Assessment of the involvement of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor–glucocorticoid regulatory dyad in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 during periodontitis

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine and counter-regulator of endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs). It is implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the role of the MIF–GC regulatory dyad in the expression and release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) during periodontitis, in vivo and in vitro. In a Mif-knockout (KO) mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis, gingival tissues and blood were collected and analysed for levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), MIF, MMP-2, and corticosterone. In addition, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were tested for production of IL-6 and MMP-2 after stimulation with hydrocortisone (HC), MIF, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), or Fusobacterium nucleatum, a pathogen known to elicit immune responses during periodontitis. Wild-type (WT) mice showed a local and systemic increase of MIF levels during inflammation, which was confirmed by increased local IL-6 concentrations. Systemic GC levels were reduced in WT and Mif-KO mice during inflammation, with overall lower concentrations in Mif-KO mice. In vivo and in vitro, MMP-2 production was not dependent on MIF or inflammatory stimuli, but was inhibited by HC. Therefore, MIF does not appear to stimulate expression of MMP-2 in the gingival tissues, whereas GC upregulates MIF and downregulates MMP-2. Our findings further suggest that MIF may regulate systemic GC levels.

http://ift.tt/2v4ohdf

Age-Related Remodeling of the JAK/STAT/SOCS Signaling Pathway and Associated Myocardial Changes: From Histological to Molecular Level

Publication date: Available online 4 August 2017
Source:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
Author(s): Basma Emad aboulhoda
BackgroundThe cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in age-associated changes in myocardial structure are of paramount importance since they cause profound alterations in the functional response and represent targets for alleviating age-related pathologies. One of these mechanisms is the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway.Aim of the studyThe present study is designed to elucidate age-dependent changes of the myocardium to provide morphological basis displaying the pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation with aging.Material and MethodsThirty male Sprague Dawley rats aged; 6, 30 and 36 months were used in this study. The animals were divided into three age groups, young adult, senile and very senile rats, respectively. The heart weight/body weight ratio was determined. The heart was subjected to gross morphologic examination, microscopic examination using H&E and Masson's trichrome stains and immunohistochemical examination for detection of JAK, pSTAT3, α-SMA, β-MHC and CD45. Western blotting was also carried out to detect SOCS genes. Real-time PCR was used to detect the inflammatory markers TNFα and IL1β and the hypertrophy marker α −SKA. Biochemical analysis of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB was done. Quantitative histomorphometric estimations included estimation of cardiac myocyte cross sectional area, estimation of the area percent of collagen fibers in Masson's trichrome stained sections and determination of optical density in immunostained sections. Electron microscopic examination was done to determine capillary density.ResultsJak and pSTAT3 were predominantly localized to the nuclei and exhibited progressive decline with aging, while SOCS3 activity displayed an age-related increase. The aged myocardium displayed profound age associated structural changes as well as myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation in senile and very senile rats.ConclusionThe age-related modifications in the JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling as well as the age-associated pathological changes in myocardial structure are of particular interest as they provide further insight in age-associated heart pathologies and represent potential targets for cardioprotective and therapeutic approaches.



http://ift.tt/2u9Ehxp

Application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in immobilization of Pb and Cd in soil

Abstract

In the present study, heavy metal (HM)-tolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated and their performance during the remediation of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil was studied. A total of 16 bacterial strains and one consortium were isolated, and the consortium had the highest phosphate solubilizing ability and HM tolerance. Great variations between the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of consortium cells before and after adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ revealed that amide I/amide II bonds and carboxyl on the cell surface were involved in binding of metal ions. High-throughput sequencing technique revealed that the consortium was composed of Enterobacter spp., Bacillus spp., and Lactococcus spp. The consortium was added into contaminated soil, and its potential ability in dissolution of phosphate from Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and subsequent immobilization of HMs was tested. Results showed that when Ca₃(PO₄)₂ was applied at 10.60 mg/g soil, PSB addition significantly increased soil available phosphate content from 12.28 to 17.30 mg/kg, thereby enhancing the immobilization rate of Pb and Cd from 69.95 to 80.76% and from 28.38 to 30.81%, respectively. Microcalorimetric analysis revealed that PSB addition significantly improved soil microbial activity, which was possibly related with the decreased HMs availability and the nutrient effect of the solubilized phosphate. The present study can provide a cost-effective and environmental-friendly strategy to remediate multiple HM-contaminated soils.

http://ift.tt/2v2n4oJ

British Rhinological Society 16th Annual Meeting Jersey, 19 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2v4giwP

British Rhinological Society 16th Annual Meeting Jersey, 19 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2v4giwP

Applying behavioral economics to psoriasis treatment: interventions to improve patient adherence to biologics

Abstract

Zschocke et al¹ identified factors associated with adherence to biologics for psoriasis. The physician-patient relationship influences adherence considerably.¹ Specific interventions may increase adherence to biologics.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2wqRPBj

Hand, foot and mouth disease in adult patients

Abstract

We read with great interest the paper by Balestri et al¹ "atypical presentation of enterovirus infection in adults: outbreak of Hand, Foot, Mouth and Scalp disease in Northern Italy" which confirms the adult involvement in hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD).

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2vxXp8L

Cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum: behind granulomatous lesions of unknown etiology

Abstract

Background

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is underestimated in Spain as in other European countries due to the polymorphism of its clinical manifestations and histopathological features discouraging doctors from suspecting leishmaniasis. Mucosal manifestations (ML) are misdiagnosed due to the fact that they often mimic cancer.

Objectives

Given that leishmaniasis may be masked as different granulomatous diseases in Leishmania infantum endemic areas, the aim of this study is to verify this misdiagnosing and contribute to the improvement of CL/ML diagnosis.

Methodology

A retrospective study involving formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue biopsies with histopathological features of granulomatous lesions of unknown origin (GLUO) detected 17 patients. This study included 13 patients with CL that were used as positive controls, 9 patients with other confirmed diseases used as negative controls and 7 patients with histological features suggestive of CL or ML without confirmation. Molecular analysis was blindly performed using two different PCR techniques.

Results

The PCR detected 15 CL cases in which the diagnosis was neither clinically nor histologically suspected. Leishmaniasis was confirmed in 7 suspected patients in whom the classical techniques failed to detect the parasite. L. infantum was identified in all cases. A systematic review of CL cases in GLUO patients from European countries identified 45 reported cases.

Conclusions

In L. infantum endemic areas, a high percentage of GLUO are due to Leishmania infection. The main consequences are delayed diagnosis and underestimation of the real incidence. PCR performed on paraffin-embedded tissue proved to be a reliable tool for diagnosis of CL/ML and must be performed routinely in any granulomatous dermatitis, even when the morphological features are no stereotypical of leishmaniasis.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2wqQJFO

Eruptive keratoacanthomas arising in the setting of lichenoid toxicity after PD1 inhibition with nivolumab

Abstract

We were fascinated to read the observations of Bandino et al. who described two patients who developed keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinoma in association with bullous pemphigoid-like lesions after treatment with PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab or pembrolizumab, in a recent issue of the Journal. Herein we report two patients with no prior history of skin cancer who developed eruptive keratoacanthomas in the setting of lichenoid skin toxicity after starting nivolumab.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2vyg5Fw

« Malignant » Rosacea as a sign of systemic marginal zone lymphoma

Abstract

Rosacea is a common facial dermatosis for which differential diagnoses have to be considered in the case of atypical features or treatment failure. We report 3 cases of systemic marginal zone lymphomas (MZL), with skin involvement simulating rosacea. A 76-year-old man presented a rhinophyma for one year (Fig 1).

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2wqPqXp

Oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone to protect vestibular hair cells

We recently reported that the heat shock response played a major role in the protection of hair cells against stress. Oral administration of the heat shock inducer, geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) protected hair cells against intense noise. In our present study, we investigated the effect of GGA on vestibular hair cell death induced by an aminoglycoside.

http://ift.tt/2wcM6A2

Patient interest in and familiarity with anti-aging therapies: A survey of the general dermatology clinic population

Summary

Background

The appearance of aging skin is a common complaint among dermatology patients. There is an expanding market for anti-aging therapies, but little information is available regarding which patients utilize these treatments and patient preferences regarding treatment.

Aims

To describe the patient population utilizing anti-aging therapies, assess patient familiarity with treatment options, and learn where treatment information is most often obtained.

Patients/Methods

Three hundred patients were surveyed in the University of Michigan General Dermatology Clinic.

Results

Fifty-three percent of the general dermatology patient population has used an anti-aging treatment in the past; 66% reported interest in the future use. Interest is high among all genders, ages, and incomes. Most subjects obtained treatment information from magazines, but subjects were more likely to pursue treatment if information was obtained from a dermatologist.

Conclusion

Demographics of anti-aging therapy are changing, and a wide variety of patients pursue treatment. Patients are largely unfamiliar with most treatment options and are more likely to pursue treatment after receiving treatment information from a dermatologist. The information presented in this study is helpful to both dermatologists and marketers of anti-aging products.

http://ift.tt/2vy1iup

Oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone to protect vestibular hair cells

We recently reported that the heat shock response played a major role in the protection of hair cells against stress. Oral administration of the heat shock inducer, geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) protected hair cells against intense noise. In our present study, we investigated the effect of GGA on vestibular hair cell death induced by an aminoglycoside.

http://ift.tt/2wcM6A2

Patient interest in and familiarity with anti-aging therapies: A survey of the general dermatology clinic population

Summary

Background

The appearance of aging skin is a common complaint among dermatology patients. There is an expanding market for anti-aging therapies, but little information is available regarding which patients utilize these treatments and patient preferences regarding treatment.

Aims

To describe the patient population utilizing anti-aging therapies, assess patient familiarity with treatment options, and learn where treatment information is most often obtained.

Patients/Methods

Three hundred patients were surveyed in the University of Michigan General Dermatology Clinic.

Results

Fifty-three percent of the general dermatology patient population has used an anti-aging treatment in the past; 66% reported interest in the future use. Interest is high among all genders, ages, and incomes. Most subjects obtained treatment information from magazines, but subjects were more likely to pursue treatment if information was obtained from a dermatologist.

