad Ghorbani, Elham Abdzadeh, Saber Zafarshamspour, Shirin Riahi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Hamid Salehiniya Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):2-7 Background: Brain tumours (BTs) constitute approximately 88% of all central nervous system tumours. The present study aimed to determine the age-standardised rate (ASR) of BTs in Iran. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on all studies of BTs incidence using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar and Web of Sciences as international databases and Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex and IranDoc as Iranian databases until April 2018. This systematic review was done based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results: The primary search yielded 312 relevant studies. A total of 17 studies were included after more detailed retrieval. The results of the random-effect model were demonstrated the ASR of BTs was 4.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.20–5.12) for males and 3.40 (95% CI, 2.67–4.13) for females. Conclusion: The incidence of BTs is lower in Iran compared to other parts of the world. The incidence of nervous system cancers is increasing base on region, geographical, and economic conditions in Iran. Hence, training programmes can be considered to reduce the risk factors, complications of nervous system cancers and early diagnosis of nervous tumors.

The effect of placenta abruption on the risk of intrauterine growth restriction: A meta-analysis Ensiyeh Jenabi, Salman Khazaei, Bita Fereidooni Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):8-11 There is a contradict findings on the effect of placenta abruption on the risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Therefore, the objective of present meta-analysis was to identify all the eligible studies to assess the effect of placenta abruption on the risk of IUGR. The major electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched to identify relevant published studies. The literature search included 551 articles until January 2018 with 35,201 participants. In the end, a total of seven references were remained for this meta-analysis. Two independent authors reviewed the retrieved the studies and extracted data. I2 statistics was used to assess of heterogeneity. The random effects model was conducted to assess pooled effects size. the results of study showed that placenta abruption has a significant effect on the risk of IUGR based on odds ratio results (2.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.57, 2.55). The result reported of the measure of effect was homogeneous (I2 = 0.0%). we presented based on reports in epidemiological studies that placenta abruption is a risk factor for IUGR.

Is breech presentation associated with autism spectrum disorders among children: A meta-analysis Ensiyeh Jenabi, Saeid Bashirian, Salman Khazaei Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):12-15 The meta-analysis of case–control and cohort studies was conducted to obtain the association between breech presentation and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children. The search for relevant studies in major electronic databases was performed including; Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus up to May 2018. The odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was extracted from eligible studies. The pooled estimate of OR was not indicated a significant association between breech presentation and risk of ASD among children (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.93–1.37), but this association was significant in the unadjusted analysis (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.05–1.58). Our findings were not showed that breech presentation is associated with increased risk of ASD among children.

The incidence of testicular cancer in Iran from 1996 to 2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis Soheil Hassanipour, Mohammad Ghorbani, Milad Derakhshan, Hamed Fouladseresht, Shokrollah Mohseni, Elham Abdzadeh, Shirin Riahi, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Hamed Delam, Hamid Salehiniya Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):16-20 Objective: Testicular cancer (TC), although it is one of the most unusual cancers, seems to be increasing. There is no accurate information on the incidence of this cancer in Iran. The present study is conducted to evaluate the incidence rates of TC in Iran. Methods: A systematic search was conducted on all published studies of TC incidence using Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, IranMedex and IranDoc) until June 2018. This systematic review was done according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Result: The database searching yielded 132 potentially relevant studies. A total of 11 studies were included in the study. The results of the random-effects model were demonstrated that the age-standardised rate (ASR) of TC was 1.13, 95% confidence interval (0.97–1.29) among Iranian males. Conclusion: ASR for TC in Iran is lower than the world average; however, it has a higher incidence than other Asian countries.

