Olive oil inhibits aging signs induced by chronic stress in ex vivo human skin via inhibition of the extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 and c‐JUN pathways

Abstract

Objective

Chronic stress‐induced oxidative damage and protease synthesis cause a loss of extracellular matrix components promoting human skin aging. The administration of antioxidant compounds, such as those observed in olive oil, may attenuate stress‐induced aging signs in human skin. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of olive oil administration in ex vivo stressed human skin.

Methods

Explants of human skin were treated with high levels of epinephrine (as observed in stressed patients) and olive oil in medium for 13 days. Cultures treated with medium alone were used as controls.

Results

Olive oil reversed the high epinephrine level‐induced reduction in epidermis and dermis thickness and collagen fiber content in ex vivo human skin. The increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde levels (an index of lipid peroxidation) promoted by high levels of epinephrine were also attenuated by olive oil in ex vivo human skin. Moreover, olive oil was able to reverse the high epinephrine level‐induced increase in extracellular signal‐related kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and c‐JUN (a major component of transcription factor AP‐1) phosphorylation and protein matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression in ex vivo human skin.

Conclusion

Olive oil attenuates stress‐induced aging signs (thinner dermis and collagen fiber loss) in ex vivo human skin by reducing MMP‐2 expression, ROS production, and ERK 1/2 and c‐JUN phosphorylation.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2TPw7TC

False negative rate of fine‐needle aspiration in thyroid nodules: impact of nodule size and ultrasound pattern

Abstract

Background

To retrospectively evaluate the false negative rate of ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) according to the nodule size and ultrasound pattern.

Methods

We included 432 consecutive thyroid nodules from 384 patients who underwent ultrasound‐guided FNA with benign results (≥1 cm). The false negative rate in the nodules was assessed according to the nodule size and ultrasound pattern based on the Korean‐Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K‐TIRADS).

Results

The overall false negative rate was 3.2%. There was a trend toward an increasing false negative rate as the K‐TIRADS score increased (P < .001). In low or high suspicion nodules (K‐TIRADS 3 and 5), there was no significant difference in false negative rate according to the nodule size; however, among the intermediate suspicion nodules (K‐TIRADS 4), the false negative rate was higher in large nodules (≥3 cm, P = .039).

Conclusion

The impact of nodule size on the false negative rate differed according to the ultrasound pattern.

http://bit.ly/2UTorjz

Botulinum toxin A for pain reduction in pediatric patients with Parry‐Romberg syndrome

Abstract

Parry‐Romberg syndrome (PRS) is characterized by hemiatrophy of facial structures, including skin, subcutaneous fat, muscle, bone, and cartilage. Complications associated with PRS include headaches, seizures, and chronic facial pain. Protocol for the treatment of chronic facial pain is not clear; reports on the use of botulinum toxin A injections for pain reduction in adults but not in the pediatric/adolescent population are available. Here, we discuss two pediatric PRS cases in which treatment with botulinum toxin A injections reduced or eliminated facial pain.

http://bit.ly/2I8eX2m

Late Response of Antiretroviral Therapy in an HIV-1-Infected Patient due to Hepatitis B and C Coinfections: The First Case Report in Nepal

Aim. Dual coinfection of HCV and HBV in HIV-1-infected population is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Also, they share routes of HIV transmission; however, it might be associated with an independent factor like injecting drug use for HCV and unsafe sex for HBV. This case report suggests that hepatitis virus coinfection may lead to late response of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-1 patients. Patients and Methods. A 49-year-old male patient visited for the routine follow-up investigation at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Teku, Nepal. He was an HIV-1-positive injecting drug user (IDU) co-infected with HCV and HBV. The patient was under ART as per the National HIV Testing and Treatment Guidelines 2017, Nepal. Further, serological and viral load testing was performed for confirmation and monitoring therapy, respectively. Results. It is the first report that highlights the dual coinfection of HCV and HBV in an HIV-1 patient from Nepal. The follow-up investigation shows improved response to ART with an increase in CD4+ cells. However, detectable viral loads indicated for a late response might be due to effects of coinfections or viral interactions. Conclusions. Dual coinfection is rare; however, it is more serious with poorly defined epidemiology and evolution in an HIV-1-infected population. Thus, universal screening of HBV or/and HCV coinfection in HIV-1-infected population requires immediate implementation for true prevalence, proper management, and early intervention.

http://bit.ly/2WTQe5i

Allergic contact dermatitis to (meth)acrylates involving nail technicians and users: prognosis and differential diagnosis

http://bit.ly/2TH0coF

Cosmetics, Vol. 6, Pages 9: Inonotus obliquus Extract as An Inhibitor of α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells

Cosmetics, Vol. 6, Pages 9: Inonotus obliquus Extract as An Inhibitor of α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells

Cosmetics doi: 10.3390/cosmetics6010009

Authors: Lee Cha

Melanogenesis is a biosynthetic pathway that produces the pigment melanin in human skin. The catalyzation of the key enzyme tyrosinase is the first step in melanogenesis, and the downregulation of tyrosinase enzyme activity is the most reported method for inhibiting melanogenesis. Hyperpigmentation is an important issue in the cosmetic industry, and there is great demand for melanogenesis inhibitors. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-melanogenic effect of Inonotus obliquus in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (&alpha;-MSH)-induced B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and identified it as a new melanogenesis inhibitor. Comparing the B16F10 cells treated with the control and the Inonotus obliquus extract, we identified the melanin contents, mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase activity, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) activity using a constructed plasmid. Through these experiments, we confirmed that Inonotus obliquus extract inhibits melanin synthesis by downregulating the activity and expression of tyrosinase. Furthermore, we revealed that tyrosinase expression is regulated by Inonotus obliquus extract via the repression of Mitf transcriptional activity. Thus, in this study, we found that Inonotus obliquus extract has anti-melanogenic effects via the suppression of melanin synthesis. Taken together, we demonstrated that Inonotus obliquus extract is a good potential candidate for use as a natural source for the therapeutic treatment of hyperpigmentation and for applications in whitening cosmetic products.

http://bit.ly/2DvvFmC

T2 mapping with 3.0 T MRI of the temporomandibular joint disc of patients with disc dislocation

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author(s): Margit Bristela, Astrid Skolka, Jaryna Eder, Pavol Szomolanyi, Michael Weber, Eva Piehslinger, Martina Schmid-Schwap, Siegfried Trattnig

Abstract

Introduction

T2 mapping, as a quantitative biochemical MRI-technique that provides information on water and collagen fiber content and composition, was shown to be clinically feasible for the evaluation of healthy temporomandibular joints.

Objectives

The aim of our study was to compare the T2 values of whole discs in patients with and without disc dislocation, to evaluate the possible influence of morphological findings on T2 values and to assess the interrater agreement.

Methods

Sixty-six patients were included in the study. Three experienced examiners assessed the perceptibility of the morphological parameters and the position of the articular disc on the morphological MR images. On the T2 maps, the T2 values of the region-of-interest (ROI) were assessed.

Results

The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) for the reproducibility of the T2 values was 0.717. The assessment of the morphologic parameters was excellent or good in most of the discs. There was no significant difference in the T2 values based on disc position or signal intensity. But, a statistically significant moderation effect (p = .014) could be identified, indicating that the effect of disc position differs for different signal intensities. Condyle position, effusion, and degenerative changes showed pronounced moderation effects on the T2 values.