Conclusion

Demographics of anti-aging therapy are changing, and a wide variety of patients pursue treatment. Patients are largely unfamiliar with most treatment options and are more likely to pursue treatment after receiving treatment information from a dermatologist. The information presented in this study is helpful to both dermatologists and marketers of anti-aging products.

http://ift.tt/2vy1iup

Polygonatum Sibiricum Polysaccharide Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation Through the ERK/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway In Vitro

Rejuvenation Research , Vol. 0, No. 0.


http://ift.tt/2vnJPVb

Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy Induces Hashimoto's Disease with an Increase in Peripheral Blood Follicular Helper T Cells

Thyroid , Vol. 0, No. 0.


http://ift.tt/2vv88QE

Prevalence and Characterization of Thyroid Hemiagenesis in Japan: The Fukushima Health Management Survey

Thyroid Aug 2017, Vol. 27, No. 8: 1011-1016.


http://ift.tt/2u5RYtd

Future Meetings

Thyroid Aug 2017, Vol. 27, No. 8: 1107-1107.


http://ift.tt/2vvcbMx

Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy Induces Hashimoto's Disease with an Increase in Peripheral Blood Follicular Helper T Cells

Thyroid , Vol. 0, No. 0.


http://ift.tt/2vv88QE

Prevalence and Characterization of Thyroid Hemiagenesis in Japan: The Fukushima Health Management Survey

Thyroid Aug 2017, Vol. 27, No. 8: 1011-1016.


http://ift.tt/2u5RYtd

First Israeli National Iodine Survey Demonstrates Iodine Deficiency Among School-Aged Children and Pregnant Women

Thyroid Aug 2017, Vol. 27, No. 8: 1083-1091.


http://ift.tt/2u6jbvM

Laser treatments of active acne

Abstract

The utility of laser therapy is increasingly being recognized in the treatment of active acne vulgaris. We aimed to perform a narrative review of the medical literature on the use of laser therapy for the treatment of active acne vulgaris. We performed a PubMed literature search on September 1, 2016 using the search terms "active acne," "acne," "laser therapy," and "laser surgery." Case reports, case series, cohort, and controlled trials were included. Studies of lasers in the treatment of acne, including erbium glass, Nd:YAG, pulse dye laser (PDL), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser, and laser-based photodynamic therapy, have been published. While treatment of active acne with lasers has been successful, many studies are limited by small patient number and lack of control populations and comparison to standard therapies for active acne. Laser therapies are increasingly becoming part of or an adjunct to the medical treatment of active acne and are a useful treatment modality.

http://ift.tt/2wcBmBE

Issue Information

http://ift.tt/2v4EIGO

Issue Information

http://ift.tt/2vnwTOX

Corrigendum

http://ift.tt/2vnZq72

Lewis-Sumner Syndrome Manifesting as Unilateral Vocal Fold Paresis and Laryngeal Fasciculations

Lewis-Sumner syndrome (LSS) is a rare disease characterized by asymmetrical and multifocal mononeuropathy commonly located in the upper limbs. Some rare cases affecting cranial nerve have been described, but LSS is unknown to affect especially laryngeal nerves. This paper presents the first case of unilateral vocal fold paresis caused by an LSS in a 59-year-old man complaining of dysphonia, breathy voice, and vocal fatigue. Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment will be described.

http://ift.tt/2u9uUha

Reply

We thank Persson and Ueki1 for commenting on our recent article on eosinophil extracellular trap (EET) formation in nasal polyp tissues.2 Although we agree with some of their comments, we would like to point out the following.

http://ift.tt/2upN1uF

Nonatopic persistent asthma in children, a missed phenotype of asthma?

We read with great interest the study by Fitzpatrick et al,1 showing how, in preschool children with persistent asthma, the type 2 inflammation biomarkers (ie, aeroallergen sensitization and/or increased blood eosinophilic counts) are strong predictors of a positive therapeutic response to daily inhaled corticosteroid treatment. To our knowledge, Fitzpatrick et al's study is the first to extrapolate and clearly identify a particular phenotype of persistent eosinophilic asthma, without pneumoallergen sensitization.

http://ift.tt/2u9esxz

Reply

Longo et al1 raise an interesting issue regarding the differentiation of eosinophilic asthma that may be nonatopic in nature. As indicated in our study, the likelihood of a favorable response to daily inhaled corticosteroid therapy in young children with emerging asthma was associated with either a blood eosinophil count of greater than or equal to 300 cells/mm3 or allergic sensitization as defined by multiallergen testing.2 The combination of these 2 features enhanced the likelihood of a favorable response as compared with our other 2 treatment strategies, either daily oral montelukast or inhaled corticosteroid administered with albuterol at the time of symptoms.

http://ift.tt/2upgUvl

Lytic eosinophils produce extracellular DNA traps as well as free eosinophil granules

We read with interest the report by Gevaert et al1 on eosinophils in nasal polyps. For decades the senior authors of this article1 have championed roles of eosinophil death through apoptosis. They now report that apoptosis was practically absent in the highly eosinophilic polyps. This concession needs underscoring because it agrees with reports questioning the importance of eosinophil apoptosis in human diseased airway tissues in vivo.2,3 Regarding eosinophil death through lysis, Gevaert et al1 assert "that cell lysis did not occur under the conditions of EET formation." This arguably is a misleading statement.

http://ift.tt/2u9eoxP

Influence of radiotherapy on the dentin properties and bond strength

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of dentin and the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) performed before or after radiotherapy (RT).

Material and methods

Dentin chemical composition (infrared spectroscopy—FTIR), SEM images, and mechanical properties (Vickers microhardness—VHN and elastic modulus—E) were evaluated comparing no irradiated and irradiate dentin (n = 5). RT was defined by application of 72 Gy (1.8 Gy daily, 5 days per week, during 8 weeks) with sample immersed in distilled water. μTBS evaluated three groups (n = 10): NI—no irradiated; IB—irradiation before restoration; and IA—irradiation after restoration. Resin-dentin sticks (1.0 mm²) were obtained and submitted to μTBS. Analysis of the bonding interface was made by confocal microscopy.

Results

After RT, percentage ratio of FTIR analysis showed increased absorption for all bands. SEM image showed a disorganized dentin structure. Two-way ANOVA showed increased VHN (p = 0.005) and decreased E (p < 0.001). For μTBS, one-way ANOVA and Duncan test showed significant differences among groups (p = 0.018). IB group presented the lowest bond strength values.

Conclusions

RT alters the absorption bands and SEM images showed a disorganization of the dentin structure. Mechanical properties were changed with increased VHN and decreased E. μTBS was affected by the radiotherapy and restoration period (before or after).

Clinical relevance

RT causes changes that contribute to increased risk of tooth decay. Restorative treatments can be performed using adhesive procedures, but it is preferable to be performed before of the irradiation protocol, to guarantee better adhesive properties to restoration.

http://ift.tt/2v3WeuQ

Repression of Stress-Induced LINE-1 Expression Protects Cancer Cell Subpopulations from Lethal Drug Exposure

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Cancer Cell
Author(s): Gulfem Dilek Guler, Charles Albert Tindell, Robert Pitti, Catherine Wilson, Katrina Nichols, Tommy KaiWai Cheung, Hyo-Jin Kim, Matthew Wongchenko, Yibing Yan, Benjamin Haley, Trinna Cuellar, Joshua Webster, Navneet Alag, Ganapati Hegde, Erica Jackson, Tracy Leah Nance, Paul Garrett Giresi, Kuan-Bei Chen, Jinfeng Liu, Suchit Jhunjhunwala, Jeff Settleman, Jean-Philippe Stephan, David Arnott, Marie Classon
Maintenance of phenotypic heterogeneity within cell populations is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that underlies population survival upon stressful exposures. We show that the genomes of a cancer cell subpopulation that survives treatment with otherwise lethal drugs, the drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), exhibit a repressed chromatin state characterized by increased methylation of histone H3 lysines 9 and 27 (H3K9 and H3K27). We also show that survival of DTPs is, in part, maintained by regulators of H3K9me3-mediated heterochromatin formation and that the observed increase in H3K9me3 in DTPs is most prominent over long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1). Disruption of the repressive chromatin over LINE-1 elements in DTPs results in DTP ablation, which is partially rescued by reducing LINE-1 expression or function.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Guler et al. show that drug-tolerant persisters (DTPs), a cancer cell subpopulation surviving lethal drugs, are partly maintained by a repressed chromatin state, prominently at LINE-1 elements. Disrupting the repressive chromatin results in death of DTPs, which is partially rescued by reducing LINE-1 expression.


http://ift.tt/2v1Wfkv

Methylene blue mediated photobiomodulation on human osteoblast cells

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are two major methods, which use light in medicine and dentistry. PBM uses low-level laser light to induce cell proliferation and activity. In contrast, PDT use laser light combined with a photosensitizer (PS) to cause cell death. Due to similar, not fully understood mechanisms and biphasic response of light, unexpected and complex outcomes may be observed. In the present study, the effect of 635 nm laser light, with power density 50 mW/cm², at three different energy densities (0.5, 1, and 2 J/cm² which last 10, 20, and 40 s, respectively) mediated by methylene blue (MB) on the human osteoblast cell line (ATCC-CRL-11372, Rockville, MD, USA) was investigated. Cell viability (MTT assay and acridine orange/propidium iodide staining) and proliferation (Alamar Blue assay) were assessed at 24, 48, and 72 h post irradiation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization (Alizarin Red staining) and gene expressions (RT-PCR analysis) were analyzed at 7th and 14th days after treatment. Five groups were formed as the control group (no MB, no irradiation), MB (only 0.05 μM MB), MB + 0.5 J/cm², MB + 1 J/cm², and MB + 2 J/cm². Cell viability was decreased at 72 h (ANOVA; p < 0.05) for MB + 0.5 J/cm², MB + 1 J/cm², and MB + 2 J/cm² groups. Although proliferation does not seem to be effected by MB-mediated laser application, osteo-anabolic activity is altered. ALP activity was significantly increased at day 7 (ANOVA; p < 0.05) for MB-combined laser groups; on the other hand, mineralization was significantly decreased (ANOVA; p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase and collagen-I expressions were upregulated in MB + 2 J/cm² group at 7th and 14th days, respectively. These results may contribute to the low-dose PDT researches and understanding PBM effects on osteoblast behavior but further studies are needed since inappropriate conditions may lead to undesirable results for both therapies.

