Which spike train distance is most suitable for distinguishing rate and temporal coding?

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
Author(s): Eero Satuvuori, Thomas Kreuz
BackgroundIt is commonly assumed in neuronal coding that repeated presentations of a stimulus to a coding neuron elicit similar responses. One common way to assess similarity are spike train distances. These can be divided into spike-resolved, such as the Victor-Purpura and the van Rossum distance, and time-resolved, e.g. the ISI-, the SPIKE- and the RI-SPIKE-distance.New MethodWe use independent steady-rate Poisson processes as surrogates for spike trains with fixed rate and no timing information to address two basic questions: How does the sensitivity of the different spike train distances to temporal coding depend on the rates of the two processes and how do the distances deal with very low rates?ResultsSpike-resolved distances always contain rate information even for parameters indicating time coding. This is an issue for reasonably high rates but beneficial for very low rates. In contrast, the operational range for detecting time coding of time-resolved distances is superior at normal rates, but these measures produce artefacts at very low rates. The RI-SPIKE-distance is the only measure that is sensitive to timing information only.Comparison with Existing MethodsWhile our results on rate-dependent expectation values for the spike-resolved distances agree with Chicharro et al. (2011), we here go one step further and specifically investigate applicability for very low rates.ConclusionsThe most appropriate measure depends on the rates of the data being analysed. Accordingly, we summarize our results in one table that allows an easy selection of the preferred measure for any kind of data.



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Protective effects of a traditional Chinese herbal formula Jiang-Xian HuGan on Concanavalin A-induced mouse hepatitis via NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways

Publication date: 10 May 2018
Source:Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 217
Author(s): Huan-Huan Tang, Hai-Long Li, Yue-Xuan Li, Yan You, Yun-Yun Guan, Su-Lin Zhang, Li-Xin Liu, Wei-Lian Bao, Yong Zhou, Xiao-Yan Shen
Ethnopharmacological relevanceJiang-Xian HuGan (JXHG) formulated by five natural products including Freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea), Curcuma longa L., Ligustrum lucidum, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. and Paeonia lactiflora Pall., has exhibited a great hepatoprotective effect.Aim of this studyWe investigated the effect of JXHG on concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute live injury in mice, and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.Materials and methodsJiangkanling Capsule (900 mg/kg), low-dose JXHG (LJXHG, 700 mg/kg), high-dose JXHG (HJXHG, 1400 mg/kg) were administered to mice by oral gavage daily for 20 days prior to a single intravenous injection of ConA (20 mg/kg). Liver injury was evaluated by measuring the serum levels of enzymes and cytokines as well as liver histological analysis. We also measured the hepatic expression of cytokines at mRNA levels and the proteins related to NF-κB and Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways.ResultOur results showed that JXHG pretreatment significantly alleviated ConA-induced live injury as evidenced by decreased serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (AST), and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and mortality. Furthermore, JXHG was able to significantly reduce the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulate the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and up-regulate IL-10 as well as superoxide-dimutase-1 (SOD1), glutathione reductase (GSR) and Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) mRNA in the liver tissues after Con A injection. In addition, JXHG pretreatment dramatically suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 (p65), increased Nrf2 expression, and decreased the expression ratio of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in liver tissues.ConclusionThese results suggest that JXHG protects against ConA-induced acute live injury through inhibiting NF-κB mediated inflammatory pathway and promoting Nrf2 mediated anti-oxidative stress signaling pathway.

Graphical abstract

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Incidence of haematological malignancies, Eastern Cape Province; South Africa, 2004–2013

Publication date: April 2018
Source:Cancer Epidemiology, Volume 53
Author(s): Diana Oelofse, Ilse Truter
BackgroundThe incidence of haematological malignancies in Africa's rapidly urbanising populations is insufficiently explored. Reliable population-based cancer statistics, however, continues to be a scarce resource in Africa and tends to be urban biased with limited rural coverage. In addition, many haematological malignancies are regarded as rare cancers, a sub-group that often affects the young disproportionately and require advanced diagnostic services and facilities able to deliver costly sophisticated treatments. This study provides a first attempt to estimate the incidence of haematological malignancies among the Eastern Cape Province population of South Africa.MethodMultiple public- and private sector data archives and resources were utilised to optimise the identification of incident cases, including clinical records; bone marrow; cytology; histology; flow cytometry and cytogenetic records. Crude incidence, age-and gender-standardised rates are presented and comparison made with existing national data and select data from other economically developed countries and global institutions.ResultsA total of 3603 incident cases were identified between 2004 and 2013. Mature lymphoid malignancies accounted for approximately 60% (n = 2153), myeloma/plasma cell neoplasms 13% (n = 465), acute leukaemia 17% (n = 596), chronic myeloid leukaemia 4% (n = 155) and other myeloproliferative neoplasms 6% (n = 234) when stratified according to conventional groups. Most subtypes increase with age, with male excess.ConclusionHaematological malignancies in the Eastern Cape Province show disparities in gender and pathology-specific incidence patterns. The present study suggest that haematological malignancies are not uncommon in this region and the incidence rate of at least one rare subtype, APL, is comparable with some European populations.



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Oculosympathetic paresis after selective neck dissection: A ‘distant’ complication

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Oral Oncology
Author(s): S. Mumtaz, J. Parrish, M. Singh




http://ift.tt/2C4c2UA

2-Arylthio-5-iodo pyrimidine derivatives as non-nucleoside HBV polymerase inhibitors

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Jie Wang, Liang Zhang, Jianxiong Zhao, Yu Zhang, Qingchuan Liu, Chao Tian, Zhili Zhang, Junyi Liu, Xiaowei Wang
In this study, a series of 2-arylthio-5-iodo pyrimidine derivatives, as non-nucleoside hepatitis B virus inhibitors, were evaluated and firstly reported as potential anti-HBV agents. To probe the mechanism of active agents, DHBV polymerase was isolated and a non-radioisotopic assay was established for measuring HBV polymerase. The biological results demonstrated that 2-arylthio-5-iodo pyrimidine derivatives targeted HBV polymerase. In addition, pharmacophore models were constructed for future optimization of lead compounds. Further study will be performed for the development of non-nucleoside anti-HBV agents.