Conclusion

Due to the high sensitivity to effusion, T2 mapping currently seems to be unsuitable as a diagnostic tool for routine use in the temporomandibular joint. The moderation effect clearly shows the influence of factors such as signal intensity, effusion, arthrosis, and condyle position. Perhaps a solution for these problems could be the development of dedicated TMJ coils for higher field strengths at 7.0 T.

http://bit.ly/2THwIH8

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: A retrospective study of 27 cases in the ent Department of ipo‐Porto

Abstract

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign, rare and highly vascular tumour, occurring in adolescent males.

Clinical records of 27 patients who underwent surgical resection, performed between 1989 and 2017, were reviewed.

Three patients were submitted to paralatero‐nasal rhinotomy, 23 patients (85%), to the sublabial transnasomaxillary approach (Rouge Denker approach), complemented in 19 (70.0%) with transpalatine approach (Wilson technique). Endoscopic resection was performed only at one patient stage IB.

There were no cases of death, major significant complications or significant morbidity. Persistence rate was 18.5% and recurrence rate 14.8%.

Patients with tumour extension to infratemporal fossa and no massive cavernous sinus invasion may be treated effectively without previous embolization and facial scars, with sublabial transnasomaxillary approach (Rouge Denker approach), complemented with transpalatine approach (Wilson technique).

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2Gzwluv

Perturbation-driven paradoxical facilitation of visuo-spatial function: Revisiting the ‘Sprague effect’

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Antoni Valero-Cabre, Monica N. Toba, Claus C. Hilgetag, R. Jarrett Rushmore

Abstract

The 'Sprague Effect' described in the seminal paper of James Sprague (Science 153:1544–1547, 1966a) is an unexpected paradoxical effect in which a second brain lesion reversed functional deficits induced by an earlier lesion. It was observed initially in the cat where severe and permanent contralateral visually guided attentional deficits generated by the ablation of large areas of the visual cortex were reversed by the subsequent removal of the superior colliculus (SC) opposite to the cortical lesion or by the splitting of the collicular commissure. Physiologically, this effect has been explained in several ways - most notably by the reduction of the functional inhibition of the ipsilateral SC by the contralateral SC, and the restoration of normal interactions between cortical and midbrain structures after ablation. In the present review, we aim at reappraising the 'Sprague Effect' by critically analyzing studies that have been conducted in the feline and human brain. Moreover, we assess applications of the 'Sprague Effect' in the rehabilitation of visually guided attentional impairments by using non-invasive therapeutic approaches such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). We also review theoretical models of the effect that emphasize the inhibition and balancing between the two hemispheres and show implications for lesion inference approaches. Last, we critically review whether the resulting inter-hemispheric rivalry theories lead toward an efficient rehabilitation of stroke in humans. We conclude by emphasizing key challenges in the field of 'Sprague Effect' applications in order to design better therapies for brain-damaged patients.

http://bit.ly/2N06Cwh

Punishment-related memory-guided attention: Neural dynamics of perceptual modulation

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Cortex

Author(s): Samuel Suárez-Suárez, Socorro Rodríguez Holguín, Fernando Cadaveira, Anna Christina Nobre, Sonia Doallo

Abstract

Remembering the outcomes of past experiences allows us to generate future expectations and shape selection in the long-term. A growing number of studies has shown that learned positive reward values impact spatial memory-based attentional biases on perception. However, whether memory-driven attentional biases extend to punishment-related values has received comparatively less attention. Here, we manipulated whether recent spatial contextual memories became associated with successful avoidance of punishment (potential monetary loss). Behavioural and electrophysiological measures were collected from 27 participants during a subsequent memory-based attention task, in which we tested for the effect of punishment avoidance associations. Punishment avoidance significantly amplified effects of spatial contextual memories on visual search processes within natural scenes. Compared to non-associated scenes, contextual memories paired with punishment avoidance lead to faster responses to targets presented at remembered locations. Event-related potentials elicited by target stimuli revealed that acquired motivational value of specific spatial locations, by virtue of their association with past avoidance of punishment, dynamically affected neural signatures of early visual processing (indexed by larger P1 and earlier N1 potentials) and target selection (as indicated by reduced N2pc potentials). The present results extend our understanding of how memory, attention, and punishment-related mechanisms interact to optimize perceptual decision in real world environments.

http://bit.ly/2USn5W3

Reply to the editor

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews

Author(s): Mario Garcia-Carrasco, Claudia Mendoza-Pinto, Adriana Rojas-Villarraga, Nicolás Molano-Gonzalez, Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz, Pamela Munguia-Realpozo, Aurelio López Colombo, Ricard Cervera

http://bit.ly/2tgQWMa

Rituximab therapy for primary central nervous system vasculitis: A 6 patient experience and review of the literature

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews

Author(s): Carlo Salvarani, Robert D. Brown Jr, Francesco Muratore, Teresa J.H. Christianson, Elena Galli, Nicolò Pipitone, Giulia Cassone, John Huston III, Caterina Giannini, Kenneth Warrington, Gene G. Hunder

Abstract

Objectives

To assess the efficacy and safety of Rituximab (RTX) in adult primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV).

Methods

We retrospectively assessed the effect of RTX in 6 patients with PCNSV. Five of the 6 were refractory to high dose glucocorticoids (GCs) and/or conventional immunosuppressants (IS). The sixth was newly diagnosed and received RTX in combination with GCs. Clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities were performed at initial RTX administration and during the follow-up. Treatment response was assessed using the treating physician's global opinion regarding response and the degree of disability using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). We also performed a literature review for previous use of RTX in PCNSV using PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane library.

Results

The six patients (3 females) had a median age at diagnosis of 50.5 years (range 17–68 years). All had active disease when RTX was started. In 4 patients, RTX administration was associated with a marked reduction in the number of flares (from 18 before starting RTX to 3 after). One patient, after an initial improvement, had 2 flares when B cells were depleted and he was not able to reduce prednisone below 20 mg/day. A 6th patient had a flare when B cells recovered and retreatment with RTX re-induced and maintained remission. The median mRS score at last visit (median: 2; range 0–4) was lower than that prior to treatment (median 3; range 1–5). The median prednisone daily dose before RTX administration was significantly higher than that at last follow-up (p = .006). In the literature review, we identified 5 papers describing 7 patients treated with RTX. Six patients responded to RTX with clinical and MRI improvement with no reported flares after RTX treatment.

Conclusions

Our data support a potential role for RTX treatment in selected patients with PCNSV.

http://bit.ly/2UR7eXQ

Reply to the editor

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews

Author(s): Mario Garcia-Carrasco, Claudia Mendoza-Pinto, Adriana Rojas-Villarraga, Nicolás Molano-Gonzalez, Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz, Pamela Munguia-Realpozo, Aurelio López Colombo, Ricard Cervera

http://bit.ly/2tgQWMa

Rituximab therapy for primary central nervous system vasculitis: A 6 patient experience and review of the literature

Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews

Author(s): Carlo Salvarani, Robert D. Brown Jr, Francesco Muratore, Teresa J.H. Christianson, Elena Galli, Nicolò Pipitone, Giulia Cassone, John Huston III, Caterina Giannini, Kenneth Warrington, Gene G. Hunder

Abstract

Objectives

To assess the efficacy and safety of Rituximab (RTX) in adult primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV).