http://ift.tt/2wqlg6z

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis and polyarthritis associated with a novel CARD14 mutation

Abstract

Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare toxicoderma characterised by an acute onset rash, with many sterile pustules on the surface, high fever and increased acute phase reactants. We report the case of a patient who presented to the dermatology department with an AGEP and polyarthritis, in which a novel CARD14 mutation was identified. The pathophysiological mechanism of AGEP remains unclear, although mutations in the IL36RN gene have been identified in a small subset of AGEP patients. Similarly, mutations in the CARD14 gene have been linked to pustular types of psoriasis and familiar cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris; however, there are no reports associating mutations in the CARD14 gene with AGEP.

http://ift.tt/2wqLxSy

Prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in hospital-based nurses in northern China

Abstract

Background/Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hand eczema among nurses in northern China and to analyse associated risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective self-reported questionnaire was designed and distributed to 1322 nurses who were selected from three regional hospitals. Risk factors related to hand eczema in nurses were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Hand eczema was present in 183/934 respondents (20%) and was not significantly associated with gender or workplace (P > 0.05). Factors such as the use of moisturiser (odds ratio [OR] 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–1.0) and not wearing impervious gloves (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.7) were associated with lower odds of developing hand eczema. A personal (OR 5.7; 95% CI 3.9–8.2) and family history (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.5–3.5) of atopy, washing hands more than 20 times per day (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4), and more years working as a nurse (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.1) were associated with higher odds of developing hand eczema.

Conclusions

A personal and familial history of atopy, the prolonged use of impervious gloves, washing hands more than 20 times per day and more years in work as a nurse are all risk factors for increased hand eczema in nurses.

http://ift.tt/2vyeyPz

Drug eruption caused by enzalutamide: A case and literature review of androgen receptor inhibitor-related drug eruptions

Abstract

Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor. We report a new cutaneous eruption to this drug and review cases of drug eruptions caused by androgen receptor inhibitors.

http://ift.tt/2wqqYFE

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis and polyarthritis associated with a novel CARD14 mutation

Abstract

Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare toxicoderma characterised by an acute onset rash, with many sterile pustules on the surface, high fever and increased acute phase reactants. We report the case of a patient who presented to the dermatology department with an AGEP and polyarthritis, in which a novel CARD14 mutation was identified. The pathophysiological mechanism of AGEP remains unclear, although mutations in the IL36RN gene have been identified in a small subset of AGEP patients. Similarly, mutations in the CARD14 gene have been linked to pustular types of psoriasis and familiar cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris; however, there are no reports associating mutations in the CARD14 gene with AGEP.

http://ift.tt/2wqLxSy

Prevalence and risk factors of hand eczema in hospital-based nurses in northern China

Abstract

Background/Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hand eczema among nurses in northern China and to analyse associated risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective self-reported questionnaire was designed and distributed to 1322 nurses who were selected from three regional hospitals. Risk factors related to hand eczema in nurses were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Hand eczema was present in 183/934 respondents (20%) and was not significantly associated with gender or workplace (P > 0.05). Factors such as the use of moisturiser (odds ratio [OR] 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–1.0) and not wearing impervious gloves (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.7) were associated with lower odds of developing hand eczema. A personal (OR 5.7; 95% CI 3.9–8.2) and family history (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.5–3.5) of atopy, washing hands more than 20 times per day (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4), and more years working as a nurse (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.1) were associated with higher odds of developing hand eczema.

Conclusions

A personal and familial history of atopy, the prolonged use of impervious gloves, washing hands more than 20 times per day and more years in work as a nurse are all risk factors for increased hand eczema in nurses.

http://ift.tt/2vyeyPz

Drug eruption caused by enzalutamide: A case and literature review of androgen receptor inhibitor-related drug eruptions

Abstract

Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor. We report a new cutaneous eruption to this drug and review cases of drug eruptions caused by androgen receptor inhibitors.

http://ift.tt/2wqqYFE

Cleaved kininogen as a biomarker for bradykinin release in hereditary angioedema

Cleaved high-molecular weight kininogen (cHK) in plasma is a biomarker for bradykinin formation. We developed an immuno-assay to detect cHK in plasma. cHK plasma levels are increased in asymptomatic C1-INH-HAE patients, and increase further during angioedema attacks.

http://ift.tt/2vnWUgW

Plasma cell deficiency in humans with heterozygous mutations in SEC61A1

Heterozygous mutations in SEC61A1 are associated with plasma cell deficiency in patients with early-onset hypogammaglobulinemia and severe, recurrent respiratory tract infections but with normal B cell subpopulations in the peripheral blood.

http://ift.tt/2vnpMWD

A new allergen family involved in pollen food associated syndrome: snakin/gibberellin regulated proteins

At least two pollen food associated syndromes were described with cypress pollen allergy involving peach and citrus. Snakin/gibberellin regulated proteins are described herein to be the cross-reactive allergens between Cupressus sempervirens pollen and fruit/vegetables.

http://ift.tt/2v472Ji

Congenital pharyngeal webs: Treatment of a rare clinical entity by endoscopic CO2 laser approach

Oesophageal inlet stenosis can promote dysphagia and aspiration. We report the cases of syndromic children with congenital pharyngeal webs successfully treated with endoscopic CO2 laser.

http://ift.tt/2fdqD5V

Synthesis and activity of opioid peptidomimetics with β2- and β3-amino acids

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Peptides
Author(s): Katarzyna Gach-Janczak, Justyna Piekielna-Ciesielska, Anna Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk, Renata Perlikowska, Rafał Kruszyński, Alicja Kluczyk, Julia Krzywik, Jarosław Sukiennik, Maria Camilla Cerlesi, Girolamo Calo, Andrzej Wasilewski, Marta Zielińska, Anna Janecka
Morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2) is a selective ligand of the mu opioid receptor, an important target in pain regulation. In this study, morphiceptin was modified at positions 2 or 3 by introduction of β²- or β³-amino acids and additionally in position 1 by replacing Tyr by Dmt (2',6'-dimethyltyrosine), which resulted in obtaining enzymatically stable analogs with mixed opioid receptor affinity profiles. An analog of the sequence Dmt-D-Ala-(R)-β²-1-Nal-Pro-NH2 [Nal=3-(1-naphthyl)-alanine] showed very high activity at the mu and delta receptors in the calcium mobilization functional test but did not cross the artificial membrane imitating the blood-brain barrier. In the in vivo test this analog induced strong antinociceptive effect in the writhing test in mice after intraperitioneal but also oral administration and inhibited diarrhea similarly to loperamide. Therefore, it may become an interesting lead compound in the development of peripherally restricted drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2up6StS

The bacterial species associated with aspirated foreign bodies in children

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Auris Nasus Larynx
Author(s): Maayan Gruber, Graeme van Der Meer, Benjamin Ling, Colin Barber, Nikki Mills, Michel Neeff, Lesley Salkeld, Murali Mahadevan
ObjectiveInhaled foreign bodies in children are common and may be complicated by secondary airway tract infection. The inhaled foreign body may act as carrier of infectious material and the aim of this study was to explore the bacterial species associated with aspirated foreign bodies in a cohort of children.MethodsRetrospective case series of 34 patients who underwent rigid laryngobronchoscopy because of foreign body aspiration. Each patient had a sample taken from tracheobronchial secretions during the procedure.ResultsThe average patient age was 31.2 months and the average hospital stay was 2.5 days. Of the foreign bodies 24 (71%) were organic in nature and 10 (29%) were non-organic. Twenty eight (82.3%) patients had mixed oropharyngeal flora organisms growth. Fifteen (44%) samples were positive for organisms other than oropharyngeal flora with the most common cultured organisms being: Streptococcus pneumonia (4/12%), Haemophilus influenza (4/12%), Moraxella catarrhalis (4/12%). Four samples (12%) grew a fungus; Candida albicans was cultured in 3 patients and Aspergillus glaucus was identified in one sample. Of the non-oropharyngeal organisms 7(47%) demonstrated antibiotic resistance with four having resistance to amoxycillin, two resistant to penicillin and one resistant to cotrimoxazole.ConclusionSome children who present with aspirated foreign body may be complicated with secondary airway infection. Antibacterial treatment might be considered in some of these cases. The regimen of antibiotics should aim to cover oropharyngeal flora, S. pneumonia, H. influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis.



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The Otology Questionnaire Amsterdam: a generic patient reported outcome measure about the severity and impact of ear complaints. A cross-sectional study on the development of this questionnaire

Abstract

Objective

Development of the Otology Questionnaire Amsterdam (OQUA); a patient reported outcome measure (PROM), measuring the severity and impact of ear complaints of patients visiting an ENT surgeon.

Design

Multicenter, cross-sectional study.Phase 1: qualitative research. In depth interviews (N=16) to identify relevant types of ear complaints and to formulate items. Pilot study of the first and second draft of the OQUA (N=32, N=39). Phase 2: quantitative research. Field-testing of the OQUA (N=352). Item reduction based on inter-item correlation, factor analysis and expert opinion.

Setting

Two secondary and two tertiary ENT clinics.

Participants

Patients over the age of sixteen visiting an ENT surgeon with an ear complaint.

Main outcome measures

Phase 1: meaning units and frequency of selected descriptions. Phase 2:inter-item correlation, factor loading and Cronbach's Alpha (α).

Results

Phase 1: eight relevant types of ear complaints were identified: earache, pressure in ear, hearing loss, tinnitus, otorrhoea, itch, dizziness and loss of taste. Phase 2: factor analysis generated a factor 'impact' (α = 0.913). The current version of the OQUA consists of 34 items, covers eight types of ear complaints and consists of two constructs: complaints and impact.