Graphical abstract

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Synthesis and evaluation of a novel ‘off-on’ chemical sensor based on rhodamine B and the 2,5-pyrrolidinedione moiety for selective discrimination of glutathione and its bioimaging in living cells

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Zhenzhen Xue, Lu Xiao, Hailang Chen, Tong Zhou, Yangyan Qian, Jinshuai Suo, Qinhan Hua, Baojing Zhou, Renlong Ye, Xiaofeng Bao, Jing Zhu
A new "turn-on" fluorescent probe, RDMBM, based on the rhodamine B dye and the 2, 5-pyrrolidinedione moiety was synthesized and characterized. Its sensing behavior toward various amino acids was evaluated via UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The observed spectral changes showed that RDMBM displays high selectivity and sensitivity toward GSH in MeOH/H2O (1:2, v/v, pH 7.40, Tris-HCl buffer, 1 mM) solution and that it undergoes 1:1 covalent binding with GSH. More importantly, the hydrogenation and ring-opening of the nitrogen atom in the spirane structure of rhodamine B derivatives were tightly bound to the induction effects of different groups. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging applications demonstrated that RDMBM can be successfully used for the detection of GSH in human breast cancer cells MCF-7.

Graphical abstract

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Discoveryof selectiveEGFRmodulatortoinhibitL858R/T790M doublemutantsbearingaN-9-Diphenyl-9H-purin-2-aminescaffold

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Jinxing Hu, Yufei Han, Jingtao Wang, Yue Liu, Yanfang Zhao, Yajing Liu, Ping Gong
Based upon the modeling binding mode of marketed AZD9291 with T790M, a series of N-9-Diphenyl-9H-purin-2-aminederivatives were designed and synthesized with the purpose to overcome the drug resistance resulted from T790M/L858R double mutations. The most potent compound 23a showed excellent enzyme inhibitory activities and selectivity with nanomolar IC50 values for both the single T790M and double T790M/L858R mutant EGFRs, and was more than 8-fold selective for wild type EGFR. Compound 23a displayed strong antiproliferative activity against the H1975 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells bearing T790M/L858R. And it was less potent against A549 (WT EGFR and k-Ras mutation) and HT-29 (non-special gene type) cells, showing a high safety index.

Graphical abstract

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Site-selective installation of an electrophilic handle on proteins for bioconjugation

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
Author(s): Bernadette Lee, Shuang Sun, Ester Jiménez-Moreno, André A. Neves, Gonçalo J.L. Bernardes
Site-selective protein modification strategies can be used to insert non-natural functional groups into protein structures. Herein, we report on the use of the bis-electrophile 3-bromo-2-bromomethyl-1-propene as a reagent to introduce an electrophilic handle at cysteine residues under mild conditions. This method is demonstrated on a variety of proteins containing a solvent-exposed cysteine residue, including an anti-HER2 nanobody. Chemically distinct protein conjugates are then efficiently formed through further reaction of the electrophilic site with various nucleophiles, including thiols and amines. The resulting chemically-defined conjugates are highly stable in the presence of glutathione or human plasma and retain both the structure and function of the native protein.

Graphical abstract

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Expression of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor A2 (adgra2) during Xenopus laevis development

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Gene Expression Patterns
Author(s): Franziska A. Seigfried, Petra Dietmann, Michael Kühl, Susanne J. Kühl
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor A2 (Adgra2) is a seven transmembrane receptor that has been described to be a regulator for angiogenesis in mice. Furthermore, the zebrafish ouchless mutant is unable to develop dorsal root ganglia through a disrupted trafficking of Adgra2. Besides RNA sequencing data, nothing is reported about Adgra2 in the south African crawled frog Xenopus laevis.In this study, we investigated for the first time the spatio-temporal expression of adgra2 during early Xenopus embryogenesis in detail. In silico approaches showed that the genomic adgra2 region as well as the Adgra2 protein sequence is highly conserved among different species including Xenopus. RT-PCR experiments confirmed that embryonic adgra2 expression is primarily detected at the beginning of neurulation and is then present throughout the whole Xenopus embryogenesis until stage 42. Whole mount in situ hybridization approaches visualized adgra2 expression in many tissues during Xenopus embryogenesis such as the cardiovascular system including the heart, the migrating neural crest cells and the developing eye including the periocular mesenchyme. Our results indicate a role of Adgra2 for embryogenesis and are a good starting point for further functional studies during early vertebrate development.



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Intrasubject Multimodal Groupwise Registration with the Conditional Template Entropy

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Medical Image Analysis
Author(s): Mathias Polfliet, Stefan Klein, Wyke Huizinga, Margarethus M. Paulides, Wiro J. Niessen, Jef Vandemeulebroucke
Image registration is an important task in medical image analysis. Whereas most methods are designed for the registration of two images (pairwise registration), there is an increasing interest in simultaneously aligning more than two images using groupwise registration. Multimodal registration in a groupwise setting remains difficult, due to the lack of generally applicable similarity metrics. In this work, a novel similarity metric for such groupwise registration problems is proposed. The metric calculates the sum of the conditional entropy between each image in the group and a representative template image constructed iteratively using principal component analysis. The proposed metric is validated in extensive experiments on synthetic and intrasubject clinical image data. These experiments showed equivalent or improved registration accuracy compared to other state-of-the-art (dis)similarity metrics and improved transformation consistency compared to pairwise mutual information.

Graphical abstract

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Acute fulminant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host: An autopsy case report

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Medical Mycology Case Reports, Volume 20
Author(s): Yuuki Ohara, Takahiko Ito, Makoto Ito, Kyoko Yamashita, Shinya Toyokuni
A 62-year-old previously healthy male who was a welder/smoker/drinker was admitted to Kani Tono Hospital for severe hypoxemia (Day 0). Initial physical and radiological examinations suggested an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, respiratory failure developed rapidly, and he died on Day + 4. Aspergillus fumigatus was identified after his death, and he was diagnosed with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The clinical and pathological features are precisely described with pathogenetic considerations.