Methods

We retrospectively assessed the effect of RTX in 6 patients with PCNSV. Five of the 6 were refractory to high dose glucocorticoids (GCs) and/or conventional immunosuppressants (IS). The sixth was newly diagnosed and received RTX in combination with GCs. Clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities were performed at initial RTX administration and during the follow-up. Treatment response was assessed using the treating physician's global opinion regarding response and the degree of disability using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). We also performed a literature review for previous use of RTX in PCNSV using PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane library.

Results

The six patients (3 females) had a median age at diagnosis of 50.5 years (range 17–68 years). All had active disease when RTX was started. In 4 patients, RTX administration was associated with a marked reduction in the number of flares (from 18 before starting RTX to 3 after). One patient, after an initial improvement, had 2 flares when B cells were depleted and he was not able to reduce prednisone below 20 mg/day. A 6th patient had a flare when B cells recovered and retreatment with RTX re-induced and maintained remission. The median mRS score at last visit (median: 2; range 0–4) was lower than that prior to treatment (median 3; range 1–5). The median prednisone daily dose before RTX administration was significantly higher than that at last follow-up (p = .006). In the literature review, we identified 5 papers describing 7 patients treated with RTX. Six patients responded to RTX with clinical and MRI improvement with no reported flares after RTX treatment.

Conclusions

Our data support a potential role for RTX treatment in selected patients with PCNSV.

http://bit.ly/2UR7eXQ

A potential contribution of decreased galectin‐7 expression in stratified epithelia to the development of cutaneous and esophageal manifestations in systemic sclerosis

Abstract

Backgrounds

Stratified epithelia have caught much attention as potential contributors to the development of dermal and esophageal fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Galectin‐7 is a marker of all types of stratified epithelia, which is involved in the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. So far, the role of galectin‐7 has not been studied in SSc.

Objectives

To investigate the potential contribution of galectin‐7 to the development of clinical manifestations in SSc.

Methods

Galectin‐7 expression was examined in skin samples and cultured keratinocytes by immunostaining and/or quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Serum galectin‐7 levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 63 SSc and 20 healthy subjects.

Results

Galectin‐7 expression was markedly decreased in the epidermis of SSc lesional skin compared with that of healthy control skin. Serum galectin‐7 levels were significantly lower in SSc patients than in healthy controls, and inversely correlated with skin score. In addition, SSc patients with diffuse pigmentation and those with esophageal dysfunction had significantly decreased serum galectin‐7 levels as compared to those without each symptom. Importantly, endothelin‐1 stimulation suppressed galectin‐7 expression in normal human keratinocytes, and bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, reversed circulating galectin‐7 levels and epidermal galectin‐7 expression in SSc patients.

Conclusions

Galectin‐7 down‐regulation in stratified epithelia, which is mediated at least partially by autocrine endothelin stimulation, may contribute to the development of cutaneous manifestations and esophageal dysfunction in SSc patients.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2GomCYT

Epidermal aquaporin‐3 downexpression in symmetrical acrokeratoderma

Abstract

We read with interest the article by Chen et al that proposes a new term "pigmented carpotarsal hyperkeratosis" for "symmetrical acral keratoderma" or "symmetrical acrokeratoderma (SAK)". Aquaporin‐3 (AQP3) is the most abundant aquaglyceroporin in human epidermis, and regulates skin hydration, keratinocyte migration and proliferation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Although skin hydration was decreased with incremental transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in SAK, AQP3 expression is unreported in SAK.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://bit.ly/2WPxeVD

Clinico-Pathological Correlation

Correlation between total serum bilirubin and clinico-laboratory parameters of babies admitted for neonatal jaundice in a resource-limited setting Uchenna Ekwochi, Chidiebere D.I Osuorah, Ikenna Kingsley Ndu International Journal of Clinicopathological Correlation 2018 2(2):21-26 Background: Neonatal jaundice (NNJ) is one of the most frequent reasons newborn babies in low- to middle-income countries visit the hospital during the neonatal period. If not promptly managed, it could lead to serious neurological sequela and mortality. The level and type of bilirubin in serum are an important determinant of the management option in NNJ. Unfortunately, this simple but fundamental investigation is not readily available in many hospitals in low- to middle-income countries, and where available, needs to be done serially, an expenditure most clients cannot afford. Methodology: This study enrolled 83 newborns admitted and managed for NNJ at the Enugu State University Teaching Hospital during an 18-month period. We report correlation between total serum bilirubin (TSB) and selected newborn clinical and laboratory parameters. Results: A total of 83 newborns were admitted for NNJ during the study. The mean TSB (mTSB) was 307 ± 145.2 μmol/L. Preterm infants (T = 0.462, P = 0.500), neonates with birth weight <2.5 kg (T = 0.219, P = 0.804), female neonate (T = 0.314, P = 0.578), and those that presented with skin level at the lower body region (T = 28.52, P = 0.001) had a higher mTSB at presentation to the special care baby unit. Similarly, mTSB at presentation was higher in neonates with PCV <40% (T = 0.005, P = 0.942), negative malaria parasite film (T = 0.01, P = 0.933), and those that were Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficient (T = 1.59, P = 0.221). Only skin level of jaundice at presentation was significantly correlated to the TSB (R = 0.818 P = 0.001) while gestational age (R = 0.096, P = 0.500), age at presentation (R = 0.197, P = 0.157), and birth weight (R = −0.107, P = 0.459) were not. Linear regression analysis showed that for every regional rise in skin level of jaundice (X), the TSB (Y) in μmol/L increases by a factor of 89.74 expressed in a regression equation as, Y = −10.66 + 89.74 X. Conclusions: The skin level of jaundice can be used as a rough guide in the estimation of total bilirubin in newborns with jaundice. This is especially useful in resource-limited setting where facilities for testing bilirubin level are lacking.

Bilateral oral leukoplakia: A case report and review on its potential for malignant transformation K Tupakula Pavan, Ankita Kar, S Reddy Sujatha, BK Devi Yashodha, Nagaraju Rakesh, V Shwetha International Journal of Clinicopathological Correlation 2018 2(2):27-30 Oral leukoplakia (OL) is considered as a most common potentially malignant disorder (PMD) affecting the mucosa of the oral cavity. With the passage of time, the definitions of OL kept evolving. Leukoplakia usually presents after the fourth decade of life and is one of the most common oral PMDs affecting the oral cavity. Based on the macroscopic features of OL, it can be classified into two subtypes: homogeneous and nonhomogeneous.

Clopidogrel-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after years of medication Rateesh Sareen, Menka Kapil, Piyush Mathur, Madhulika Sharma International Journal of Clinicopathological Correlation 2018 2(2):31-33 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life threatening, fulminant disease characterized by fever, microangiopathy hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological signs and renal insufficiency. The real culprit is agglutinated platelets and fibrin which form micro thrombi, gets deposited in arterioles and capillaries without eliciting inflammatory response. The idiopathic cases of TTP are characterized by deficiency of ADAMTS-13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease, with thrombospondin -1 like domains) metalloprotease activity. The use of antiplatelet drugs, the thienopyridine derivatives Clopidogrel & Ticlodipine, is associated with drug induced TTP. The literature studies indicate that most cases of thienopyridine associated TTP involve an antibody to ADAMTS-13 metalloprotease that cause thrombocytopenia and respond to therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). We report a case of 59 year old male who was on Clopidogrel post coronary angioplasty since past five years. He presented to us with complaints of nose bleeding and renal insufficiency. The evaluation of this potentially fatal drug complication should be borne in mind by physicians for all patients receiving Clopidogrel treatment.