Conclusion

The OQUA is a generic, otologic PROM designed to evaluate the severity of ear complaints and their impact on patients lives.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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A new technique for creating a neo-umbilicus in abdominoplasty

The umbilicus is an essential feature of the abdomen. In this article we describe a new technique for creating a neo-umbilicus in abdominoplasties.

http://ift.tt/2v225lJ

Brazilian Portuguese version of the Female Genital Self Image Scale (FGSIS) for women seeking abdominoplasty

Female body image is a multifaceted construct associated with satisfaction with specific body parts (e.g., abdomen, arms, thighs, among others), body size, and feeling comfortable showing the body to the partner or others1,2. These perceptions and feelings about the body are influenced by socio-cultural aspects and personal views, and may affect sexual performance and satisfaction3. Changes in body image are particularly evident in women who have experienced changes in the body, including pregnancy, weight gain, serious diseases such as cancer, and aging.

http://ift.tt/2wbNLWh

The Otology Questionnaire Amsterdam: a generic patient reported outcome measure about the severity and impact of ear complaints. A cross-sectional study on the development of this questionnaire

Abstract

Objective

Development of the Otology Questionnaire Amsterdam (OQUA); a patient reported outcome measure (PROM), measuring the severity and impact of ear complaints of patients visiting an ENT surgeon.

Design

Multicenter, cross-sectional study.Phase 1: qualitative research. In depth interviews (N=16) to identify relevant types of ear complaints and to formulate items. Pilot study of the first and second draft of the OQUA (N=32, N=39). Phase 2: quantitative research. Field-testing of the OQUA (N=352). Item reduction based on inter-item correlation, factor analysis and expert opinion.

Setting

Two secondary and two tertiary ENT clinics.

Participants

Patients over the age of sixteen visiting an ENT surgeon with an ear complaint.

Main outcome measures

Phase 1: meaning units and frequency of selected descriptions. Phase 2:inter-item correlation, factor loading and Cronbach's Alpha (α).

Results

Phase 1: eight relevant types of ear complaints were identified: earache, pressure in ear, hearing loss, tinnitus, otorrhoea, itch, dizziness and loss of taste. Phase 2: factor analysis generated a factor 'impact' (α = 0.913). The current version of the OQUA consists of 34 items, covers eight types of ear complaints and consists of two constructs: complaints and impact.

Conclusion

The OQUA is a generic, otologic PROM designed to evaluate the severity of ear complaints and their impact on patients lives.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2hszmSp

Top-down mass spectrometric immunoassay for human insulin and its therapeutic analogs

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Dobrin Nedelkov, Eric E. Niederkofler, Paul E. Oran, Scott Peterman, Randall W. Nelson
Measurement of insulin and its therapeutic analogs is important in diabetes, hypoglycemia, sports anti-doping and toxicology. Commercial insulin immunoassays fail to detect commonly prescribed insulin analogs. Because of their unique sequences and masses, these analogs are readily measured and distinguished with mass spectrometric (MS) assays. Reviewed here is an insulin mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) that combines micro-scale immunoaffinity capture with sensitive MS detection of insulin and its therapeutic analogs. An antibody reactive to all insulin analogs was used to affinity capture the insulin analogs. Following elution, insulins were detected with MALDI-TOF MS or LC-MS analysis. Isotopic resolution for insulin was achieved for both MS techniques, and several insulin analogs were detected at unique m/z signals. Porcine insulin, spiked in all samples, served as an internal reference standard for quantification. Linear standard curves spanning three orders of magnitude were obtained, with limits of detection of 15pM for the MALDI-TOF MS and 1.5pM for the LC-MS. This insulin assay was capable of detecting and quantifying not only human endogenous insulin, but also most of the therapeutic insulin analogs, which could find use in diagnosis of severe hypoglycemia and in sports anti-doping.SignificanceMeasurement of human insulin is critical for proper diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diabetes and hypoglycemia. Insulin replacement therapy consists of injection of long- or fast-acting insulin analogs with slightly modified primary sequences compared to human insulin. Assays that are capable of detecting all insulin analogs are desired, not only for medical management of diabetes and severe hypoglycemia but also for sports anti-doping and toxicology. It has been shown that commercial insulin immunoassays fail to detect commonly prescribed insulin analogs. Because of their unique sequences and masses, these analogs could be readily measured and distinguished with MS-based assays. The mass spectrometric immunoassay described here is capable of detecting and quantifying not only human endogenous insulin, but also most of the therapeutic insulin analogs, and can find use in diagnosis of severe hypoglycemia and in sports anti-doping.



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Merging in-silico and in vitro salivary protein complex partners using the STRING database: A tutorial

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Karla Tonelli Bicalho Crosara, Eduardo Buozi Moffa, Yizhi Xiao, Walter Luiz Siqueira
Protein-protein interaction is a common physiological mechanism for protection and actions of proteins in an organism. The identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions in different organisms is necessary to better understand their physiology and to determine their efficacy. In a previous in vitro study using mass spectrometry, we identified 43 proteins that interact with histatin 1. Six previously documented interactors were confirmed and 37 novel partners were identified. In this tutorial, we aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the STRING database for studying protein-protein interactions. We used an in-silico approach along with the STRING database (http://string-db.org/) and successfully performed a fast simulation of a novel constructed histatin 1 protein-protein network, including both the previously known and the predicted interactors, along with our newly identified interactors. Our study highlights the advantages and importance of applying bioinformatics tools to merge in-silico tactics with experimental in vitro findings for rapid advancement of our knowledge about protein-protein interactions. Our findings also indicate that bioinformatics tools such as the STRING protein network database can help predict potential interactions between proteins and thus serve as a guide for future steps in our exploration of the Human Interactome.SignificanceOur study highlights the usefulness of the STRING protein database for studying protein-protein interactions. The STRING database can collect and integrate data about known and predicted protein-protein associations from many organisms, including both direct (physical) and indirect (functional) interactions, in an easy-to-use interface.



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Psoralidin suppresses osteoclastogenesis in BMMs and attenuates LPS-mediated osteolysis by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines

Publication date: October 2017
Source:International Immunopharmacology, Volume 51
Author(s): Lingbo Kong, Rui Ma, Xiaobin Yang, Ziqi Zhu, Hua Guo, Baorong He, Biao Wang, Dingjun Hao
Psoralidin is a metabolic product from the seed of psoraleacorylifolia, possessed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We speculated that psoralidin might impact osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. By using both in vitro and in vivo studies, we observed psoralidin strongly inhibited RANKL induced osteoclast formation during preosteoclast cultures, suggesting that it acts on osteoclast precursors to inhibit RANKL/RANK signaling. At the molecular level, by using MAPKs specific inhibitors (U-0126, SB-203580 and SP-600125) we demonstrated that psoralidin markedly abrogated the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, JNK. Moreover, the RANKL induced NF-κB/p65 phosphorylation and I-κB degradation were significantly inhibited by psoralidin. Further, psoralidin significantly suppressed osteoclastogenesis marker genes of TRAP, Cathepsin K and OSCAR. These were accompanied by the decreased expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors. Consistent with in vitro results, our in vivo and serologic studies showed psoralidin inhibited lipopolysaccharide induced bone resorption by suppressing the inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α and IL-6 expression, as well as the ratio of RNAKL : OPG. These results collectively suggested that psoralidin could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for osteoclast-related disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and postmenopausal osteoporosis.



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Granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract: deciphering the Pandora’s box

Abstract

Granulomas are organised collection of activated histiocytes induced by a persistent antigen stimulus. A wide variety of antigens encountered by the gastrointestinal tract are of this nature and hence the resulting granulomatous inflammation represents a tissue reaction pattern. The potential causes can be broadly classified as infections or non-infectious immune reactions. There is also a group where a cause is never identified. Granulomas may be of varying morphological appearance, most commonly epithelioid, foreign body type, suppurative and necrotizing. This may provide a clue as to the aetiology; however, in most cases, the cause requires further inquiry. Pathologists may need to cut deeper levels to look for foreign material and apply special stains to look for microorganisms. Pathologists also need to be certain that the process is a true granuloma and not a mimic. The site of occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract and the clinical setting is often paramount in establishing the aetiology. For instance, infections are more likely the cause in developing countries or when there is immunosuppression. Similarly, granulomas in the stomach are usually due to Crohn's disease; however, it is only rarely the cause of granulomas isolated to the appendix.

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Object exploration in extremely preterm infants between 6 and 9 months and relation to cognitive and language development at 24 months

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 68
Author(s): Mariagrazia Zuccarini, Annalisa Guarini, Silvia Savini, Jana M. Iverson, Tiziana Aureli, Rosina Alessandroni, Giacomo Faldella, Alessandra Sansavini
Although early object exploration is considered a key ability for subsequent achievements, very few studies have analyzed its development in extremely low gestational age infants (ELGA- GA <28 weeks), whose early motor skills are delayed. Moreover, no studies have examined its developmental relationship with cognitive and language skills. The present study examined developmental change in Motor Object Exploration (MOE) and different types of MOE (Holding, Oral, Manual and Manual Rhythmic Exploration) in 20 ELGA and 20 full term (FT) infants observed during mother-infant play interaction at 6 and 9 months. It also explored whether specific types of MOE were longitudinally related to 24-month language and cognitive abilities (GMDS-R scores). ELGA infants increased MOE duration from 6 to 9 months, eliminating the initial difference with FT infants. In addition, ELGA infants showed a different pattern of Oral Exploration, that did not increase at 6 months and decrease at 9 months. Oral and Manual Exploration durations at 6 months were longitudinally related to 24-month GMDS-R language and cognitive performance scores respectively. We discuss the relevance of assessing early exploratory abilities in ELGA infants in order to implement customized intervention programs for supporting the development of these skills.



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Nonatopic persistent asthma in children, a missed phenotype of asthma?