Effect of cryopreservation on the structural and functional integrity of human periodontal ligament stem cells: A systematic review Rujuta Krishnakant Pandya, Monali Shah, Yesha Shroff, Mrugank Vyas Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):21-27 Aim: The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effect of cryopreservation on the human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells and their ability for periodontal regeneration. Materials and Methods: An electronic search without time restrictions was conducted up to August 2017 in indexed databases using the combination of different keywords including cryopreservation, cryofixation, vitrification and human periodontal ligament stem cells. The exclusion criteria included reviews, commentaries, letters to the editor, interviews and updates. The relevant articles were included and data extraction was processed. Results: Dimethyl sulphoxide was used as a cryoprotectant in all the studies which yielded good results. The magnetic freezing proves to be better than the normal freezer. The cryopreserved cells showed no significant difference for viability, proliferation, and regenerative capacities as compared to the fresh human PDL stem cells (PDLSCs), in vitro as well as in vivo. Conclusion: Cryopreservation of the human PDLSCs would serve as an opportunity for future regenerative therapy for the periodontium.

The effect of diabetes on nerve–muscle conduction of tibial and peroneal nerve association with habit and habitat in Bikaner Region Ekta Soni, Priyanka Soni, Jitendra Kumar Acharya Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):28-31 Introduction: Diabetes is due to defect in Beta cell of islets of Langerhans, that is seen in pancreas. This defect is responsible for disturbance in blood glucose level. Other factors which are also responsible includes diet, hereditary, immunological factor, lack of exercise etc., The damage to nerves in DM has been assumed to be a result of the interaction of metabolic defects complicated by vasa nervorum abnormalities. Nerve conduction velocity, are standard measurement used to confirm the presence or absence of diabetic neuropathy. In Nerve conduction velocity study common nerves that are studied are common peroneal nerve, tibial nerve and sural nerve. Materials and Methods: The study was planned in Physiology Department in close collaboration with Department of Medicine (Diabetic Section), S.p.mc. Bikaner. A total of 100 subjects for study from diabetic centre, were selected. Institutional ethical clearance was taken before commencement of study from ethical committee of our institution. Results: In present study, maximum number of patients were non-smokers in both study and control groups (87% and 91% respectively) and this difference was found statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). We observed that the patients were vegetarian in both study and control groups and this difference was found statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The mean peroneal nerve in study group was 42.26 ± 1.95 m/s and in control group it was 52.05 ± 4.78 m/s and the difference was found statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) and mean value of tibial nerve in study group was 41.71 ± 2.29 m/s and in control group it was 49.84 ± 2.67 m/s and the difference was found statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In our study, we concluded that nerve conduction velocities decreases in tibial and common peroneal nerve in diabetic patients as compared to control. Nerve conduction velocities also decrease with increasing age, increased HbA1C >6.5%.

New insight into the role of electronic apex locators in detecting simulated horizontal root fractures: An In vitro study Mukti M Shah, Vaishali V Parekh, Nidhi J Patel, Parth V Dodiya, Dipak H Chauhan Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):32-36 Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to check the accuracy of two different electronic apex locators (EALs): Canal Pro and Root ZX – in locating simulated horizontal root fractures (HRFs). Materials and Methods: Forty-five recently extracted, single-rooted, human permanent teeth were selected for the study. Endodontic access cavity was prepared, and canal patency was checked using no. 10-K file. Horizontal fractures were simulated using 0.2-mm thick diamond disk in coronal, middle and/or apical third of root by operator one, until half of the canal was exposed circumferentially. Using both the apex locators, all the fractures were detected by the second operator to confirm the accuracy of EALs. The actual length of the fractures was then measured under ×2.5 magnification, and results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Results were analysed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test, and the differences between all the test samples were analysed. All the measurements were compared to the actual values separately. A statistically significant difference was determined at 95% confidence level (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Investigated both the EAL are capable of detecting simulated HRF and that the Canal Pro showed a higher accuracy rate.