Endometrial osteocartilaginous metaplasia: A case report and review of the literature Yeo Yen Ching, Mihir Gudi, Josefa E.O Vella International Journal of Clinicopathological Correlation 2018 2(2):34-36 Rare cases of osseous metaplasia and a single case of cartilaginous metaplasia have been reported previously but no previously reported cases of osteo-cartilagenous metaplasia were found on searching the literature. Osteo-cartilagenous metaplasia is a benign lesion which may be treated successfully with hysteroscopy. Awareness of this condition by histopathologists is important in order to avoid misdiagnosis of endometrial malignant mixed mullerian tumour. The authors report a patient with endometrial osteo-cartilagenous metaplasia, describe the clinical and histological features and review the literature on this condition.

Dermatology, Venereology, Leprology

Medical device regulation in India: What dermatologists need to know Sandeep Lahiry, Rajasree Sinha, Suparna Chatterjee Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):133-137

Subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular markers in patients with lichen planus: A case–control study Soheila Nasiri, Afsaneh Sadeghzadeh-Bazargan, Reza Mahmoud Robati, Hamid Reza Haghighatkhah, Shima Younespour Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):138-144 Background: Lichen planus is an idiopathic and chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin and the mucous membranes, and has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been regarded as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Increased plasma fibrinogen levels are also associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Objective: The main aim of this study is the evaluation of common carotid artery mean intima media wall thickness, serum fibrinogen and homocysteine levels in patients with lichen planus. Methods: Forty-three patients with lichen planus and 43 age, gender and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls (from general population without the disease) were included in this study. Results: Compared to the healthy controls, patients had statistically significant greater mean intima media wall thickness of the common carotid artery. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between lichen planus and increased serum homocysteine and c-reactive protein levels. Limitations: The main limitation of this study is the small sample size due to the time limitation and financial constraints. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis in patients with lichen planus might afford better prophylaxis, including weight control and/or lipid profile monitoring. Measurement of the mean intima media wall thickness of the common carotid artery by duplex high-resolution B-mode ultrasound scanning could be beneficial as a valuable method for early diagnosis of atherosclerosis in lichen planus.

Psoriasis increases the risk of concurrent inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based nationwide study in Korea Jin Yong Lee, Sungchan Kang, Jung Min Bae, Seong Jin Jo, Seong-Joon Koh, Hyun-Sun Park Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):145-152 Background: The epidemiology of the association between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease is poorly defined and remains controversial. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis compared with the general population. Methods: We searched the nationwide health claims database between 2011 and 2015 and evaluated the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Results: Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in patients with psoriasis vs the general population in 2011 were 0.16, 0.05 and 0.12% vs 0.08, 0.03 and 0.06%, respectively, which increased significantly with time between 2011 and 2015. Patients with psoriasis consistently revealed higher standardized prevalence (age and sex adjusted) of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis compared with the general population. Subgroup analysis revealed the highest risk of prevalent inflammatory bowel disease in patients younger than 19 years (crude odds ratio 5.33, 95% confidence interval 3.74–7.59). Severe psoriasis demonstrated higher odds of inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio 2.96, 95% confidence interval 2.54–3.45) than mild psoriasis (odds ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.51–1.88). Limitations: Limited data for doing adjustment and cross-sectional study design. Conclusions: Psoriasis patients revealed higher risk of inflammatory bowel disease. In particular, young patients and those with severe psoriasis may require closer monitoring and comprehensive management.

Linking of psoriasis with osteopenia and osteoporosis: A cross-sectional study Antonio Martinez-Lopez, Gonzalo Blasco-Morente, Maria Sierra Giron-Prieto, Miguel Angel Arrabal-Polo, Maria Luque-Valenzuela, Juan de Dios Luna-Del Castillo, Jesus Tercedor-Sanchez, Salvador Arias-Santiago Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):153-159 Background/Purpose: Psoriasis is a multisystem disease which has been related to vitamin-D deficiency through chronic inflammation. This psoriasis-related inflammatory state and vitamin-D deficiency may induce bone mineral density loss. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of psoriasis with bone mineral density, by comparing psoriatic patients with healthy controls and patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 185 subjects were studied; 58 psoriatic patients who had not been under systemic or biological treatment were included. Age, gender, body mass index, phosphocalcic metabolic parameters and hip and lumbar (L4) bone mineral density data were collected. These variables were compared with those collected in 61 healthy controls and 67 patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Results: Psoriatic patients showed worse hip and lumbar spine bone mineral density levels than healthy controls (P = 0.001) and better levels than osteoporotic patients (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a negative association of age and a positive association of body mass index in hip bone mineral density in psoriatic patients. Limitations: The main limitations are those of cross-sectional studies, such as a lack of follow up period, and a male predominance in the psoriatic group, which is corrected employing a multivariate analysis with an adjusted model for confounding factors. Conclusions: Bone mineral density levels in psoriatic patients are situated halfway between healthy controls and patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis. In addition, the higher body mass index in patients with psoriasis appears to confer a protective effect against further development of lower bone mineral density.

A randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of two sunscreen formulations on Indian skin types IV and V with pigmentation irregularities Rashmi Sarkar, Vijay Kumar Garg, Annie Jain, Divya Agarwal, Anupama Wagle, Frederic Flament, Michèle Verschoore Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):160-168 Background: Regular exposure to ultraviolet rays is high in India, where most Indians present Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV and V. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and compare the effectiveness of two sunscreen products on Indian skin types IV and V with pigmentation irregularities. Methods: A randomized, uncontrolled and investigator-blinded, single-center study enrolled adult men and women (18–45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV (28° < individual typological angle <10°) and V (10° < individual typological angle < −30°) with pigmentary abnormalities seen on the face in adults (actinic lentigines and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation), who did not use sunscreens. Participants were randomized (1:1) to either of the two marketed sunscreen products, Product A (sun protection factor 50 PA+++) or Product B (sun protection factor 19 PA+++), applied twice daily before sun exposure for ≥2 h. Primary objectives aimed at assessing possible improvement in hyperpigmented spots and overall skin appearance after 12 weeks of use. Evaluation of skin radiance and skin color was done by means of L'Oréal color chart and colorimetric measurements (Chromameter®). Results: Among the 230 enrolled participants, 216 (93.91%) completed the study. The clinical assessment of the density of pigmented spots and skin radiance showed significant (P < 0.001) improvement in both groups during all visits. The qualitative (participant perception) and quantitative (Chromameter®) data indicated improvement in pigmentation from Week 0 to Week 12. Both products were well-tolerated. Limitations: The study was conducted over a rather short period of time (12 weeks) at a single location. Conclusions: This is the first study conducted on Indian skin phototypes IV and V under real-life conditions. It demonstrated the effect of regular sunscreen usage in the prevention of certain signs of skin photoaging such as increased pigmentation or pigmentary abnormalities, thus providing support and assistance to clinicians in suggesting the use of efficient sun-screening products to patients.