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Author(s): Giorgio Longo, Ester Conversano, Elisa Panontin, Giovanna Ventura, Alessandro Ventura




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The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 140, Issue 2
Author(s): Laurent L. Reber, Joseph D. Hernandez, Stephen J. Galli
Anaphylaxis is a severe systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset; characterized by life-threatening airway, breathing, and/or circulatory problems; and usually associated with skin and mucosal changes. Because it can be triggered in some persons by minute amounts of antigen (eg, certain foods or single insect stings), anaphylaxis can be considered the most aberrant example of an imbalance between the cost and benefit of an immune response. This review will describe current understanding of the immunopathogenesis and pathophysiology of anaphylaxis, focusing on the roles of IgE and IgG antibodies, immune effector cells, and mediators thought to contribute to examples of the disorder. Evidence from studies of anaphylaxis in human subjects will be discussed, as well as insights gained from analyses of animal models, including mice genetically deficient in the antibodies, antibody receptors, effector cells, or mediators implicated in anaphylaxis and mice that have been "humanized" for some of these elements. We also review possible host factors that might influence the occurrence or severity of anaphylaxis. Finally, we will speculate about anaphylaxis from an evolutionary perspective and argue that, in the context of severe envenomation by arthropods or reptiles, anaphylaxis might even provide a survival advantage.



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Mast cell activation syndromes

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 140, Issue 2
Author(s): Cem Akin
Mast cell activation is common and possibly necessary for maintenance of survival. Disordered mast cell activation occurs when mast cells are pathologically overproduced or if their activation is out of proportion to the perceived threat to homeostasis. Mast cell activation syndrome refers to a group of disorders with diverse causes presenting with episodic multisystem symptoms as the result of mast cell mediator release. Despite introduction of diagnostic criteria and some advances in treatment in the last decade, many areas of mast cell activation syndrome are in need of research. This article reviews our current knowledge about the various types of mast cell activation disorders, their treatment, and areas of uncertainty in need of future investigation.



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The Editors' Choice

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 140, Issue 2
Author(s): Cezmi A. Akdis, Zuhair K. Ballas




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News Beyond Our Pages

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 140, Issue 2
Author(s): Marc E. Rothenberg, Jean Bousquet




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Technical note: PaGELL v.1.5: A flexible parametric program for the Bayesian analysis of longevity data within the context of animal breeding

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): J. Casellas, L.C. Brito
This technical note presents the program PaGELL v.1.5 (Parametric Genetic Evaluation of Lifespan in Livestock), a flexible software program to analyze (right-censored) longevity data in livestock populations, with a special emphasis on the genetic evaluation of the breeding stock. This software relies on a parametric generalization of the proportional hazard model; more specifically, the baseline hazard function follows a Weibull process and flexibility is gained by including an additional time-dependent effect with the number of change points defined by the user. The program can accommodate 3 different sources of variation (i.e., systematic, permanent environmental, and additive genetic effects) and both fixed and time-dependent patterns (only for systematic and permanent environmental effects). Analyses are performed within a Bayesian context by sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the model, and model fit can be easily determined by the calculation of the deviance information criterion. Although this software has already been used on field data sets, its performance has been double-checked on simulated data set, and results are presented in this technical note. PaGELL v.1.5 was written in Fortran 95 language and, after compiling with the GNU Fortran Compiler v.4.7 and later, it has been tested in Windows, Linux, and MacOS operating systems (both 32- and 64-bit platforms). This program is available at http://ift.tt/2v4aO5o.



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Short communication: Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli in colostrum from New Brunswick, Canada, dairy cows harbor blaCMY-2 and blaTEM resistance genes

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): B.B. Awosile, J.T. McClure, J. Sanchez, J. VanLeeuwen, J.C. Rodriguez-Lecompte, G. Keefe, L.C. Heider
Dairy calves are colonized shortly after birth by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, including Escherichia coli. The role of dairy colostrum fed to calves as a potential source of MDR bacteria resistance genes has not been investigated. This study determined the recovery rate of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) E. coli in colostrum from cows. The ESC-R E. coli isolates were further investigated to determine their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern and the genes conferring ESC-R. Fresh colostrum was collected from 452 cows from 8 dairy herds in New Brunswick, Canada. The ESC-R E. coli was isolated from the colostrum by using the VACC agar, a selective media for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for all the suspected ESC-R E. coli isolates using a commercial gram-negative broth microdilution method. Two multiplex PCR were conducted on all the suspected ESC-R E. coli isolates to determine the presence of the blaCTX-M (groups 1, 2, 9, and 8/25) blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM resistance genes. The ESC-R E. coli were detected in 20 (4.43%) of the colostrum samples. At least 1 ESC-R E. coli isolate was detected in 6 (75%) of the dairy herds. All ESC-R E. coli had MDR profiles based on minimum inhibitory concentration testing. No blaCTX-M groups genes were detected; however, the blaCMY-2 gene was detected in 9 or 20 (45%) and blaTEM was detected in 7 of 20 (35%) of the ESC-R E. coli. No ESC-R E. coli had both blaCMY-2 and blaTEM resistance genes. This is the first report of blaCMY-2 and blaTEM genes found in E. coli isolates cultured from dairy colostrum to our knowledge.



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Effect of prepartum exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement on hoof health

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): R.A. Black, S.R. van Amstel, P.D. Krawczel
Lameness is a major welfare concern in the dairy industry, and access to physical activity during the dry period may improve hoof health. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forced exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement of dry cows on horn growth and wear and sole thickness. Twenty-nine primiparous and 31 multiparous, pregnant, nonlactating Holstein (n = 58) and Jersey-Holstein crossbred (n = 2) dairy cows were assigned to either total confinement (n = 20), exercise (n = 20), or pasture (n = 20) treatments at dry-off using rolling enrollment from January to November 2015. Cows were managed with a 60-d dry period (58.5 ± 5.4 d) divided into far-off (dry-off to 2 wk before parturition) and close-up periods (2 wk before projected parturition). Cows were housed in a naturally ventilated, 4-row freestall barn at the University of Tennessee's Little River Animal and Environmental Unit (Walland, TN) with concrete flooring and deep-bedded sand freestalls. Cows assigned to confinement remained in the housing pen. Exercise cows were walked for a targeted 1.5 h at 3.25 km/h, 5 times/wk until calving. Pasture cows were turned out for a targeted 1.5 h, 5 times/wk until calving. Hoof growth and wear and sole thickness of the rear hooves were measured on d 2 and 44, relative to dry-off. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cranial and caudal horn wear was greater for exercise cows than confinement and pasture cows. Exercise cows experienced more equal rates of horn growth and wear cranially. Confined cows tended to increase sole thickness from d 2 to 44, relative to dry-off. Frequent, short duration exercise on concrete did not impair the hoof health of late-gestation dry cows. Further, exercise may improve overall hoof health, potentially improving cow welfare.



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Bulk tank milk antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a biosecurity tool for detecting dairy herds with past exposure to Mycoplasma bovis

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): A.M. Parker, J.K. House, M.S. Hazelton, K.L. Bosward, J.M. Morton, P.A. Sheehy
In Australia, one of the biosecurity recommendations to help prevent the introduction of Mycoplasma bovis into a dairy herd is to use a PCR assay on bulk tank milk (BTM) samples to evaluate the M. bovis infection status of potential source herds. An alternative approach is to assess the immunological status of the herd with respect to previous exposure to M. bovis via the use of an ELISA that is commercially available for use on cattle milk and serum. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate factors potentially associated with variation in the ELISA BTM optical density coefficient (ODC%) in previously exposed herds, (2) evaluate the association between the proportion of cows that are ELISA positive and the BTM ELISA ODC%, (3) assess agreement between the BTM ELISA and PCR and culture, and (4) compare BTM ELISA ODC% between the "hospital" herd and the main lactating herd on the same farm. Bulk tank milk samples (n = 192) were collected from 19 dairy herds with a history of clinical M. bovis disease and from 6 control herds (herds with no known clinical cases of mycoplasmosis). For 28 of the BTM samples collected, blood was also collected from 50 lactating cows contributing to that bulk tank sample. From 1 herd, concurrent paired BTM samples were collected from the main herd and the hospital herd on 16 occasions. All BTM samples were analyzed by ELISA (Bio-X Bio K 302, Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium), PCR, and culture. The BTM ELISA ODC% was associated with time since initial M. bovis outbreak and time since the start of the herd's calving period. Following an initial outbreak of M. bovis, the BTM ELISA ODC% was highest in the first 8 mo. In split- and seasonal-calving herds, significantly higher BTM ELISA ODC% results were observed 5 to 8 wk after the commencement of the calving period. A significant association was observed between the within-herd seroprevalence for the lactating herd and BTM ELISA ODC%, but within-herd seroprevalence explained little of the variation in BTM ELISA ODC%. When comparing the BTM ELISA with a multiplex probe PCR and culture followed by 16S to 23S rRNA sequencing, there was virtually no agreement above that expected by chance; prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa values were 0.22 and 0.25 for ELISA category versus PCR category and culture, respectively. Finally, the hospital herd BTM ELISA ODC% mirrored that for the main herd BTM but was significantly higher. This study demonstrates that this commercially available ELISA used on BTM samples may complement the use of BTM PCR or culture in identifying herds from which purchase of animals may pose a higher biosecurity risk for introduction of M. bovis into noninfected herds.