To determine the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency using a novel water-soluble tetrazolium-8 formazan method' for neonatal screening in region of Himachal Pradesh, India Seema Sharma, Milap Sharma Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):37-41 Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most significant enzyme defect in India with an incidence ranging from 2% to 27.9% in different communities. Prolonged neonatal jaundice and haemolytic crisis are known to occur in children with G6PD deficiency. Hence, screening of a population for G6PD deficiency is paramount. A Novel water soluble tetrazolium-8 (WST-8) Formazan Method has been used in this study for in-field mass-screening of G6PD in the region of Himachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 5652 neonates were screened to assay G6PD activity using WST8/1-methoxy phenazine methosulphate method within the first 48 h of life. Orange colour at the end of the procedure indicated normal G6PD activity while pink or colourless appearance indicated G6PD deficiency. Results: After the screening of 5652 neonates, the prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 12.4%. 45 newborns (6%) had a severe G6PD deficiency. Males were more affected than females (70:30). Furthermore, males had higher prevalence of deficiency than females (64% [n = 29] and 16% [n = 16]). Conclusions: G6PD deficiency assessment by the method used for population screening in the study was easy to do and quite simple. Following this, the high prevalence of this deficiency was noted in Himachal Pradesh. This study highlights the need to do neonatal screening of G6PD deficiency in population so that untowards complications like haemolytic crisis, complications due to neonatal jaundice can be avoided.

Evaluation of the accessible level of iodine in marketed iodised salt in Iran: A comparison with standard recommended values Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Ali Salehi, Hamidreza Heidari, Mahdi Asadi-Ghalhari Advances in Human Biology 2019 9(1):42-45 Background: Iodine is one of the essential micronutrients for synthesise and secrete adequate amounts of thyroid gland hormones. Its deficiency is the most important threatening causes for human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine concentration in marketed edible salt samples in Qom city and to compare with existing standards and offering solutions necessary to fix the probably problems. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out on 60 samples of 20 brands of marketed edible salt in Qom during 2017. Iodine concentration was evaluated by the British Pharmacopoeia titration method. Results: According to the national standard of Iran during this study, iodine concentration in 51.67% of salt samples was in acceptable limits and 48.33% of samples were out of acceptable ranges. None of the tested samples had iodine content more than the standard limit. Conclusions: To improve salt fortification status and removing iodine deficiency in society, the following actions should be considered: enforcing producers to follow national and international standards, continuous monitoring the producers, necessary legal actions against offending manufacturers and appropriate measures by health ministry and relevant authorities.

Pediatric Neuropsychology

Review of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Investigating the BRIEF and BRIEF-SR in Adolescents with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Abstract To date, limited research has investigated the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and BRIEF Self-Report (BRIEF-SR) in adolescents presenting exclusively with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). The present study was retrospective and included 163 adolescents (43% male; M age = 14.80; M days since injury = 34.10) referred for neuropsychological evaluation after mTBI. Results revealed that mean BRIEF and BRIEF-SR clinical scale scores in the sample were generally similar to those in the standardization sample, commensurate with previous literature on the trajectory of cognitive and symptom recovery after mTBI. Adolescents reported significantly higher scores than their parents only on Emotional Control, with no differences emerging on other clinical scales. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two-factor model of the BRIEF-SR (Metacognition and Behavioral Regulation; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.97) provided relatively and statistically significant better fit than a one-factor model extracted in exploratory analyses. Results also indicated that a three-factor model of the BRIEF capturing Metacognition, Behavioral Regulation, and Emotional Regulation (CFI = 0.98) provided relatively and significantly better fit than the two-factor model. These results suggested that adolescents in the post-acute phase of mTBI recovery may rate their own executive dysfunction in terms of metacognitive and behavioral difficulties, while their parents may observe executive dysfunction in these two dimensions in addition to emotional dysfunction. Relationships to previous literature, limitations of the present study, and implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Test and Book Reviews in Pediatric Neuropsychology

Correction to: Automatized Sequences as a Performance Validity Test? Difficult If You Have Never Learned Your ABCs In the original article the name of author Allyson G. Harrison was misspelled. The original article has been updated and her name is correct here.