Crusted nipple and areola: A new aetiology of secondary hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola Dhaifallah A Alenizi Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):169-170 Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition first described by Tauber in 1923. Less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature. Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola presents as hyperkeratotic, hyperpigmented plaques on the nipple and areola. It is more common in females. An 18-year-old female patient presented with hyperkeratotic, plaque-like, hard crusts on both nipples and areolas. The examining physician could successfully remove this crust using his finger. The crust had accumulated as a result of the patient's reluctance to touch or clean the breast area due to psychological issues. A crusted nipple and areola may occur as a secondary condition due to a patient's reluctance to touch or clean their breasts.

Primary mucinous carcinoma of skin with a trichoadenomatous component: A rare case report Athota Kavitha, Chennamsetty Kavya, Kovi Sneha, Chennamsetty Teja Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):171-174 Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin is a rare subtype of eccrine sweat gland tumors. Differentiating it from metastatic adenocarcinomas is important in the management of this condition. We report the case of a 55-year-old female presenting with a painless nodule, which was subsequently diagnosed as primary mucinous carcinoma of skin with a trichoadenomatous component. The possibility of a metastatic adenocarcinoma was ruled out by performing ultrasound abdomen, total body computed tomography, mammogram and colonoscopy.

Ultrasound assessment of enthesis thickness in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A cross-sectional study Dario Graceffa, Claudio Bonifati, Viviana Lora, Pier Luigi Saraceni, Catia De Felice, Maria Sole Chimenti, Roberto Perricone, Aldo Morrone Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):175-181 Background: The inflammatory involvement of the enthesis in the course of psoriasis is accompanied by structural abnormalities detectable by ultrasound. The most common of these abnormalities is the thickening of the tendon at the insertion site. Aims: The aim of the present study was to compare the thickness of entheses of patients with psoriatic arthritis, only skin psoriasis, and healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of patients affected with either only skin psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis as well as in a control group. Eight entheses sites were scanned by ultrasound bilaterally. The following entheseal characteristics were collected and recorded in a predefined database: entheseal thickness, bone erosions, enthesis calcifications (enthesophytes), presence of blood flow, and presence of bursitis. All the detected entheseal changes were scored, and the data was statistically analyzed. Results: The major differences in enthesis thickness between only skin psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients were found at the following sites: (i) olecranon tuberosity, (ii) superior pole of the patella, and (iii) medial epicondyle of femur. The thickness of the medial collateral ligament at the site of the femoral origin was increased in psoriatic arthritis, but not in both only skin psoriasis and healthy controls. The score obtained by adding the thickness of all the 8 examined entheses for each patient showed significant differences among the three groups (psoriatic arthritis: 81.3; only skin psoriasis 74.4; Controls: 67.6; P < 0.0001). Interestingly, we found that in psoriatic arthritis patients, the highest enthesis thickening was seen in entheses affected by bone erosions. Limitations: The small sample of patients studied is a limiting factor in this study. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that the ultrasound measurement of the enthesis thickness enables a distinction between patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with only skin psoriasis. It is a useful method to improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in patients without clear clinical signs of enthesitis.

An observational study on glabellar wrinkle patterns in Indians Amala Kamat, Trisha Quadros Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):182-189 Background: Botulinum A exotoxin is an established treatment for glabellar frown lines, crow's feet, and horizontal furrows of the forehead. The glabella is probably the most common site for botulinum toxin treatment in Asians. Five glabellar contraction patterns have been classified in earlier studies based on eyebrow approximation, depression, and elevation. Unfortunately, this was found to be confusing by many practitioners. Indians, as all Asians, have smaller muscles compared to the European population, and there is no consensus on the optimal dosage per injection site or concentration of toxin to be used. Aims: (a) Identification and classification of glabellar wrinkle patterns in Indians. (b) Optimization of the minimal effective dose of toxin per site. Materials and Methods: Retrospective photographic analysis of 200 patients who received botulinum toxin for the first time to treat glabellar wrinkles was conducted. The wrinkle patterns were identified and classified by the authors based on the prevalence of perpendicular and transverse glabellar lines, nasal, and forehead wrinkles. Results: Six patterns were identified: (1) 11 (2) U (3) Pi (4) X (5) W (6) I. The relevant muscles were identified and doses optimized for those sites. Limitations: The doses mentioned in this study are not universal for all patients and toxin units would have to be altered and individualized according to the bulk of the facial muscles and individual needs. Conclusion: The investigators classification, injection patterns, and dosage may provide valuable guidance to facial esthetic treatment.

Onychomatricoma: Clinical, dermoscopy and ultrasound findings Denise Gamé, Ane Jaka, Carlos Ferrándiz Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 2019 85(2):190-191

Global Infectious Diseases

State of the globe: Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on nonvaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease Sunil Kumar Raina Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):1-1

Treating more with less: Effectiveness and event outcomes of antituberculosis fixed-dose combination drug versus separate-drug formulation (Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide) for pulmonary tuberculosis patients in real-world clinical practice Jacqueline Mui Lan Lai, Su Lan Yang, Richard Avoi Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):2-6 Introduction: Conventionally, a combination of four separate drugs (ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide [EHRZ]) is the first-line pharmacotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). In recent years, fixed-dose combination (FDC) formulation, where a single tablet contains the active ingredients of four aforementioned drugs, is gaining popularity due to its ease of administration. Objective: To compare the real-world effectiveness of EHRZ and FDC treatment groups on a cohort registry by investigating the sputum conversion rate and treatment outcomes of both groups. Methods: A total of 11,489 patients' data were extracted from the Sabah TB registry between January 2012 and June 2016, including EHRZ (n = 4188) and FDC (n = 7301) patients. Then, 1:1 propensity score matching was adopted to reduce the baseline bias. Caliper matching was conducted with maximum tolerance score set at 0.001. Confounders included in the propensity score matching were gender, nationality, diabetes, HIV status, smoking status, and chest X-ray status. Successful matching provided 4188 matched pairs (n = 8376) for final analysis. Results: In this matched cohort of 4188 pairs, the 2-month sputum conversion rate of FDC group was significantly higher than the EHRZ group (96.3% vs. 94.3%; P < 0.001) whereas 6-month sputum conversion of both groups showed no significant difference. Treatment outcomes such as noncompliance rate, failure rate, and success rate have no significant difference (P > 0.05) in both the treatment groups. There was an incidental finding of reduced death rate among FDC group compared to the EHRZ group (0.2% vs. 0.5%; P = 0.034). Conclusion: The FDC formulation has better sputum conversion rate at 2 months compared to conventional EHRZ regime as separate-drug formulation. It was also observed that FDC has a slight protective effect against all-cause death among TB patients. This protective effect of FDC, however, still needs to be proven further.