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Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecA or mecC and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in dairy sheep farms in central Italy

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): G. Giacinti, V. Carfora, A. Caprioli, D. Sagrafoli, N. Marri, G. Giangolini, R. Amoruso, M. Iurescia, F. Stravino, S. Dottarelli, F. Feltrin, A. Franco, S. Amatiste, A. Battisti
Between January and May 2012, a total of 286 bulk tank milk samples from dairy sheep farms located in central Italy were tested for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred fifty-three samples were positive for S. aureus (53.5%), with an average count of 2.53 log cfu/mL. A total of 679 S. aureus colonies were screened for methicillin resistance by the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, and 104 selected cefoxitin-susceptible isolates were also tested for their susceptibility to other antimicrobials representative of the most relevant classes active against Staphylococcus spp. by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, carrying respectively the mecA and the mecC genes, were detected in 2 samples from 2 different farms (prevalence 0.7%). The mecA-positive MRSA isolate was blaZ positive, belonged to spa type t127, sequence type (ST)1, clonal complex (CC)1, carried a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IVa, and was phenotypically resistant to all the β-lactams tested and to erythromycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. The mecC-positive MRSA isolate was negative for the chromosomally or plasmid-associated blaZ gene but positive for the blaZ allotype associated with SCCmec XI (blaZ-SCCmecXI), belonged to spa type 843, ST(CC)130, carried a SCCmec type XI, and was resistant only to β-lactams. Both MRSA were negative for the presence of specific immune-evasion and virulence genes such as those coding for the Panton-Valentine leucocidin, the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and the immune evasion cluster genes. Regarding the presence of the major S. aureus enterotoxin genes, the mecC-positive MRSA tested negative, whereas the ST (CC)1 mecA-positive MRSA harbored the seh gene. Among the 104 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, 63 (60.58%) were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, and 41 (39.42%) were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial. In particular, 23 isolates (22.12%) were resistant to tetracycline, 16 (15.38%) to sulfonomides, 14 (13.46%) to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, and 9 (8.65%) to ampicillin, whereas only 1 isolate was resistant to both fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The high prevalence of S. aureus found in bulk tank milk samples and the isolation of MRSA, although at a low prevalence, underlines the importance of adopting control measures against S. aureus in dairy sheep farms to minimize the risks for animal and public health. Moreover, this study represents the first report of mecC-positive MRSA isolation in Italy and would confirm that, among livestock animals, sheep might act as a mecC-MRSA reservoir. Although this lineage seems to be rare in dairy sheep (0.35% of farms tested), because mecC-positive MRSA are difficult to detect by diagnostic routine methods employed for mecA-positive livestock-associated MRSA, diagnostic laboratories should be aware of the importance of searching for the mecC gene in all the mecA-negative S. aureus isolates displaying resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, or both.



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Whole-body propionate and glucose metabolism of multiparous dairy cows receiving folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M. Duplessis, H. Lapierre, B. Ouattara, N. Bissonnette, D. Pellerin, J.-P. Laforest, C.L. Girard
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of supplementation of folic acid and vitamin B12 on glucose and propionate metabolism. Twenty-four multiparous cows were assigned according to a complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to one of the following treatments: (1) saline 0.9% NaCl, (2) 320 mg of folic acid, (3) 10 mg of vitamin B12, or (4) 320 mg of folic acid and 10 mg of vitamin B12. Intramuscular injections were given weekly from 3 wk before the expected calving date until 9 wk postpartum. At 63 d in milk, d-[6,6-²H2]-glucose (16.5 mmol/h; jugular vein) and [1-¹³C]-sodium propionate (13.9 mmol/h; ruminal vein) were simultaneously infused for 4 h; blood samples were collected from 2 to 4 h of the infusion period. Liver biopsies were carried out the following day. Supplements of folic acid and vitamin B12 respectively increased folate and vitamin B12 concentrations, both in milk and liver. Although dry matter intake was unaffected by treatments, milk and milk lactose yields tended to be lower by 5.0 and by 0.25 kg/d, respectively, for cows receiving the folic acid supplement. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration with the folic acid supplement followed the same tendency. Hepatic gene expression of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase was higher for cows receiving the combined folic acid and vitamin B12 supplement compared with cows receiving only the supplement of folic acid, whereas no treatment effect was noted for cows not receiving the folic acid supplement. Whole-body glucose rate of appearance and the proportion of whole-body glucose rate of appearance secreted in milk lactose decreased by 229 g/d and 5%, respectively, for animals receiving the folic acid supplement, concomitant with the lower milk lactose synthesis in these cows, indicating that supplementary folic acid may alter energy partitioning in cows. The absence of treatment effect on plasma concentrations of methylmalonic acid as well as on the proportion of glucose synthesized from propionate, averaging 60%, supports the fact that vitamin B12 supply was sufficient in control cows in the current study. Our results suggest that the folic acid supplement reduced glucose-derived lactose synthesis by redirecting glucose for other metabolic activity in the mammary gland or in other tissues.



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Transcript analysis at DGAT1 reveals different mRNA profiles in river buffaloes with extreme phenotypes for milk fat

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M. Gu, G. Cosenza, I. Nicolae, A. Bota, Y. Guo, L. Di Stasio, A. Pauciullo
Buffalo DGAT1 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1) was mainly investigated for the characterization of the gene itself and for the identification of the K232A polymorphism, similar to what has been accomplished in cattle, although no information has been reported so far at the mRNA level. The importance of DGAT1 for lipid metabolism led us to investigate the transcript profiles of lactating buffaloes characterized as high (9.13 ± 0.23) and low (7.94 ± 0.29) for milk fat percentage, and to explore the genetic diversity at the RNA and DNA level. A total of 336 positive clones for the DGAT1 cDNA were analyzed by PCR and chosen for sequencing according to the differences in length. The clone assembling revealed a very complex mRNA pattern with a total of 21 transcripts differently represented in the 2 groups of animals. Apart from the correct transcript (17 exons long), the skipping of exon 12 is the most significant in terms of distribution of clones with 11.6% difference between the 2 groups, whereas a totally different mRNA profile was found in approximately 12% of clones. The sequencing of genomic DNA allowed the identification of 10 polymorphic sites at the intron level, which clarify, at least partially, the genetic events behind the production of complex mRNA. Genetic diversity was found also at the exon level. The single nucleotide polymorphism c.1053C>T represents the first example of polymorphism in a coding region for the DGAT1 in the Italian Mediterranean breed. To establish whether this polymorphism is present in other buffalo breeds, a quick method based on PCR-RFLP was set up for allelic discrimination in the Italian Mediterranean and the Romanian Murrah (200 animals in total). The alleles were equally represented in the overall population, whereas the analysis of the 2 breeds showed different frequencies, likely indicating diverse genetic structure of the 2 breeds. The T allele might be considered as the ancestral condition of the DGAT1 gene, being present in the great part of the sequenced species. These data add knowledge at the transcript and genetic levels for the buffalo DGAT1 and open the opportunity for further investigation of other genes involved in milk fat metabolism for the river buffalo, including the future possibility of selecting alleles with quantitative or qualitative favorable effects (or both).



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Changes in animal performance and profitability of Holstein dairy operations after introduction of crossbreeding with Montbéliarde, Normande, and Scandinavian Red

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): C. Dezetter, N. Bareille, D. Billon, C. Côrtes, C. Lechartier, H. Seegers
An individual-based mechanistic, stochastic, and dynamic simulation model was developed to assess economic effects resulting from changes in performance for milk yield and solid contents, reproduction, health, and replacement, induced by the introduction of crossbreeding in Holstein dairy operations. Three crossbreeding schemes, Holstein × Montbéliarde, Holstein × Montbéliarde × Normande, and Holstein × Montbéliarde × Scandinavian Red, were implemented in Holstein dairy operations and compared with Holstein pure breeding. Sires were selected based on their estimated breeding value for milk. Two initial operations were simulated according to the prevalence (average or high) of reproductive and health disorders in the lactating herd. Evolution of operations was simulated during 15 yr under 2 alternative managerial goals (constant number of cows or constant volume of milk sold). After 15 yr, breed percentages reached equilibrium for the 2-breed but not for the 3-breed schemes. After 5 yr of simulation, all 3 crossbreeding schemes reduced average milk yield per cow-year compared with the pure Holstein scheme. Changes in other animal performance (milk solid contents, reproduction, udder health, and longevity) were always in favor of crossbreeding schemes. Under an objective of constant number of cows, margin over variable costs in average discounted value over the 15 yr of simulation was slightly increased by crossbreeding schemes, with an average prevalence of disorders up to €32/cow-year. In operations with a high prevalence of disorders, crossbreeding schemes increased the margin over variable costs up to €91/cow-year. Under an objective of constant volume of milk sold, crossbreeding schemes improved margin over variable costs up to €10/1,000L (corresponding to around €96/cow-year) for average prevalence of disorders, and up to €13/1,000L (corresponding to around €117/cow-year) for high prevalence of disorders. Under an objective of constant number of cows, an unfavorable pricing context (milk price vs. concentrates price) increased slightly crossbreeding positive effects on margin over variable costs. Under an objective of constant volume of milk, only very limited changes in differences of margins were found between the breeding schemes. Our results, obtained conditionally to the parameterization values used here, suggest that dairy crossbreeding should be considered as a relevant option for Holstein dairy operations with a production level until 9,000 kg/cow-year in France, and possibly in other countries.



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Short communication: The role of genotypes from animals without phenotypes in single-step genomic evaluations

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): T. Shabalina, E.C.G. Pimentel, C. Edel, L. Plieschke, R. Emmerling, K.-U. Götz
In a 2-step genomic system, genotypes of animals without phenotypes do not influence genomic prediction of other animals, but that might not be the case in single-step systems. We investigated the effects of including genotypes from culled bulls on the reliability of genomic predictions from single-step evaluations. Four scenarios with a constant amount of phenotypic information and increasing numbers of genotypes from culled bulls were simulated and compared with respect to prediction reliability. With increasing numbers of genotyped culled bulls, there was a corresponding increase in prediction reliability. For instance, in our simulation scenario the reliability for selection candidates was twice as large when all culled bulls from the last 4 generations were included in the analysis. Single-step evaluations imply the imputation of all nongenotyped animals in the pedigree. We showed that this imputation was increasingly more accurate as increasingly more genotypic information from the culled bulls was taken into account. This resulted in higher prediction reliabilities. The extent of the benefit from including genotypes from culled bulls might be more relevant for small populations with low levels of reliabilities.