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Paradoxical respiratory failure due to cryptococcal pneumonia after amphotericin B treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Medical Mycology Case Reports, Volume 19
Author(s): James E. Scriven, Francois CJ Botha, Charlotte Schutz, David G. Lalloo, Helen Wainwright, Graeme Meintjes
We present a 27-year-old lady with HIV-1 infection who died due to rapidly worsening respiratory failure one day after commencing amphotericin B deoxycholate therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. Chest x-ray appearances were consistent with pneumocystis pneumonia but post mortem examination showed evidence of severe necrotizing cryptococcal pneumonia. Cryptococcal pneumonia is an underrecognized condition and should be considered in the differential of patients with HIV-1 infection and low CD4 count who develop respiratory symptoms.



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Late presentation of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after renal transplant: A case report

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Medical Mycology Case Reports, Volume 20
Author(s): Prithiv Prasad, Kevin Bryan Lo, Pradhum Ram
The highest risk of opportunistic infections is from 1 to 6 months post-transplant. We report a rare case of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient only on maintenance immunosuppression eleven years after transplant without concomitant CMV infection or recent episodes of graft rejection.



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Histoplasmosis: An oral malignancy-like clinical picture

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Medical Mycology Case Reports, Volume 19
Author(s): Tomasz Chroboczek, Julie Dufour, Alain Renaux, Christine Aznar, Magalie Demar, Pierre Couppie, Antoine Adenis
HIV-associated histoplasmosis is mainly misdiagnosed for granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis. Nonetheless, malignancy-like lesions have been reported sporadically in HIV-infected patients. Although the main reported lesions are erosive or ulcerated, here a rare case of oral tumor is reported. This case raises the awareness of this presentation, and the importance of accurate identification in the laboratory. Performing systematic specific stains for fungal elements and culture on tissue samples ensures accurate differential diagnosis.



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Carbon-ion radiotherapy for locoregional recurrence after primary surgery for pancreatic cancer

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Shohei Kawashiro, Shigeru Yamada, Yuka Isozaki, Kenji Nemoto, Hiroshi Tsuji, Tadashi Kamada
The efficacy and safety of carbon ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for locoregional recurrence after surgery for pancreatic cancer were retrospectively evaluated. The results for 30 patients showed that C-ion RT was performed safely with relatively long overall survival, good local control, and minimal toxicity.



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Dose–response curves for MRI-detected radiation-induced temporal lobe reactions in patients after proton and carbon ion therapy: Does the same RBE-weighted dose lead to the same biological effect?

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Clarissa Gillmann, Antony J. Lomax, Damien C. Weber, Oliver Jäkel, Christian P. Karger
PurposeTo derive the dose–response curve for temporal lobe reactions (TLRs) after proton therapy and to compare the resulting relative biological effectiveness (RBE)-weighted tolerance doses based on an RBE of 1.1 with published values for carbon ions, which were calculated by the two versions of the local effect model (LEM I or IV).Methods and materials62 patients treated with protons for skull base tumors were analyzed for TLRs using magnetic resonance imaging. Within the mean follow-up time of 38 months, TLRs were observed in six patients. Dose–response curves based on the RBE-weighted maximum dose, excluding the 1 cm³-volume with the highest dose, were derived and compared to previously published dose–response curves for carbon ions, which were obtained using LEM I or IV, respectively.ResultsThe dose–response curves for protons and LEM I were found to be almost identical while the curve of LEM IV was shifted toward higher doses. The resulting tolerance doses at the 5% effect level were 68.2+2.7-5.6, 68.6+3.0-3.9 and 78.3+3.8-5.0 Gy (RBE), respectively.ConclusionsThe RBE-weighted dose prescription for protons leads to the same RBE-weighted dose–response curve for TLR as the one for LEM I-based carbon ions, while LEM IV predicts clinically significant higher tolerance doses.



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Modulation of human corticospinal excitability by paired associative stimulation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and effects of Riluzole

Publication date: Available online 7 February 2018
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): M. Ceccanti, E. Onesti, A. Rubino, C. Cambieri, G. Tartaglia, A. Miscioscia, V. Frasca, M. Inghilleri
BackgroundAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes an impairment in both the upper and lower motor neurons. The recent description of numerous non-motor signs points to an involvement of the neocortex networks that is more complex than was previously believed. Paired associative stimulation (PAS), a combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation, can enhance motor output in the contralateral hand through an NMDA-mediated sensorimotor mechanism.ObjectiveTo describe the effects of PAS on ALS patients before and after Riluzole intake compared with healthy subjects.MethodsPAS was used to detect differences between 24 newly-diagnosed ALS patients and 25 age-matched healthy controls. MEP amplitude from the abductor pollicis brevis was considered before PAS, immediately after (T0) and after 10 (T10), 20 (T20), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) minutes. Statistical significance was calculated using RM-ANOVA.ResultsIn healthy controls, PAS significantly increased MEP amplitude at T10, T20 and T30 (p < 0.05). In ALS patients, a significant increase in MEP amplitude was also observed after 60 min (p < 0.05), thus demonstrating NMDA-mediated enhanced facilitatory plasticity. After two weeks of riluzole intake, no MEP amplitude increase was evident after PAS at any time point. In three monomelic-onset ALS patients, a long lasting sensorimotor facilitation was evident only in the hemisphere corresponding to the affected side and appeared in the opposite hemisphere when the patients manifested contralateral symptoms.ConclusionsPAS may be considered a useful tool when investigating NMDA-mediated neocortical networks in ALS patients and the modulation of such networks after anti-glutamatergic drug intake.