Clinico-epidemiological study of viral acute encephalitis syndrome cases and comparison to nonviral cases in children from Eastern India Sandeep Kumar Tripathy, Pravakar Mishra, Bhagirathi Dwibedi, Lipsa Priyadarshini, Rashmi Ranjan Das Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):7-12 Objectives: The objective is to study the clinico-epidemiological features of viral acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases and compare them with nonviral AES cases in children from Eastern India. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the department of pediatrics of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Eastern India over 18-month period. Children (6 months to 15 years) with acute onset of fever (≥37.5°C) and a change in mental status (including symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, coma, or inability to talk) and/or new onset of seizures (excluding simple febrile seizures) were included in the study. The main outcome measures were the etiology and proportion attributed to viruses causing AES with clinical correlation. Results: Of 834 of clinically suspected AES cases, viral etiology could be confirmed in 136 (16.3%) cases (herpes simplex virus-1 [HSV-I] was most common). The 5–15 years' age group was most commonly affected (boys > girls). More cases occurred from July to November. The presence of rash and Glasgow Coma Scale <8 at admission was significantly higher in viral AES. During hospitalization, development of shock, ventilatory requirement, duration of stay, and mortality was significantly higher in viral AES. On neuroimaging, global cerebral injury was common in HSV, Japanese encephalitis, and varicella-virus AES. Conclusions: Viral etiology forms a significant proportion of pediatric AES. Morbidity and mortality are high in viral compared to nonviral AES. Herpes encephalitis (HSV-I) is the most common cause of pediatric AES in Eastern India. Viral AES has poor prognosis compared to nonviral AES.

Factors associated with mortality in immunocompetent patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia Pavaruch Sangmuang, Aroonrut Lucksiri, Wasan Katip Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):13-18 Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the factors associated with 28-day mortality in immunocompetent patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Methods: This was a 42-month retrospective cohort study in Chiang Kham Hospital. Patients with HAP diagnosed between January 2013 and June 2016 who did not have an immunocompromised status were recruited into the study. Statistical Analysis Used: Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with mortality in patients with HAP. Results: A total of 181 HAP patients. The most causative pathogens were nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli. Fifty-two (28.7%) patients had died within 28 days after HAP diagnosis. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that mechanical ventilation (MV) dependency (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–8.37, P = 0.003), antibiotic duration (adjusted OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.88, P < 0.001), acute kidney injury (adjusted OR = 5.93, 95% CI 1.29–27.22, P = 0.022), and hematologic diseases (adjusted OR = 11.45, 95% CI 1.61–81.50, P = 0.015) were the significant factors associated with 28-day mortality. Conclusions: The factors associated with mortality were MV dependency, HAP duration of treatment, acute kidney injury, and hematologic disease. Early recognition of these factors in immunocompetent patients with HAP and treatment with intensive care may improve the outcome.

Co-infection of herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV infections among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria Chinenye Gloria Anaedobe, Tinuade Adesola Ajani Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):19-24 Introduction: Genital infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) facilitates the acquisition of HIV, both mutually reinforcing infection. Lifelong latent HSV-2 infection raises concerns among women of reproductive age, considering the risk of neonatal transmission. In Nigeria, screening for HSV-2 and co-infection with HIV in antenatal clinics is not routine. This study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and co-infection of HSV-2 and HIV among pregnant women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the antenatal clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between March and August 2013. A total of 270 consenting pregnant women were enrolled. The study involved collecting socio-demographic data and laboratory determination of HSV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and HIV seroprevalence using type-specific third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DIAPRO Diagnostic Bioprobes, Milan, Italy) and Uni-Gold Recombigen/ALERE determine, respectively. Data analyses were done using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA). Results: The seroprevalence for HSV-2 type-specific IgG was 33.3% (90/270), and HIV antibodies were identified in 19.63% (53/270) of the women. The HIV co-infection was 38.8% (35/90) among HSV-2-positive women and 10% (18/180) among HSV-2-negative women. Majority of the HSV-2 positive women (62.2%, 56/90) presented in their 2nd trimester while 18.9% (17/90) in their 3rd trimester. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HSV-2 in this pregnant population is lower than what is observed in some other Sub-Saharan African countries; however, HSV-2/HIV co-infection is high. The HSV-2-seronegative women are still susceptible to primary HSV-2 infection in pregnancy with increased risk for HIV co-infection and neonatal transmission.

Analysis of anti-toxoplasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibody levels after intervention with Curcuma Longa extract on early pregnant mice with acute toxoplasmosis Tigor Peniel Simanjuntak, Mochammad Hatta, Andi M Tahir, Robert H Sirait, Marni B Karo, Titus Tambaib, Ressy Dwiyanti, Rizki Amelia Noviyanthi, Ade Rifka Junita Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):25-29 Background: Curcuma longa has strong anti-inflammatory effect. This study aims to evaluated the level of anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M (IgG-IgM) antibody after intervention with C. longa extract in early pregnant mice with acute toxoplasmosis. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 20 early pregnant mice that were divided into five groups, four mice in each. Group 1-4 received injections of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Three days later, G1 and G2 were given orally 125 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day of C. longa extract, respectively. G3 was given 60 mg/kg/day of spiramycin (positive control), and G4 was given 0.2 ml of distilled water (negative control). G5 underwent no intervention at all. Blood samples were obtained serially (before and 3 days after injection of tachyzoites, 3 days and 7 days after intervention) to assess anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Results: Anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM antibody levels increased significantly 3 days after injection of tachyzoites (P < 0.05), but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) 3 days, and 7 days after administration of C. longa extract dose 125 mg, 500 mg, and spiramycin 60 mg, and there was no significant difference between these three groups. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM antibody levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) 3 days, 6 days, and 10 days after injections of tachyzoites on G4. The IgG-IgM antibody levels fluctuated on G5 and considered as insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The administration of C. longa extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg/day for 7 days effectively decreased anti-Toxoplasma IgG-IgM antibody level in early pregnant mice with acute toxoplasmosis.

Changes in the pneumococcal vaccine serotypes in adult noninvasive pneumonia after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination for children Hiroaki Takeda, Chisa Sato, Chang Bin, Midori Nishidzuka, Mari Watanabe, Tomoka Yamamoto, Hiroki Suzuki, Kazunori Oishi, Fumihiro Tsuchida Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):30-35 Context: Although the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections in children has decreased since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), the appearance of serotype replacements has continued to increase. Aims: We examined the frequency of serotype replacements in adult cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. Furthermore, the transition in the coverage of vaccine serotypes (VTs) to non-VTs (NVTs) was also examined. Settings and Design: We investigated all confirmed cases of pneumococcal pneumonia in 303 adult patients admitted to Yamagata Saisei Hospital between April 2006 and March 2015. Materials and Methods: Pneumococcal serotypes were determined by testing for a specific type of antiserum using the capsular swelling method. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square tests were used to compare patient characteristics. Results: Annually, the number of admitted patients ranged from 24 to 43, with most of them being men (64.7% of the total patient cohort). Although many cases involved some underlying conditions, the rate of pneumococcal vaccination remained low. The average rate of multigeneration housing was high (37.6%). The rates of pneumococcal vaccine coverage declined since 2013 (7-valent PCV (PCV7), 18.5%; PCV13, 59.3%; and 23-pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), 66.7%) and were <50% for each vaccine (PCV7, 4.7%; PCV13, 32.6%; and PPSV23, 48.8%) in 2015. In addition, the VTs were replaced with NVTs in 2015 (48.8% vs. 51.2%). Conclusions: The frequency of NVTs in adult pneumococcal pneumonia increased in 2013, with the frequency exceeding that of the vaccine forms in 2015. Regular PCV vaccination of children and multigeneration housing seem to be associated with this reversed trend.