Pediatric Performance Validity Testing: State of the Field and Current Research

One-Minute PVT: Further Evidence for the Utility of the California Verbal Learning Test—Children's Version Forced Choice Recognition Trial Abstract Objective To replicate previous research on the forced choice recognition trial for the California Verbal Learning Test—Children's Version (FCR-C). Method Classification accuracy of the FCR-C was computed in 178 children referred for neuropsychological assessment to a tertiary care hospital. Results FCR-C ≤ 14 produced the best combination of sensitivity (.12–.42) and specificity (.88–.96). Unlike some of the criterion performance validity tests (PVTs), base rate of failure on the FCR-C was evenly distributed across age ranges. Conclusion The FCR-C is a quick and inexpensive PVT, unaffected by cognitive maturation, and highly specific to psychometrically defined invalid performance.

Automatized Sequences as a Performance Validity Test? Difficult If You Have Never Learned Your ABCs Abstract Accurate identification of symptom exaggeration is essential when determining whether or not data obtained in pediatric evaluations are valid or interpretable. Apart from using freestanding performance validity tests (PVTs), many researchers encourage use of embedded measures of test-related motivation, including the newly developed automatized sequences test (AST). Such embedded measures are based on identification of performance patterns that are implausible if the test taker is investing full effort; however, it is unclear whether or not persons with pre-existing cognitive difficulties such as specific learning disabilities (SLD) might be falsely accused of poor test motivation due to actual but impaired learning of basic sequences. This study examined the specificity of the AST by reviewing performance of 83 SLD adolescents. Anywhere from 22 to 41% of SLD adolescents investing good effort failed one or more of the tasks included in the AST, and those with lower intelligence scores had higher rates of failure. Clinicians should therefore be cautious if using this PVT with individuals who have a documented history of reading, learning, or intellectual problems.

Detecting Invalid Performance in Youth with Traumatic Brain Injury Using the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP) Lists Subtest Abstract Background Neuropsychological assessment must include determinants of validity. This study sought to develop an embedded performance validity indicator for the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP) Lists verbal memory subtest. Methods Children and adolescents (N = 103; mean age = 14.6 years, SD = 2.4, range = 8–18) who were on average 25 weeks (SD = 15.1) post-traumatic brain injury (TBI; 85% mild and 15% moderate-severe) were administered ChAMP Lists and two stand-alone performance validity tests (PVTs; Test of Memory Malingering; Medical Symptom Validity Test). Nineteen patients were deemed to have invalid performance defined as failure on both PVTs. Binary logistic regression and classification statistics were used to determine a cutoff score for invalid performance on ChAMP Lists using failure on two PVTs as the criterion. Results Invalid performance was not associated with demographics, injury type, or time since injury, but was significantly correlated with ChAMP Lists scaled scores. Only ChAMP Lists Recognition predicted validity grouping and had excellent discrimination (area under the curve of 93%). A cutoff scaled score of 7 or less on ChAMP Lists Recognition achieved sensitivity for invalid performance at 79% while maintaining specificity at 91%. A more stringent cutoff score of 5 or less on ChAMP Lists Recognition achieved sensitivity for invalid performance at 63% with specificity at 95%. Conclusion This study yields a promising embedded performance validity indicator for ChAMP Lists Recognition with good sensitivity and excellent specificity for detecting invalid performance in youth with TBI.