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Causal effect of prolificacy on milk yield in dairy sheep using propensity score

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Vera C. Ferreira, David L. Thomas, Bruno D. Valente, Guilherme J.M. Rosa
In animal production, it is often important to investigate causal relationships among variables. The gold standard tool for such investigation is randomized experiments. However, randomized experiments may not always be feasible, possible, or cost effective or reflect real-world farm conditions. Sometimes it is necessary to infer effects from farm-recorded data. Inferring causal effects between variables from field data is challenging because the association between them may arise not only from the effect of one on another but also from confounding background factors. Propensity score (PS) methods address this issue by correcting for confounding in different levels of the causal variable, which allows unbiased inference of causal effects. Here the objective was to estimate the causal effect of prolificacy on milk yield (MY) in dairy sheep using PS based on matched samples. Data consisted of 4,319 records from 1,534 crossbred ewes. Confounders were lactation number (first, second, and third through sixth) and dairy breed composition (<0.5, 0.5–0.75, and >0.75 of East Friesian or Lacaune). The causal variable prolificacy was considered as 2 levels (single or multiple lambs at birth). The outcome MY represented the volume of milk produced in the whole lactation. Pairs of single- and multiple-birth ewes (1,166) with similar PS were formed. The matching process diminished major discrepancies in the distribution of prolificacy for each confounder variable indicating bias reduction (cutoff standardized bias = 20%). The causal effect was estimated as the average difference within pairs. The effect of prolificacy on MY per lactation was 20.52 L of milk with a simple matching estimator and 12.62 L after correcting for remaining biases. A core advantage of causal over probabilistic approaches is that they allow inference of how variables would react as a result of external interventions (e.g., changes in the production system). Therefore, results imply that management and decision-making practices increasing prolificacy would positively affect MY, which is important knowledge at the farm level. Farm-recorded data can be a valuable source of information given its low cost, and it reflects real-world herd conditions. In this context, PS methods can be extremely useful as an inference tool for investigating causal effects. In addition, PS analysis can be implemented as a preliminary evaluation or a hypothesis generator for future randomized trials (if the trait analyzed allows randomization).



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Short communication: Prevalence of digital dermatitis in Canadian dairy cattle classified as high, average, or low antibody- and cell-mediated immune responders

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): S.L. Cartwright, F. Malchiodi, K. Thompson-Crispi, F. Miglior, B.A. Mallard
Lameness is a major animal welfare issue affecting Canadian dairy producers, and it can lead to production, reproduction, and health problems in dairy cattle herds. Although several different lesions affect dairy cattle hooves, studies show that digital dermatitis is the most common lesion identified in Canadian dairy herds. It has also been shown that dairy cattle classified as having high immune response (IR) have lower incidence of disease compared with those animals with average and low IR; therefore, it has been hypothesized that IR plays a role in preventing infectious hoof lesions. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of digital dermatitis in Canadian dairy cattle that were classified for antibody-mediated (AMIR) and cell-mediated (CMIR) immune response. Cattle (n = 329) from 5 commercial dairy farms in Ontario were evaluated for IR using a patented test protocol that captures both AMIR and CMIR. Individuals were classified as high, average, or low responders based on standardized residuals for AMIR and CMIR. Residuals were calculated using a general linear model that included the effects of herd, parity, stage of lactation, and stage of pregnancy. Hoof health data were collected from 2011 to 2013 by the farm's hoof trimmer using Hoof Supervisor software (KS Dairy Consulting Inc., Dresser, WI). All trim events were included for each animal, and lesions were assessed as a binary trait at each trim event. Hoof health data were analyzed using a mixed model that included the effects of herd, stage of lactation (at trim date), parity (at trim date), IR category (high, average, and low), and the random effect of animal. All data were presented as prevalence within IR category. Results showed that cows with high AMIR had significantly lower prevalence of digital dermatitis than cattle with average and low AMIR. No significant difference in prevalence of digital dermatitis was observed between high, average, and low CMIR cows. These results indicate that having more robust AMIR is associated with lower prevalence of digital dermatitis hoof lesions.



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Environmental life cycle assessment of Italian mozzarella cheese: Hotspots and improvement opportunities

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): A. Dalla Riva, J. Burek, D. Kim, G. Thoma, M. Cassandro, M. De Marchi
The present study investigated a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment to estimate the environmental impacts associated with Italian mozzarella cheese consumption. The differences between mozzarella produced from raw milk and mozzarella produced from curd were studied, and differences in manufacturing processes have been emphasized in order to provide guidance for targeted improvements at this phase. Specifically, the third-largest Italian mozzarella producer was surveyed to collect site-specific manufacturing data. The Ecoinvent v3.2 database was used for secondary data, whereas SimaPro 8.1 was the modeling software. The inventory included inputs from farm activities to end of life disposal of wasted mozzarella and packaging. Additionally, plant-specific information was used to assign major inputs, such as electricity, natural gas, packaging, and chemicals to specific products; however, where disaggregated information was not provided, milk solids allocation was applied. Notably, loss of milk solids was accounted during the manufacture, moreover mozzarella waste and transport were considered during distribution, retail, and consumption phases. Feed production and animal emissions were the main drivers of raw milk production. Electricity and natural gas usage, packaging (cardboard and plastic), transport, wastewater treatment, and refrigerant loss affected the emissions from a farm gate-to-dairy plant gate perspective. Post-dairy plant gate effects were mainly determined by electricity usage for storage of mozzarella, transport of mozzarella, and waste treatment. The average emissions were 6.66 kg of CO2 equivalents and 45.1 MJ of cumulative energy demand/kg of consumed mozzarella produced directly from raw milk, whereas mozzarella from purchased curd had larger emissions than mozzarella from raw milk due to added transport of curd from specialty manufacturing plants, as well as electricity usage from additional processes at the mozzarella plant that are required to process the curd into mozzarella. Normalization points to ecotoxicity as the impact category most significantly influenced by mozzarella consumption. From a farm gate-to-grave perspective, ecotoxicity and freshwater and marine eutrophication are the first and second largest contributors of mozzarella consumption to average European effects, respectively. To increase environmental sustainability, an improvement of efficiency for energy and packaging usage and transport activities is recommended in the post-farm gate mozzarella supply chain.



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Short communication: Effect of fatty acid supplements on apparent ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): D.S. Castagnino, K.J. Harvatine, M.S. Allen, R. Gervais, P.Y. Chouinard, C.L. Girard
The effect of fat supplements (FS) providing different proportions of saturated (SFA) and unsaturated (UFA) fatty acids on supply, apparent ruminal synthesis (ARS), and duodenal flow (DF) of some B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folates, and vitamin B12) were evaluated in an experiment using 8 ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows. The experiment was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d treatment periods. The 4 treatments were a control diet without fatty acid supplement and 3 diets with 2.5% additional fatty acids from supplements containing (1) SFA, (2) an intermediate mixture of SFA and UFA, or (3) UFA. All diets were served as a total mixed ration once daily at 115% of the expected intake. B-vitamin concentrations were analyzed in feed and duodenal digesta. Apparent ruminal synthesis of each B vitamin was calculated as the DF minus the intake. B-vitamin concentrations were similar among the 4 treatments; consequently, daily intake of the vitamins followed the same pattern as dry matter intake. Adding FS decreased B-vitamin intakes (except vitamin B12), as did increasing the proportion of UFA. Riboflavin and niacin DF and ARS, expressed as total daily amount or per unit of dry matter intake, were not affected by FS, but increasing the proportion of UFA decreased riboflavin and niacin DF and ARS. Fat supplements decreased DF of vitamin B6, expressed either as total daily amount or per unit of dry matter intake. No treatment effects were observed on total daily folate DF and ARS. However, when expressed per unit of dry matter intake, folate DF and ARS were greater when cows were fed FS and they increased linearly with the proportion of UFA in the supplement. Inclusion of fat supplements into the dairy cow diet had a limited effect on the fate of most B vitamins in the rumen although increasing the proportion of UFA in the FS linearly decreased apparent synthesis of riboflavin and niacin in the rumen and the amounts of these vitamins reaching the small intestine.



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Human milk oligosaccharide consumption by probiotic and human-associated bifidobacteria and lactobacilli

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Taksawan Thongaram, Jennifer L. Hoeflinger, JoMay Chow, Michael J. Miller
Human milk contains high concentrations of nondigestible complex oligosaccharides (human milk oligosaccharides; HMO) that reach the colon and are subsequently fermented by the infant gut microbiota. Using a high-throughput, low-volume growth determination, we evaluated the ability of 12 lactobacilli and 12 bifidobacteria strains, including several commercial probiotics, to ferment HMO and their constituent monomers. Of the 24 strains tested, only Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis ATCC 15697 and Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 were able to ferment 3′-sialyllactose, 6′-sialyllactose, 2′-fucosyllactose, and 3′-fucosyllactose. Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 degraded almost 90% of the 2′-fucosyllactose but left most of the fucose in the supernatant, as detected by HPLC. Among bifidobacteria, only the B. infantis strains and Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 were able to ferment lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). Among lactobacilli, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM was found to be the most efficient at utilizing LNnT. The extracellular β-galactosidase (lacL, LBA1467) of L. acidophilus NCFM cleaves the terminal galactose of LNnT for growth, leaving lacto-N-triose II in the media as detected by HPLC. Inactivation of lacL abolishes growth of L. acidophilus NCFM on LNnT. These results contribute to our knowledge of HMO–microbe interactions and demonstrate the potential for synbiotic combinations of pre- and probiotics.