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Brain-state determines learning improvements after transcranial alternating-current stimulation to frontal cortex

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): John Nguyen, Yuqi Deng, Robert M.G. Reinhart
BackgroundTheories of executive control propose that communication between medial frontal cortex (MFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) is critical for learning. 6-Hz phase synchronization may be the mechanism by which neural activity between MFC and lPFC is coordinated into a functional network. Recent evidence suggests that switching from eyes closed to open may induce a change in brain-state reflected by enhanced executive control and related functional connectivity.Objective/HypothesisTo examine whether causal manipulation of MFC and lPFC can improve learning according to the brain-state induced by switching from eyes closed to open.MethodsWithin-subjects, sham-controlled, double-blind study of 30 healthy subjects, each receiving 6-Hz in-phase high definition transcranial alternating-current stimulation (HD-tACS) applied to MFC and right lPFC prior to performing a time estimation task.ResultsHD-tACS with eyes open improved learning ability relative to sham, whereas HD-tACS with eyes closed had no significant effect on behavior.ConclusionResults suggest a phase-sensitive mechanism in frontal cortex mediates components of learning performance in a state-dependent manner.



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Combined effects of rTMS and botulinum toxin therapy in benign essential blepharospasm

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): Aparna Wagle Shukla, Wei Hu, Joseph Legacy, Wissam Deeb, Mark Hallett




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Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the motor cortex reduces chronic pain in Alcock canal syndrome

Publication date: Available online 7 February 2018
Source:Brain Stimulation
Author(s): Raffaella Ricci, Ada Ghiggia, Ilenia La Rosa, Azzurra Milano, Walter Troni, Mark S. George, Jeffrey J. Borckardt, Lorys Castelli, Adriana Salatino




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A novel electrocatalytic approach for effective degradation of Rh-B in water using carbon nanotubes and agarose

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/agarose (AG) membrane on the ITO (indium tin oxide) conductive glass, with high efficiency of electrocatalytic degradation for rhodamine B (Rh-B) in water, was prepared using an easy and green method. The prepared CNTs/AG membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectra (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that CNTs were dispersed in the AG membrane. Additionally, the electrocatalytic activities for Rh-B were conducted on the electrochemical workstation with a three-electrode system. Both initial pH and potential played an important role in the process of electrocatalytic degradation. At pH 3 and potential reaching 4 V, the removal rate of Rh-B (10 mg/L) in water achieved 96% within 20 min. The stability of the prepared CNTs/AG membrane was also investigated. Besides, the toxicities of the main intermediates from the electrocatalytic degradation for Rh-B were calculated using the ECOSAR program and EPIWIN software, and results indicated that the toxicities of some intermediates were higher than those of the parent pollutant (Rh-B). These findings provided a light-spot to simplify the preparation of efficient working electrode and emphasized the possible potential risks from intermediates at the same time.

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CHANGES IN ANATOMIC POSITION OF ROOT CANAL ORIFICES IN PLURIRADICULAR TEETH FOLLOWING RE-LOCATION DURING ENDODONTIC TREATMENT

Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018
Source:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
Author(s): Darian Rusu, Petra Surlin, Stratul Stefan-Ioan, Marius Boariu, Calniceanu Horia, Adrian Kasaj, Cosmin Sinescu, Didilescu Andreea
Direct access to the root canals in posterior teeth for endodontic treatment is most frequently facilitated by the straightening of the coronal parts of the root canals, having as a consequence the relocation of the canal orifices on the map of the floor of the pulp chamber (Christie & Thompson, 1994). This procedure intentionally moves the coronal aspect of a canal away from the center of the chamber, while simultaneously removing internal dentin from the pulp chamber walls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the displacement resulting from the relocation of root canal orifices during the initial phase of rotary root canal treatment in molars using the dental operating microscope (DOM) and digital image processing. Forty-three molars (17 maxillary and 26 mandibular) belonging to 43 patients (aged 18 to 62 years) with indications for root canal treatment were endodontically treated. The differences between the initial perimeter and the perimeter of the root canal orifices polygon after relocation varied between 2.7 and 3.4 microns (mean 3.0 microns), while the differences between the initial area and the area after relocation varied between 2,448,456.8 and 3,249,306.6 square microns (mean 2,848,881.7). The increase in access to the cavities and the alterations of the pulp chambers can be satisfactorily approximated by the variations of the perimeters and areas of the pulp floor polygons during root canal treatment. From a clinical perspective, these results indicate that there is a significant decrease in tooth substance in molars (except MB2).



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Porcine heart interatrial septum anatomy

Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018
Source:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
Author(s): Mateusz K. Hołda, Mateusz Koziej, Katarzyna Piątek, Wiesława Klimek-Piotrowska
BackgroundThe left-sided atrial septal pouch (SP), a recently re-discovered anatomical structure within the human interatrial septum, has emerged as a possible source of thrombi formation and a trigger for atrial fibrillation, thereby potentially increasing the risk for ischemic stroke. In many studies, the swine interatrial septum has been used as model of the human heart. Also, possible new strategies and devices for management of the SPs may first be tested in this pig model. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate swine interatrial septum morphology and to compare it with the human analog, especially in the light of SP occurrence.MethodsA total of 75 swine (Sus scrofa f. domestica) hearts were examined. The interatrial septum morphology was assessed, and SPs were measured.ResultsThe most common variant of the interatrial septum was smooth septum (26.6%) followed by the patent foramen ovale channel and right SP (both 22.7%). No left or double SPs were observed. In 28.0% of all cases the fold of tissue (left septal ridge) was observed on the left side of the interatrial septum in the location where the left-sided SP should be expected. The mean length of the patent foramen ovale channel was 7.1±1.5mm. The mean right SP depth was 6.3±2.2mm, and its ostium width and height were 5.8±1.2 and 5.3±1.6mm, respectively.ConclusionsThere are significant differences between human and porcine interatrial septum morphology that should be taken into account during experimental studies. The absence of the left SP in swine results in the inability to use porcine heart as an experimental model for left-sided SP management.