Why Children Fail the Test of Memory Malingering: Review of False Positive Performance in Pediatric Studies Abstract Rationale The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) is a commonly utilized performance validity test currently recommended for pediatric use with children as young as 5 years of age. Yet, a small sample of children struggles to pass the TOMM due to true cognitive difficulties. The systematic search and review identified the reported cases of false positive and overall failing TOMM performance in children. The goal of this project was to increase the understanding of the cognitive constructs and minimum cognitive abilities necessary for children to pass the TOMM. The secondary goal was to use the existing data to suggest clinical guidelines related to use of the TOMM with children. Methods and Results A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsycINFO was conducted, returning an initial 12,052 results. After duplicate articles were removed, 10,583 remained; 61 were evaluated for eligibility and 22 were included as our final sample. Results suggested that false positives were observed in children with low IQ, memory issues, complex medical presentation, and younger children. Conclusions Without relevant, quality validation and normative studies, the TOMM should not be used clinically with young children or children suspected of having significant cognitive issues. Failing performance on the TOMM does not necessarily indicate poor effort or invalidate the neuropsychological profile. Instead, it may be reflective of other factors, particularly in children below age 6, children with lower intellectual abilities (especially FSIQ ≤ 75), children with multiple diagnoses, or children with more severe neurological diagnoses. Clinical recommendations are also discussed.

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: a Useful Measure of Organizational Skills for Adolescents with ADHD? Abstract Deficits in organization, time management, and planning (OTMP) abilities are common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and contribute to impairment. Assessment of these skills is vital, but few measures have been validated for youth with ADHD. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) task is frequently used in research and clinical settings despite limited validity evidence. The present study evaluated whether ROCF performance, as scored via the Boston Qualitative Scoring System, exhibited validity as a measure of OTMP skills in a large (N = 285) sample of adolescents comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. ROCF performance exhibited minimal associations with measures of OTMP, executive functioning, or aspects of academic impairment affected by OTMP abilities; all correlations were nonsignificant after accounting for the influence of intelligence. Further, ROCF task performance did not differ by ADHD presentation or medication status. Correlations with other variables that may be confounded with ROCF performance (anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, parent education) also demonstrated nonsignificant correlations with all BQSS scores. The ROCF may not adequately capture OTMP abilities of adolescents with ADHD; future directions for the assessment of OTMP skills are discussed.

Forecasting model to assess the potential of secondary lead production from lead acid battery scrap

Abstract

Lead acid battery (LAB) scrap management is an important issue both environmentally and economically. The recovery of lead from battery scrap leads to a reduction in negative impacts of lead mining, as well as making the battery production cycle environmentally friendly. This work aims to propose a forecasting model for lead generation from LAB scrap based on time series modeling that uses data regarding after-market of batteries and new batteries produced for new cars. In order to illustrate the applicability of the new proposal, the model was applied to the Brazilian case. The main results show that at least 1% of LAB scrap from light vehicles have unknown or improper destinations; the efficiency of the recycling process in Brazil is still low, resulting in lead losses close to 4.5%; the lack of a sectorial agreement between the official battery market and the government concerning the reverse logistics of LAB scrap leads to a lack of precise data on the amount of LAB scrap generated and its final destination. Moreover, the economic importance of lead recycling and logistics of the secondary market are also discussed, with a focus on the dangers of illegal recycling.

http://bit.ly/2GYe1gj

Characterizing PBDEs in fish, poultry, and pig feeds manufactured in China

Abstract

A total of 53 feeds from 23 brands for four types of animals, i.e., fish, chicken, duck, and pig, as well as six types of raw materials, were bought from Guangxi, Hubei, Anhui, and Guangdong provinces in China and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The raw materials including super fish meal, ordinary fish meal, poultry ore, soybean, stone powder, and rapeseed were selected because they were added to all the animal feeds manufactured. The occurrence of PBDEs was ubiquitous in the feeds and raw materials, with BDE-209 as the most abundant congener. The average concentration of ∑₈PBDE was 1.1 and 0.44 ng g⁻¹ dry weight in feeds (range 0.25–5.7) and raw materials (range 0.27–0.84), respectively. No statistically significant differences in ∑₈PBDE concentrations were observed among the four groups of animal feeds. Feeds from Yangzhiyuan Brand (n = 11) contained statistically (p < 0.01) lower ∑₈PBDE concentrations than all other brands except for Baoshun Brand. Chicken was selected as a representative animal to assess health risk for human exposure to PBDEs via the consumption of chicken raised by the feeds under investigation. Hazard quotients based on per-capita consumption of chicken were all below 1, indicating low potential risk to humans consuming chicken raised with the feeds.