Global contributors to antibiotic resistance Aastha Chokshi, Ziad Sifri, David Cennimo, Helen Horng Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):36-42 Introduction: Antibiotic-resistant infections have become increasingly prevalent nowadays. As a result, it is essential to examine the key socioeconomic and political factors which contribute to the rise in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in developing and developed nations. This study aims to identify the various contributors to the development of antibiotic resistance in each type of nation. Methods: PUBMED was used to identify primary research, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews published before Jan 2017. Search terms included antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, superbugs, multidrug-resistant organisms, developing countries, developed countries. Publications from different countries were included to ensure generalizability. Publications were excluded if they didn't mention factors causing resistance, focused on the molecular basis of resistance, or if they were case reports. Publicly available reports from national and international health agencies were used. Results: In developing countries, key contributors identified included: (1) Lack of surveillance of resistance development, (2) poor quality of available antibiotics, (3) clinical misuse, and (4) ease of availability of antibiotics. In developed countries, poor hospital-level regulation and excessive antibiotic use in food-producing animals play a major role in leading to antibiotic resistance. Finally, research on novel antibiotics is slow ing down due to the lack of economic incentives for antibiotic research. Conclusion: Overall, multiple factors, which are distinct for developing and developed countries, contribute to the increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance globally. The results highlight the need to improve the regulatory framework for antibiotic use and research globally.

Fatal oculocutaneous ecthyma gangrenosum in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Case report and review of the literature Eshan B Henshaw, Affiong A Ibanga, Derima P Obaji Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):43-46 Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a rare, infective skin disease, predominantly but not exclusively caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is often seen in individuals with immunosuppression, although it has also been reported among previously healthy individuals. It was initially thought to be pathognomonic of P. aeruginosa septicemia, but this assertion was discarded following several reports on EG without bacteremia and EG with varied bacterial and fungal etiologies. There are scant reports of its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, while ocular involvement is extremely rare. An extensive search of the literature also found no report on EG, nor its relationship with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from Sub-Saharan Africa. We hereby present a fatal case of multiple EG lesions in a 44-year-old Nigerian female with AIDS in the absence of bacteremia and review the literature of its association with HIV/AIDS and its concurrent orbital involvement.

Recurrence of Citrobacter koseri-associated intra-abdominal infection 2 years after spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy Kelly Cummings, Teresa Khoo, Timothy Pal, George Psevdos Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2019 11(1):47-49 Spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) are common. Lost gallstones can lead to complications such as intra-abdominal abscesses, which can occur days, months, or even years after the procedure. Citrobacter koseri belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. It is a low-virulence pathogen; however, it is linked to infections of the urinary tract and abdomen. We report the case of a 70-year-old diabetic male who presented with C. koseri- associated subhepatic abscess. Two years prior, he had emphysematous cholecystitis and liver abscess caused by C. koseri. During his LC, gallstones were spilled in the abdominal cavity and every effort was made to retrieve them. However, 2 years later, an aspiration of the subhepatic abscess revealed cholesterol fragments. We hypothesize that dislodged cholesterol gallstones and bile, contaminated with C. koseri, were the culprits for the appearance of the subhepatic abscess with the same organism 2 years after the LC.

Homoeopathy

Popularity, safety and quality of homoeopathic medicines Raj K Manchanda Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):191-193

An open-label pilot study to identify the usefulness of adjuvant homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of cerebral stroke patients Aslam Abbas, Md Shahid Ali, Hima Bindu Ponnam, Divya Taneja, Anil Khurana, Chaturbhuja Nayak, Anil Santapur Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):194-201 Background: Stroke, the third leading cause for neurological morbidity and mortality has a global annual incidence of 0.2–2.5/1000 population. The clinical sequelae of stroke are often devastating with hemiparesis, depression, walking difficulties and aphasia. It is essential to take measures halting the progression of stroke. Homoeopathic literature mentions many medicines for stroke. Till a pilot study was undertaken to study the usefulness of Homoeopathy as an adjuvant therapy to standard conventional care in stroke patients. Materials and Methods: An open-label pilot study was conducted at Princess Durru Shehvar Children's and General Hospital, Hyderabad, in coordination with Extension Clinical Research Unit of Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy. Fifty patients presenting with episodes of cerebral stroke of the different period were assessed by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) Score, prior homoeopathic treatment and after 6 months of treatment. Results: Of 50 patients, 10 patients had stroke more than 1 year and suffering with sequelae, 27 patients had stroke episode between 1 month and 1 year and 13 patients had a stroke episode within 4 weeks. The reduction in NIHSS score after 6 months of treatment was statistically significant in all three groups. The useful medicines found were Causticum (n = 11), Arnica montana (n = 7), Nux vomica (n = 6), Lycopodium (n = 6) and Lachesis (n = 3). Neither patient had worsening signs nor any new infarcts during the study. Conclusion: This pilot study showed encouraging results. Further randomised control trials are suggested to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic medicines in stroke.

Homoeopathic drug dilutions of Thuja occidentalis attenuate complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats Sachin S Patil, Umesh B Mahajan, Sameer N Goyal, Sateesh Belemkar, Chandragouda R Patil Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):202-211 Context: Thuja occidentalis is prescribed in Homoeopathy in treating rheumatoid arthritis. We speculated the anti-arthritic mechanism of Homoeopathic dilutions of Thuja occidentalis against the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Materials and Methods: Arthritis was induced (n = 28) by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml CFA in the right hind paw of rats. The oral dose of crude Thuja occidentalis was 30 mg/kg/b. i. d and that of Homoeopathic dilutions was 0.1 ml/b. i. d. Orally administered diclofenac at 5 mg/kg/day served as a standard. The treatments continued for 24 days. The severity of arthritis was determined weekly as rise in paw volume, mechanical allodynia and changes in body weight. On the 25th day, X-ray imaging of the arthritic paws was recorded, and the biopsy samples extracted from the paws were subjected to the estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and histological evaluations. Results: Thuja occidentalis Homoeopathic dilutions and its crude form protected rats against the CFA-induced arthritic lesions. The mother tincture, 6cH, 30cH and 200cH dilutions of Thuja occidentalis significantly reduced the CFA-induced rise in paw volume, reduced the mechanical allodynia and also reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) IL-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in paw tissue. CFA-induced articular changes, oedema, cellular infiltrations and cartilage damage were reduced by Thuja occidentalis dilutions. The radiological images indicated that Thuja occidentalis treatment reduced the CFA-induced joint swelling, bone erosion and joint space narrowing. Conclusion: Our findings substantiate the anti-arthritic effects of Thuja occidentalis Homoeopathic dilutions against CFA-induced arthritis and indicate that Homoeopathic dilutions of Thuja occidentalis, particularly 6cH dilution, exert more potent anti-arthritic effects than its crude form.