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Macrophage involvement affects matrix stiffness-related influences on cell osteogenesis under three-dimensional culture conditions

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Xiao-Tao He, Rui-Xin Wu, Xin-Yue Xu, Jia Wang, Yuan Yin, Fa-Ming Chen
Accumulating evidence indicates that the physicochemical properties of biomaterials exert profound influences on stem cell fate decisions. However, matrix-based regulation selected through in vitro analyses based on a given cell population do not genuinely reflect the in vivo conditions, in which multiple cell types are involved and interact dynamically. This study constitutes the first investigation of how macrophages (Mφs) in stiffness-tunable transglutaminase cross-linked gelatin (TG-gel) affect the osteogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). When a single cell type was cultured, low-stiffness TG-gels promoted BMMSC proliferation, whereas high-stiffness TG-gels supported cell osteogenic differentiation. However, Mφs in high-stiffness TG-gels were more likely to polarize toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. Using either conditioned medium (CM)-based incubation or Transwell-based co-culture, we found that Mφs encapsulated in the low-stiffness matrix exerted a positive effect on the osteogenesis of co-cultured BMMSCs. Conversely, Mφs in high-stiffness TG-gels negatively affected cell osteogenic differentiation. When both cell types were cultured in the same TG-gel type and placed into the Transwell system, the stiffness-related influences of Mφs on BMMSCs were significantly altered; both the low- and high-stiffness matrices induced similar levels of BMMSC osteogenesis. Although the best material parameter for synergistically affecting Mφs and BMMSCs remains unknown, our data suggest that Mφ involvement in the co-culture system alters previously identified material-related influences on BMMSCs, such as matrix stiffness-related effects, which were identified based on a culture system involving a single cell type. Such Mφ-stem cell interactions should be considered when establishing proper matrix parameter-associated cell regulation in the development of biomimetic biomaterials for regenerative applications.Statement of significanceThe substrate stiffness of a scaffold plays critical roles in modulating both reparative cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and immune cells, such as macrophages (Mφs). Although the influences of material stiffness on either Mφs or MSCs, have been extensively described, how the two cell types respond to matrix cues to dynamically affect each other in a three-dimensional (3D) biosystem remains largely unknown. Here, we report our findings that, in a platform wherein Mφs and bone marrow-derived MSCs coexist, matrix stiffness can influence stem cell fate through both direct matrix-associated regulation and indirect Mφ-based modulation. Our data support future studies of the MSC-Mφ-matrix interplay in the 3D context to optimize matrix parameters for the development of the next biomaterial.

Graphical abstract

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Fibrin glue mesh fixation combined with mesenchymal stem cells or exosomes modulates the inflammatory reaction in a murine model of incisional hernia

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Rebeca Blázquez, Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo, Verónica Álvarez, Alejandra Usón, Federica Marinaro, Javier G. Casado
Surgical meshes are effective and frequently used to reinforce soft tissues. Fibrin glue (FG) has been widely used for mesh fixation and is also considered an optimal vehicle for stem cell delivery. The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MSCs and their exosomes combined with FG for the treatment of incisional hernia.A murine incisional hernia model was used to implant surgical meshes and different treatments with FG, MSCs and exo-MSCs were applied. The implanted meshes were evaluated at day 7 by anatomopathology, cellular analysis of infiltrating leukocytes and gene expression analysis of TH1/TH2 cytokines, MMPs, TIMPs and collagens.Our results demonstrated a significant increase of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and TH2 cytokines when MSCs or exo-MSCs were used. Moreover, the analysis of MMPs, TIMPs and collagen exerted significant differences in the extracellular matrix and in the remodeling process.Our in vivo study suggests that the fixation of surgical meshes with FG and MSCs or exo-MSCs will have a beneficial effect for the treatment of incisional hernia in terms of improved outcomes of damaged tissue, and especially, in the modulation of inflammatory responses towards a less aggressive and pro-regenerative profile.Statement of significanceThe implantation of surgical meshes is the standard procedure to reinforce tissue defects such as hernias. However, an exacerbated and persistent inflammatory response secondary to this implantation is frequently observed, leading to a strong discomfort and chronic pain in the patients. In many cases, an additional surgical intervention is needed to remove the mesh.This study shows that mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes, combined with a fibrin sealant, can be used for the successful fixation of these meshes. This new therapeutic approach, assayed in a murine model of incisional hernia, favors the modulation of the inflammatory response towards a less aggressive and pro-regenerative profile.

Graphical abstract

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Exogenous mineralization of hard tissues using photo-absorptive minerals and femto-second lasers; the case of dental enamel

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): A.D. Anastasiou, S. Strafford, C.L. Thomson, J. Gardy, T.J. Edwards, M. Malinowski, S.A. Hussain, N.K. Metzger, A. Hassanpour, C.T.A. Brown, A.P. Brown, M.S. Duggal, A. Jha
A radical new methodology for the exogenous mineralization of hard tissues is demonstrated in the context of laser-biomaterials interaction. The proposed approach is based on the use of femtosecond pulsed lasers (fs) and Fe³⁺-doped calcium phosphate minerals (specifically in this work fluorapatite powder containing Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NP)). A layer of the synthetic powder is applied to the surface of eroded bovine enamel and is irradiated with a fs laser (1040 nm wavelength, 1 GHz repetition rate, 150 fs pulse duration and 0.4 W average power). The Fe2O3 NPs absorb the light and may act as thermal antennae, dissipating energy to the vicinal mineral phase. Such a photothermal process triggers the sintering and densification of the surrounding calcium phosphate crystals thereby forming a new, dense layer of typically 20 μm in thickness, which is bonded to the underlying surface of the natural enamel. The dispersed iron oxide NPs, ensure the localization of temperature excursion, minimizing collateral thermal damage to the surrounding natural tissue during laser irradiation. Simulated brushing trials (pH cycle and mechanical force) on the synthetic layer show that the sintered material is more acid resistant than the natural mineral of enamel. Furthermore, nano-indentation confirms that the hardness and Young's modulus of the new layers are significantly more closely matched to enamel than current restorative materials used in clinical dentistry. Although the results presented herein are exemplified in the context of bovine enamel restoration, the methodology may be more widely applicable to human enamel and other hard-tissue regenerative engineering.Statement of SignificanceIn this work we provide a new methodology for the mineralisation of dental hard tissues using femtosecond lasers and iron doped biomaterials. In particular, we demonstrate selective laser sintering of an iron doped fluorapatite on the surface of eroded enamel under low average power and mid-IR wavelength and the formation of a new layer to substitute the removed material. The new layer is evaluated through simulated brushing trials and nano-indentation. From the results we can conclude that is more acid resistant than natural enamel while, its mechanical properties are superior to that of current restorative materials. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that someone demonstrated, laser sintering and bonding of calcium phosphate biomaterials on hard tissues. Although we here we discuss the case of dental enamel, similar approach can be adopted for other hard tissues, leading to new strategies for the fixation of bone/tooth defects.