Graphical abstract

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http://bit.ly/2RAcaT0

Continuous dye adsorption and desorption on an invasive macrophyte ( Salvinia minima )

Abstract

The continuous adsorption-desorption of methylene blue (MB) on an invasive macrophyte, Salvinia minima, was investigated in fixed-bed columns. The effects of bed depth (h) (9.30, 18.70, and 28 cm), inlet dye concentration (C₀) (51 ± 1.20, 154 ± 2.00, and 250 ± 1.50 mg L⁻¹), and flow rate (Q) (7 and 14 mL min⁻¹) on dye removal and breakthrough curves were assessed. Thomas, modified dose-response (MDR) and bed depth service time (BDST) models were fitted to the experimental data. Desorption and regeneration studies were also performed. The breakthrough time was affected by h, C₀, and Q. The dynamic bed capacity at the breakthrough point (q_b) increased with increasing h but decreased with increasing C₀ and Q. Dynamic bed capacities (q_e) from 318 to 322 mg g⁻¹ were achieved at h = 28 cm, C₀ = 154 ± 2.0, or 250 ± 1.50 mg L⁻¹, independently of the Q value. High MB removals were also observed (75–78%). FTIR analysis revealed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups could be involved in dye adsorption. MDR and BDST models were both successfully used to predict the breakthrough curves of MB adsorption onto S. minima. A high regeneration efficiency (> 87%) was obtained after three adsorption-desorption cycles. These results confirm that the use of S. minima biomass could be a very efficient and eco-friendly alternative for MB adsorption in continuous mode.

http://bit.ly/2GXmwbJ

The effect of nanoparticles on the photosynthetic pigments in cadmium—zinc interactions

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination, one of the greatest global problems, not only endangers humans and animals but also negatively affects plants. New trends, the production and industrial applications of metals in nanoforms, lead to release of large amounts of nanoparticles into the environment. However, the influence of nanoparticles on living organisms is not well understood. Cadmium is a heavy metal not essential for plants, and to its phytotoxicity also contributes its chemical similarity to zinc. It has been recorded that zinc at low concentrations reduces the toxicity of cadmium, but our results with ZnO nanoparticles did not proved it. In contrast, ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased the negative effect of cadmium, which was reflected mainly in changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments.

http://bit.ly/2RxkEdG

Estimating missing concentrations of p,p′- DDT in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using multiple imputation

Abstract

We investigated the association between diabetes and p,p′-DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in blood of Mexican Americans who participated in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In this sample, p,p′-DDT were missing in 50% of subjects and we used multiple imputation (MI) to address the problem. Compared to ignoring the missing data, MI led to a more robust threshold for the p,p′-DDT reference category. Whereas previously p,p′-DDT ≤ 0.0860 ng/g was used as the reference category, using MI, we were able to use p,p′-DDT < 0.0574 ng/g as the reference category to study the association between p,p′-DDT and diabetes via logistic regression. In this analysis, p,p′-DDT ≥ 0.0750 ng/g was associated with an odds ratio of 1.99 (95% CI 1.09–3.61) for diabetes and 4.20 (95% CI 1.93–9.12) for diabetic nephropathy. The reference category for diabetes without nephropathy outcome stayed consistent after MI but our analysis confirmed that p,p′-DDT > 0.0860 ng/g was associated with diabetes without nephropathy with an odds ratio of 1.89 (95% CI 1.09–3.27). Our study showed that MI can be effectively used to deal with missing at random data in persistent organic pollutants measured in the 1999–2004 NHANES.

http://bit.ly/2H0nWSD

The reduction effects of riparian reforestation on runoff and nutrient export based on AnnAGNPS model in a small typical watershed, China