Chemoprofiling of homoeopathic drug Holarrhena antidysenterica L. Rakhi Mishra, Manoj Kumar, Binit Dwivedi, BS Arya, Renu Arya, Anil Khurana, Raj K Manchanda Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):212-219 Background: Chemoprofiling of homoeopathic drug/tincture (HT) represents a comprehensive approach for evaluation of quality, purity, safety and efficacy of HT. This paper reflects the chemoprofiling of Homoeopathic drug Holarrhena antidysentrica L. Objective: The objective of this study is to standardise Holarrhena antidysenterica mother tincture by taking the samples from four different sources: Dr D. P. Rastogi, CRI (H) Noida (A) and three from market (labelled as B, C and D). Materials and Methods: The authentic sample of bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica supplied by the Centre of Medicinal Plants Research in Homoeopathy, Emerald, Tamil Nadu, India was used to prepare the mother tincture (as per the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India). The solvents used throughout the study, namely, ethanol, high-pressure liquid chromatography water, cyclohexane, chloromethane and diethylamine, were of analytical grade purity (MERCK Ltd.). Physicochemical properties, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) chemoprofile of raw drug and mother tinctures were standardised and compared with market samples. Results: The present study reveals the moisture content (14.40%), total ash (4.65%), alcohol (18.0%), water extractive values (16.0%), total solids (1.47%), weight/ml (0.92 g) and alcohol content (60.6%). In UV spectroscopy, λmaxvalues were observed at 228 and 278 nm in HT. HPTLC analysis of in-house HT (A) and three market samples (B, C, D) was performed by using cyclohexane: chloromethane: diethylamine (7:3:1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Under UV light (254, 366 nm) and in the presence of visualising agent Dragendroff, bands of active constituent were observed in all the four samples. However, excess amount of active constituents were found in in-house HT (a) rather than the market samples (B, C and D). Conclusion: The present physicochemical and phytochemical data may be considered as pharmacopoeia standards for the homoeopathic drug Holarrhema antidysentrica L.

World Integrated Medicine Forum 2017: A feedback survey analysis Anupriya Chaudhary, Harleen Kaur, Jyoti Sachdeva, Mohua Dutta, Anil Khurana, Robbert van Haselen, Raj K Manchanda Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):220-230 Introduction: The first-of-its-kind World Integrated Medicine Forum (WIMF) on the regulation of homoeopathic medicinal products (HMPs) which was attended by various stakeholders from 23 countries witnessed rigorous discussions to strengthen existing regulatory framework of homoeopathic medicines in the world, as well as to bring harmony within the Homoeopathy market for drug manufacture standards including pharmacopoeial convergence. Materials and Methods: A feedback questionnaire was shared with the participants through SurveyMonkey online platform to seek their opinion about the Forum, obtain their country-specific views about regulations of HMPs, to evaluate the extent to which the Forum could meet its objectives and also to identify areas of improvements which may be taken note for organising a future WIMF. Results: Sixty-one percent participants from 18 countries returned the survey. Analysis of the responses revealed a group consensus about the remarkable organisation of the Forum, its usefulness from a national perspective, etc. The questions could also fetch insight about country-specific reforms that are required in the availability and regulations of HMPs. All the respondents who took the survey recommended a next Forum on the same lines, out of which 92% said they would recommend it to other colleagues. Conclusion: Homoeopathy is a widely recognised and accepted system worldwide. Based on its increasing demand, a harmonised regulatory system for homeopathic medicines must be developed to ensure good quality of HMPs, and this can be achieved through cooperative interactions among various stakeholders, both nationally and globally. A Forum such as this, at least once every 2 years, can provide the right push on this front.

Effect of individualised Homoeopathy in the treatment of infertility Suraia Parveen, Himadri Bhaumik Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):231-239 A 37-year-old woman, being married for 6 years, presented to the homoeopathic outpatient department, after treatment of infertility by a gynaecologist for few years. She had a past history of emergency ovarian cystectomy for endometriosis 1 year after her marriage. Her subsequent infertility workup revealed hydrosalpinx with one-sided tubal block along with the evidence of poor ovarian reserve. Her husband's semen analysis was normal and was advised for donor-ovum in vitro fertilisation. At this point, she was treated with constitutional homoeopathic medicine following the miasmatic analysis with the holistic concept of Homoeopathy over 6 months. Treatment started with Silicea and later switched to Syphilinum. She conceived normally after that and subsequently delivered a healthy baby at full term. This case shows the positive role of classical homoeopathic treatment on subfertility.

Republication-predatory journals: A downside on research and hampering the impact and relevance of scientific outcome NC Jain, Ginu Suhail Khan Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):240-247 The advancement of medical knowledge is quintessentially based on the authentic and reliable scientific research and publications. This is in addition to the recently mandated requirement of original research publications in indexed journals to ensure career progression in academic/medical institutions; thus, the need for ‘publications’ in scientific medical scholarly journals has increased substantially. On the other hand, this has given an unparalleled rise in the number of standalone journals and publishers ‘predatory’ is the term, who are ready to process the manuscripts on priority with almost guaranteed publication, at a cost, but having no credibility to the research being published. To foster awareness creation among students at the post-graduate level and for faculty of medical colleges and research institutions, it has become very important to avoid these predatory journals. It is high time that the thinking among researchers of ‘publish or perish’ be changed to ‘Publish and Flourish’ by adopting stringent measures which have evolved over time to curtail this birch of predatory publishing. Researchers should now take the road less travelled. This review article aims to highlight all the relevant and important points about the threats posed by predatory journals and also suggests possible ways to overcome them. Republished with permission from: Jain NC, Khan GS. Predatory Journals: A Downside on Research and Hampering the Impact and Relevance of Scientific Outcome. RUHS J Health Sci 2018;3:99-105.

Obituary of Dr. Upma Bagai Sukhbir Kaur Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):248-249 Dr. Upma Bagai left for her heavenly abode on 8 September 2018. At the time of her untimely demise, she was serving as Professor and Chairperson, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Erratum: Homoeopathic treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: An open label randomised multicentric placebo-controlled clinical trial Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy 2018 12(4):250-250

Associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in the adolescent offspring

Abstract

Objective

We examined the associations between maternal age at menarche and anthropometry and metabolism in adolescent offspring.

Methods

Anthropometric, metabolic, and blood pressure data were obtained from 304 girls and 190 boys aged 11–16 years attending school in Hangzhou (China). Age at menarche for both mothers and daughters was self‐reported. Fasting blood samples were obtained and all participants underwent clinical examinations. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥95^th percentile for age and sex.

Results

Older maternal age at menarche was associated with older age of their daughters at menarche (r=0.21; p<0.001). Mother's age at menarche was not associated with anthropometry or metabolism of daughters. However, younger maternal age at menarche was associated with increased hip and waist circumferences, and BMI SDS of their sons. Boys whose mothers were ≤13 years at menarche had an adjusted relative risk of obesity three‐fold greater than sons of mothers with a later menarcheal onset (2.96; 95% CI 1.49, 5.87). Among daughters, every 1‐year increase in their age at menarche was associated with a 0.34 SDS reduction in BMI. Increasing age at menarche was also associated with reduced waist and hip circumferences (‐1.5 and ‐1.8 cm/year, respectively) and waist‐to‐height ratio (‐0.008 per year). Girls in the youngest menarcheal age tertile (8.8–11.6 years) had diastolic blood pressure 2.2 mmHg higher than other girls (p=0.029).

Conclusions

Younger maternal age at menarche is associated with increased obesity risk in their sons, but not daughters. However, girls who experience menarche earlier have a less favourable anthropometric profile.

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