Graphical abstract

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Editorial Board

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Microbiological Research, Volume 207





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Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Cardiovascular Events: Class Effects versus Individual Patterns

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Soo Lim, Kyoung Min Kim, Michael A. Nauck
Several new glucose-lowering medications have been approved, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Among GLP-1RAs, lixisenatide, a short-acting drug, did not show cardiovascular (CV) benefits in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and acute coronary syndrome. Extended-release exenatide was also not significantly better for CV outcomes. By contrast, once daily liraglutide and once weekly semaglutide, both long-acting GLP-1RAs, decreased the incidence of major adverse CV events and mortality. This Review attempts to explain favorable CV results with some, but not all, GLP-1RAs, to aid in their differential prescription with the aim of further reducing the adverse CV burden of T2D.



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Starvation, Stress Resistance, and Cancer

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Roberta Buono, Valter D. Longo
Cancer cells are characterized by dysregulation in signal transduction and metabolic pathways leading to increased glucose uptake, altered mitochondrial function, and the evasion of antigrowth signals. Fasting and fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) provide a particularly promising intervention to promote differential effects in normal and malignant cells. These effects are caused in part by the reduction in IGF-1, insulin, and glucose and the increase in IGFBP1 and ketone bodies, which generate conditions that force cancer cells to rely more on metabolites and factors that are limited in the blood, thus resulting in cell death. Here we discuss the cellular and animal experiments demonstrating the differential effects of fasting on normal and cancer cells and the mechanisms responsible for these effects.



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The combination of Luffa cylindrical fibers and metal oxides offers a highly performing hybrid fiber material in water decontamination

Abstract

The present investigation aims to prepare a hybrid material from Luffa cylindrica and metal oxides (ZnO, Al₂O₃) by precipitation for different percentages of zinc and aluminum (1, 2, and 4%) with a determined amount of biomass (a diameter of 250 μm). Physicochemical characterization of "Luffa cylindrica" and "Luffa cylindrica-metal oxides" was carried out by Boehm titration, pH_PZC determination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The process was optimized according to the adsorbed amount of methylene blue: MB (cationic dye) and methyl orange: MO (anionic dye) onto Luffa cylindrica and hybrid materials prepared. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the designed hybrid materials in removing MB and MO, accelerating the biosorption process and improving the performance of Luffa cylindrica fibers. The highest quantities adsorbed of dyes were obtained by the hybrid material prepared using 4% ZnO. Finally, the Brouers-Sotolongo mathematical modeling of kinetics was used in order to describe the pollutants retention process.

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Lethal and sub-lethal effects of cyproconazole on freshwater organisms: a case study with Chironomus riparius and Dugesia tigrina

Abstract

The fungicide cyproconazole (CPZ) inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential sterol component in fungal cell membrane and can also affect non-target organisms by its inhibitory effects on P450 monooxygenases. The predicted environmental concentration of CPZ is up to 49.05 μg/L and 145.89 μg/kg in surface waters and sediments, respectively, and information about CPZ toxicity towards non-target aquatic organisms is still limited. This study aimed to address the lack of ecotoxicological data for CPZ, and thus, an evaluation of the lethal and sub-lethal effects of CPZ was performed using two freshwater invertebrates (the midge Chironomus riparius and the planarian Dugesia tigrina). The estimated CPZ 48 h LC₅₀ (95% CI) was 17.46 mg/L for C. riparius and 47.38 mg/L for D. tigrina. The emergence time (EmT₅₀) of C. riparius was delayed by CPZ exposure from 0.76 mg/L. On the other hand, planarians showed higher tolerance to CPZ exposure. Sub-lethal effects of CPZ on planarians included reductions in locomotion (1.8 mg/L), delayed photoreceptors regeneration (from 0.45 mg/L), and feeding inhibition (5.6 mg/L). Our results confirm the moderate toxicity of CPZ towards aquatic invertebrates but sub-lethal effects observed also suggest potential chronic effects of CPZ with consequences for population dynamics.

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Uptake and elimination kinetics of trifluralin and pendimethalin in Pheretima spp. and Eisenia spp.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetic bioaccumulation potential of herbicides in the earthworm, Pheretima spp., the most common earthworms throughout Asia, and Eisenia spp., litter-feeding earthworms included in the test species recommended by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The kinetic bioaccumulation factors of trifluralin and pendimethalin were estimated from an uptake test for 10 or 12 days and from an elimination test for 10 days. The time required to reach a steady state following herbicide exposure was 7 days for both herbicides in Eisenia spp. and 1 day in Pheretima spp. The uptake rate constant (g-soil/g-worm/day) and elimination rate constant (per day) for trifluralin were 2.1 and 0.23 in Eisenia spp. and 0.42 and 0.45 in Pheretima spp., respectively, and those for pendimethalin were 1.5 and 0.26 in Eisenia spp. and 0.27 and 1.0 in Pheretima spp., respectively. Kinetic bioaccumulation factors of both herbicides were relatively close to bioaccumulation factors in steady state and were higher in Eisenia spp. (8.9 for trifluralin and 5.7 for pendimethalin) than in Pheretima spp. (0.95 and 0.26). These results demonstrated that the herbicide bioaccumulation risk is lower for Pheretima spp. than for Eisenia spp. because of the lower uptake rate and higher elimination rate in Pheretima spp.