Abstract

The continuous deterioration of the aquatic environment in rivers and streams is increasingly causing social and political tensions. To alleviate aquatic environmental problems, especially for the nonpoint source pollution, establishment of riparian forest buffers has been demonstrated as an effective control measure. However, few comprehensive studies of the reduction effects of riparian reforestation on the aquatic environment have been performed, particularly in identifying the suitable widths of reforestation projects. In this paper, the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model was used to simulate the reduction effects of riparian reforestation on runoff and nutrient loads in Wucun watershed, China. The results showed that 20-m, 40-m, and 60-m widths of riparian buffer reforestation had significant effects on the yearly loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), with reduced rates of 23.21 to 56.2% and 18.16 to 52.14%, respectively. The reduction effect on annual runoff varied from 2.8 to 5.4%. Furthermore, the reduction effect of nutrients performed best during the transition period, while the best runoff reduction was found during the dry period. These distinct reductions indicated that the implementation of riparian forest buffers was capable of reducing the risk and frequency of flooding and eutrophication, especially during the wet and transition periods. Additionally, the 20-m width of riparian buffer reforestation achieved the highest reduction efficiency for runoff, and the 40-m width was the most suitable reforested riparian buffer width for TN and TP. Therefore, 40 m may be the optimum buffer width for the implementation of riparian reforestation in the Wucun watershed. These research results provided scientific information on selecting the optimum buffer width for aquatic environmental regulators and managers as the reduction effects of different widths of riparian buffers on runoff and nutrients were different when considering buffer reforestation.

http://bit.ly/2GXyaDq

Magnetic nanoferromanganese oxides modified biochar derived from pine sawdust for adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride

Abstract

In this study, a new type of composite material, namely modified biochar (MBC), was synthesized by loading the magnetic ferromanganese oxide nanoparticles on pine biochar. BET, SEM, and FTIR were employed to analyze the surface properties and pore structures of MBC. In addition, XRD was adopted to examine the crystal structure of MBC. Characterization results showed that the surface area and porosity of MBC have been greatly improved, and the functional groups have been introduced by ferromanganese oxides. Adsorption experiments of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) including kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics as well as the influence of pH, salt ion strength, and the environmental risk of MBC, were evaluated. The results revealed that the experimental data conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. In the adsorption process, MBC showed excellent adsorption ability (maximum capacity for TC 100.74 mg g⁻¹) to BC (33.76 mg g⁻¹). In isotherm experiments, the maximum adsorption capacity of TC by MBC reached 177.71 mg g⁻¹. Toxicity studies showed that the MBC had no harm to the environment. To conclude, MBC has great potential for applications in removing TC from water.

http://bit.ly/2RzINAh

Spinal myoclonus following neuraxial anesthesia: a literature review

Abstract

Spinal myoclonus (SM) is a rare neurologic movement disorder following neuraxial anesthesia (NA). SM following NA (SM-NA) has insufficient clinical information and its pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. The aim of this review article was to summarize the past cases and consider SM-NA pathophysiology. Based on our PubMed search, it was revealed that SM-NA develops within several hours after neuraxial local anesthetic (LA) administration and resolves in a day without leaving neurologic compilations. It occurs primarily in the lower extremities, but can sometimes spread upward and affect the upper extremities and trunk. Although statistical adjustments are indispensable, analysis of the previous cases provided important facts that seem to be related with the mechanism of SM-NA. The frequently used LAs for spinal anesthesia were hyperbaric. SM-NA occurrence was more frequent in women. After initiation of spinal anesthesia, intrathecal hyperbaric LA distributes cephalad. In the LA elimination process, the large concentration differences in intrathecal LA may induce the partially functioning spinal neurons, resulting in myoclonus generation. The morphological features of the lumbar spine in women can predispose to a higher LA concentration difference. SM-NA is an unpredictable and rare neural complication following NA and should be confirmed by basic experiments and large-scale researches.

http://bit.ly/2QpLM9R