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The effect of bleaching agents on the degradation of vitamins and carotenoids in spray-dried whey protein concentrate

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M.A. Stout, C.W. Park, M.A. Drake
Previous research has shown that bleaching affects flavor and functionality of whey proteins. The role of different bleaching agents on vitamin and carotenoid degradation is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bleaching whey with traditional annatto (norbixin) by hydrogen peroxide (HP), benzoyl peroxide (BP), or native lactoperoxidase (LP) on vitamin and carotenoid degradation in spray-dried whey protein concentrate 80% protein (WPC80). An alternative colorant was also evaluated. Cheddar whey colored with annatto (15 mL/454 L of milk) was manufactured, pasteurized, and fat separated and then assigned to bleaching treatments of 250 mg/kg HP, 50 mg/kg BP, or 20 mg/kg HP (LP system) at 50°C for 1 h. In addition to a control (whey with norbixin, whey from cheese milk with an alternative colorant (AltC) was evaluated. The control and AltC wheys were also heated to 50°C for 1 h. Wheys were concentrated to 80% protein by ultrafiltration and spray dried. The experiment was replicated in triplicate. Samples were taken after initial milk pasteurization, initial whey formation, after fat separation, after whey pasteurization, after bleaching, and after spray drying for vitamin and carotenoid analyses. Concentrations of retinol, a-tocopherol, water-soluble vitamins, norbixin, and other carotenoids were determined by HPLC, and volatile compounds were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sensory attributes of the rehydrated WPC80 were documented by a trained panel. After chemical or enzymatic bleaching, WPC80 displayed 7.0 to 33.3% reductions in retinol, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, thiamin, α-carotene, and α-tocopherol. The WPC80 bleached with BP contained significantly less of these compounds than the HP- or LP-bleached WPC80. Riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, and cobalamin concentrations in fluid whey were not affected by bleaching. Fat-soluble vitamins were reduced in all wheys by more than 90% following curd formation and fat separation. With the exception of cobalamin and ascorbic acid, water-soluble vitamins were reduced by less than 20% throughout processing. Norbixin destruction, volatile compound, and sensory results were consistent with previous studies on bleached WPC80. The WPC80 colored with AltC had a similar sensory profile, volatile compound profile, and vitamin concentration as the control WPC80.



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Validation of 2 noninvasive, markerless reconstruction techniques in biplane high-speed fluoroscopy for 3-dimensional research of bovine distal limb kinematics

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M. Weiss, E. Reich, S. Grund, C.K.W. Mülling, S.M. Geiger
Lameness severely impairs cattle's locomotion, and it is among the most important threats to animal welfare, performance, and productivity in the modern dairy industry. However, insight into the pathological alterations of claw biomechanics leading to lameness and an understanding of the biomechanics behind development of claw lesions causing lameness are limited. Biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography is a new approach for the analysis of skeletal motion. Biplane high-speed videos in combination with bone scans can be used for 3-dimensional (3D) animations of bones moving in 3D space. The gold standard, marker-based animation, requires implantation of radio-opaque markers into bones, which impairs the practicability for lameness research in live animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative accuracy of 2 noninvasive, markerless animation techniques (semi-automatic and manual) in 3D animation of the bovine distal limb. Tantalum markers were implanted into each of the distal, middle, and proximal phalanges of 5 isolated bovine distal forelimbs, and biplane high-speed x-ray videos of each limb were recorded to capture the simulation of one step. The limbs were scanned by computed tomography to create bone models of the 6 digital bones, and 3D animation of the bones' movements were subsequently reconstructed using the marker-based, the semi-automatic, and the manual animation techniques. Manual animation translational bias and precision varied from 0.63 ± 0.26 mm to 0.80 ± 0.49 mm, and rotational bias and precision ranged from 2.41 ± 1.43° to 6.75 ± 4.67°. Semi-automatic translational values for bias and precision ranged from 1.26 ± 1.28 mm to 2.75 ± 2.17 mm, and rotational values varied from 3.81 ± 2.78° to 11.7 ± 8.11°. In our study, we demonstrated the successful application of biplane high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography to gait analysis of bovine distal limb. Using the manual animation technique, kinematics can be measured with sub-millimeter accuracy without the need for invasive marker implantation.



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Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on leukocyte mRNA expression for genes related to cell energy metabolism, cytokine production, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and adaptive immunity

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): P.R.B. Silva, C.D. Nelson, J.P. Driver, W.W. Thatcher, R.C. Chebel
Objectives of the current experiment were to evaluate the effects of treatment of periparturient dairy cows with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on mRNA expression in peripheral leukocytes for genes related to the somatotropic axis, cell energy metabolism, and innate and adaptive immune responses. Cows were enrolled in the experiment at 253 ± 3 d of gestation and assigned to an untreated control group (n = 98) or to receive 125 mg of rbST weekly from −21 to 21 d relative to calving (rbST125; n = 98). Data from a subsample of cows (control = 16, rbST125 = 16) are reported herein. Hemogram and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and expression of adhesion molecules were determined weekly, from −28 ± 3 to 24 ± 3 d relative to calving. Cows were vaccinated with ovalbumin at −21 ± 3, −7 ± 3, and 7 ± 3 d relative to calving. Serum IgG anti-ovalbumin and haptoglobin optical densities were determined weekly, from −28 ± 3 to 24 ± 3 d relative to calving. Leukocytes were isolated from whole blood on d −21 ± 3, −7 ± 3, and 7 ± 3 relative to calving to determine leukocyte mRNA expression for 66 genes. Cows in the rbST125 treatment had greater concentration of granulocytes 1 wk prepartum (control = 3.7 ± 0.4 vs. rbST125 = 4.6 ± 0.4 × 10⁹ cells/L). Expression of CD18 by PMNL during the prepartum (control = 3,262 ± 280 vs. rbST125 = 3,926 ± 260 geometric mean fluorescence intensity) and percentage of PMNL positive for phagocytosis and oxidative burst 1 wk postpartum (control = 59.2 ± 2.8 vs. rbST125 = 67.6 ± 3.1%) were increased in rbST125 cows. Postpartum IgG anti-ovalbumin optical density was higher in rbST125 cows than control cows (control = 1.5 ± 0.1 vs. rbST125 = 1.9 ± 0.1 optical density). On d −7 relative to calving, leukocyte mRNA expression of IGF1R and JAK1 tended to be downregulated and expression of DEFB3 tended to be upregulated by rbST treatment. Expression of mRNA for STAT1, RELA, and NOD2 tended to be upregulated, expression of RAC2 was downregulated, and expression of JAK3, BLK, and TNFα tended to be downregulated on d 7 relative to calving by rbST treatment. Effects of treatment of periparturient cows with 125 mg of rbST on leukocyte gene expression were minute; thus, additional experiments are necessary to elucidate how rbST-induced increases in growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations may modulate the immune response of periparturient cows.



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Effect of lignin linkages with other plant cell wall components on in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber digestibility and rate of digestion of grass forages

Publication date: Available online 2 August 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): E. Raffrenato, R. Fievisohn, K.W. Cotanch, R.J. Grant, L.E. Chase, M.E. Van Amburgh
The objective of this study was to correlate in vitro and in vivo neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (NDFD) with the chemical composition of forages and specific chemical linkages, primarily ester- and ether-linked para-coumaric (pCA) and ferulic acids (FA) in forages fed to dairy cattle. The content of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and its relationship with NDF does not fully explain the observed variability in NDFD. The ferulic and p-coumaric acid linkages between ADL and cell wall polysaccharides, rather than the amount of ADL, might be a better predictor of NDFD. Twenty-three forages, including conventional and brown midrib corn silages and grasses at various stages of maturity were incubated in vitro for measurement of 24-h and 96-h NDFD. Undigested and digested residues were analyzed for NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), ADL, and Klason lignin (KL); ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA were determined in these fractions. To determine whether in vitro observations of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA and digestibility were similar to in vivo observations, 3 corn silages selected for digestibility were fed to 6 ruminally fistulated cows for 3 wk in 3 iso-NDF diets. Intact samples and NDF and ADF residues of diet, rumen, and feces were analyzed for ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA. From the in vitro study, the phenolic acid content (total pCA and FA) was highest for corn silages, and overall the content of ester- and ether-linked pCA and FA in both NDF and ADF residues were correlated with NDF digestibility parameters, reflecting the competitive effect of these linkages on digestibility. Also, Klason lignin and ADL were negatively correlated with ether-linked ferulic acid on an NDF basis. Overall, esterified FA and esterified pCA were negatively correlated with all of the measured fiber fractions on both a dry matter and an NDF basis. The lignin content of the plant residues and chemical linkages explained most of the variation in both rate and extent of NDF digestion but not uniformly among forages, ranging from 56 to 99%. The results from the in vivo study were similar to the in vitro data, demonstrating the highest total-tract aNDF digestibility (70%; NDF analysis conducted with α-amylase and sodium sulfite) for cows fed the corn silage with the lowest ester- and ether-linked pCA content in the NDF fraction. In this study, digestibility of forage fiber was influenced by the linkages among lignin and the carbohydrate moieties, which vary by hybrid and species and most likely vary by the agronomic conditions under which the plant was grown.



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Sponsoring Organizations and Liaisons

Publication date: August 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Volume 118, Issue 2





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Table of Contents

Publication date: August 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Volume 118, Issue 2





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The Essentials

Publication date: August 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Volume 118, Issue 2





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Editorial Board

Publication date: August 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Volume 118, Issue 2





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News and Notes

Publication date: August 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Volume 118, Issue 2





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Transverse relaxation of cerebrospinal fluid depends on glucose concentration

Publication date: Available online 3 August 2017
Source:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Author(s): A. Daoust, S. Dodd, G. Nair, N. Bouraoud, S. Jacobson, S. Walbridge, D.S. Reich, A. Koretsky
PurposeTo evaluate the biophysical processes that generate specific T2 values and their relationship to specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) content.Materials and methodsCSF T2s were measured ex vivo (14.1T) from isolated CSF collected from human, rat and non-human primate. CSF T2s were also measured in vivo at different field strength in human (3 and 7T) and rodent (1, 4.7, 9,4 and 11.7T) using different pulse sequences. Then, relaxivities of CSF constituents were measured, in vitro, to determine the major molecule responsible for shortening CSF T2 (2s) compared to saline T2 (3s). The impact of this major molecule on CSF T2 was then validated in rodent, in vivo, by the simultaneous measurement of the major molecule concentration and CSF T2.ResultsEx vivo CSF T2 was about 2.0s at 14.1T for all species. In vivo human CSF T2 approached ex vivo values at 3T (2.0s) but was significantly shorter at 7T (0.9s). In vivo rodent CSF T2 decreased with increasing magnetic field and T2 values similar to the in vitro ones were reached at 1T (1.6s). Glucose had the largest contribution of shortening CSF T2in vitro. This result was validated in rodent in vivo, showing that an acute change in CSF glucose by infusion of glucose into the blood, can be monitored via changes in CSF T2 values.ConclusionThis study opens the possibility of monitoring glucose regulation of CSF at the resolution of MRI by quantitating T2.



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