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The Infection Returns: A Case of Pulmonary Sporotrichosis Relapse after Chemotherapy

Background. Pulmonary sporotrichosis is a rare disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. It is rarely found in association with malignancy. We present a case of pulmonary sporotrichosis recurrence after chemotherapy. Case Presentation. A 44-year-old man, treated for pulmonary sporotrichosis in the past, presented with dysphagia and was found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. After undergoing chemotherapy, extensive cavitary lesions were observed on thoracic computed tomography scan. A bronchoalveolar lavage revealed the presence of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. Despite treatment with itraconazole, he eventually required a left pneumonectomy for progressive destructive cavitary lesions involving the left lung. Conclusion. This case highlights the importance of considering past fungal infections, albeit cured, in patients initiating immunosuppressive therapy.

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Metabolic Kinases Moonlighting as Protein Kinases

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
Author(s): Zhimin Lu, Tony Hunter
Protein kinases regulate every aspect of cellular activity, whereas metabolic enzymes are responsible for energy production and catabolic and anabolic processes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), ketohexokinase (KHK) isoform A (KHK-A), hexokinase (HK), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 and 2 (NME1/2), that phosphorylate soluble metabolites can also function as protein kinases and phosphorylate a variety of protein substrates to regulate the Warburg effect, gene expression, cell cycle progression and proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, exosome secretion, T cell activation, iron transport, ion channel opening, and many other fundamental cellular functions. The elevated protein kinase functions of these moonlighting metabolic enzymes in tumor development make them promising therapeutic targets for cancer.



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The role of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in prostate cancer

Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 462, Part A
Author(s): E. Smeets, A.G. Lynch, S. Prekovic, T. Van den Broeck, L. Moris, C. Helsen, S. Joniau, F. Claessens, C.E. Massie
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are recently characterized dioxygenases that regulate demethylation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further derivatives. The recent finding that 5hmC is also a stable and independent epigenetic modification indicates that these proteins play an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes such as neural and tumor development. Both the genomic distribution of (hydroxy)methylation and the expression and activity of TET proteins are dysregulated in a wide range of cancers including prostate cancer. Up to now it is still unknown how changes in TET and 5(h)mC profiles are related to the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this review, we explore recent advances in the current understanding of how TET expression and function are regulated in development and cancer. Furthermore, we look at the impact on 5hmC in prostate cancer and the potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we tried to summarize the latest techniques for detecting and quantifying global and locus-specific 5hmC levels of genomic DNA.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 462, Part A





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Endocrinology of prostate cancer

Publication date: 15 February 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 462, Part A
Author(s): Frank Claessens, Tapio Visakorpi




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Stereo Viewing Modulates Three-Dimensional Shape Processing During Object Recognition: A High-Density ERP Study.

Author: Oliver, Zoe J.; Cristino, Filipe; Roberts, Mark V.; Pegna, Alan J.; Leek, E. Charles

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000444

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 2017

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(Not) Eating for the environment: The impact of restaurant menu design on vegetarian food choice

Publication date: 1 June 2018
Source:Appetite, Volume 125
Author(s): Linda Bacon, Dario Krpan
Previous research has shown that restaurant menu design can influence food choices. However, it remains unknown whether such contextual effects on food selection are dependent on people's past behavior. In the present study, we focused on vegetarian food choices, given their important implications for the environment, and investigated whether the influence of different restaurant menus on the likelihood of selecting a vegetarian dish is moderated by the number of days on which people reported eating only vegetarian food during the previous week. In an online scenario, participants were randomly assigned to four different restaurant menu conditions—control (all dishes presented in the same manner), recommendation (vegetarian dish presented as chef's recommendation), descriptive (more appealing description of vegetarian dish), and vegetarian (vegetarian dishes placed in a separate section)—and ordered a dish for dinner. The results showed that the recommendation and descriptive menus increased the likelihood of vegetarian dish choices for infrequent eaters of vegetarian foods, whereas these effects tended to reverse for those who ate vegetarian meals more often. The vegetarian menu had no impact on the infrequent vegetarian eaters' choice but backfired for the frequent vegetarian eaters and made them less likely to order a vegetarian dish. These findings indicate that people's past behavior is an important determinant of the impact of nudging on food choices, and that achieving sustainable eating may require more personalized interventions.



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The Montreal Children’s Hospital Feeding Scale: Relationships with parental report of child eating behaviours and observed feeding interactions

Publication date: 1 June 2018
Source:Appetite, Volume 125
Author(s): Samantha Rogers, Maria Ramsay, Jackie Blissett
Feeding problems are common, with implications for nutrition, growth and family stress, placing burden on primary care services. The Montreal Children's Hospital Feeding Scale (MCHFS) is a quick and reliable measure of feeding problems for clinical settings, but there is little examination of its relationship to commonly used research measures of parental feeding practice, child eating behaviour and observations of parent-infant interaction at mealtimes. We examined the relationships between the MCHFS, demographics and early feeding history, weight across the first year, parental report of feeding practices and child eating behaviours, and observations of maternal-infant feeding interaction at 1 year. The MCHFS, Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) and Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) were completed by 69 mothers when their infants were 1-year-old (37 male, 32 female). Infant weight was measured at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 1 year. Mothers were observed feeding their infants at 1 year. The MCHFS was reliable (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and showed significant overlap with other measures of feeding and eating. Potential feeding problems were identified in 10 of the children (14%) reflecting similar rates in other community samples. Higher MCHFS scores were associated with lower birthweight and weight across the first year, greater satiety responsiveness, fussiness and slowness in eating, lower enjoyment of food and food responsiveness, and less observed infant food acceptance. Parents of infants with more feeding problems reported less encouragement of balance and variety in their children's diets. Conclusion: MCHFS showed good criterion validity with other parental report measures of eating and observations of mealtime interactions. MCHFS may be a useful tool for researching feeding problems in community samples.



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Serlopitant for the treatment of chronic pruritus: results of a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial

The substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) pathway is critical in chronic pruritus; anecdotal evidence suggests antagonism of this pathway can reduce chronic itch.

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Erratum

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Practical Radiation Oncology





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Editorial Board

Publication date: March 2018
Source:Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Volume 29, Issue 1





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The paleoecology of Pleistocene birds from Middle Bed II, at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the environmental context of the Oldowan-Acheulean transition

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Journal of Human Evolution
Author(s): Kari A. Prassack, Michael C. Pante, Jackson K. Njau, Ignacio de la Torre
Fossil bird data (community composition and taphonomic profiles) are used here to infer the environmental context of the Oldowan-Acheulean transitional period at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. This is the first comprehensive report on the Middle Bed II avifauna and includes fossils excavated by the Olduvai Geochronology and Archaeology Project (OGAP) and recently rediscovered fossils collected by Mary Leakey. Crane, ibis, darter, owl, raptor, crow, and vulture are reported from Bed II for the first time. The presence of these taxa, absent earlier in this Bed, point to a general opening and drying of the landscape with grassland and open woodland expansion. Taxa associated with dense, emergent wetland vegetation, such as dabbling ducks and rails, are uncommon and less diverse than earlier in Bed II. This suggests more mature wetlands with clearer waters. Cormorants continue to be common, but are less diverse. Cormorants and other roosting taxa provide evidence of trees in the area. Compared to lowermost Bed II, the Middle to Upper Bed II landscape is interpreted here as more open and drier (but not necessarily more arid), with matured wetlands, scattered trees, and a greater expansion of grasslands.



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DNA polymerase I proofreading exonuclease activity is required for endonuclease V repair pathway both in vitro and in vivo

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:DNA Repair
Author(s): Kang-Yi Su, Liang-In Lin, Steven D. Goodman, Rong-Syuan Yen, Cho-Yuan Wu, Wei-Chen Chang, Ya-Chien Yang, Wern-Cherng Cheng, Woei-horng Fang
Deamination of adenine can occur spontaneously under physiological conditions to generate the highly mutagenic lesion, deoxyinosine (hypoxanthine deoxyribonucleotide, dI). In DNA, dI preferably pairs with cytosine rather than thymine and results in A:T to G:C transition mutations after DNA replication. The deamination of adenine is enhanced by ROS from exposure of DNA to ionizing radiation, UV light, nitrous acid, or heat. In Escherichia coli, dI repair is initiated by endonuclease V (endo V; nfi gene product) nicking but a complete repair mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Using in vitro minimum component reconstitution assays, we previously showed that endo V, DNA polymerase I (pol I), and E. coli DNA ligase were sufficient to repair this dI lesions efficiently and that the 3′-5′ exonuclease of pol I is essential. Here we employed a phagemid-based T-I substrate mimicking adenine deamination product to demonstrate pol I proofreading exonuclease is required by the endo V repair pathway both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo we found that the repair level of an nfi mutant (11%) was almost 8-fold lower than the wild type (87%). while the polA-D424A strain, a pol I mutant defective in 3′-5′ exonuclease, showed a high repair level similar to wild type (both more than 80%). Using additional C-C mismatch as strand discrimination marker we found that the high level of dI removal in polA-D424A was due to strand loss (more than 60%) associated with incomplete repair. Thus, pol I proofreading exonuclease is the major function responsible for dI lesion removal after endoV nicking both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, using MALDI-TOF to analyze single-nucleotide extension product we show that the pol I proofreading exonuclease excises only 2-nt 5′ upstream of endo V incision site further honing the role of pol I in the endoV dI dependent repair pathway.



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An approach to successful slide tracheoplasty in the low birth weight neonate with single lung

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
Author(s): Matthew S. Yong, Joanne Harrison, Robert G. Berkowitz, Sarath Ranganathan, Igor E. Konstantinov
The advent of the slide tracheoplasty technique and a multi-disciplinary approach has improved outcomes of congenital tracheal stenosis. However, tracheal surgery in younger patients with pulmonary malformations, especially low birth-weight neonates, has been associated with increased mortality. Patients with very low birth-weight, pulmonary malformations and prematurity may be palliated prior to definitive tracheal surgery due to the poor prognosis. We report a successful and unique approach of delaying tracheal reconstruction to allow growth and development in the premature, very low birth-weight neonate (1046g) with left lung agenesis.



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A novel missense mutation in GIPC3 causes sensorineural hearing loss in an Iranian family revealed by targeted next-generation sequencing

Publication date: May 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 108
Author(s): Samira Asgharzade, Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar, Javad Mohammadi-asl, Morteza Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori
BackgroundRecent studies have confirmed the utility of targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS), providing a remarkable opportunity to find variants in known disease genes, especially in genetically heterogeneous disorders such as hearing loss (HL).MethodsAfter excluding mutations in the most common autosomal recessive non-syndromic HL (ARNSHL) genes via Sanger sequencing and genetic linkage analysis, we performed NGS in the proband an Iranian family with ARNSHL. The NimbleGen sequence capture array captures codingsequences (CDSs) and 100 bp of the flanking sequence of 129 common deafness genes (cat# Oto-DA3). NGSwas performed on the IlluminaHiSeq2000. BWA, SAMtools, Picard, GATK, Variant Tools, ANNOVAR, and IGV were applied for Bioinformatics analyses. Data filtering with allele frequencies (<5% in the 1000 Genomes Project and 5400 NHLBI exomes) and PolyPhen2/SIFTscores (>0.95) prioritized 1indel (insertions/deletions) and 3 missense variants in this family. Eventually, Sanger sequencing, segregation pattern, the frequency in 50 healthy matched normal controls, and evolutionary conservation of amino acid residues revealed the pathogenic variant.ResultsWe identified a novel missenseGIPC3 mutation, c.472G > A (p.Glu158 Lys). The pathogenicity of GIPC3c.472G > A was supported by its absence in the population databases and the healthy-matched controls.Sanger sequencing confirmed co-segregation of the mutation with HL.ConclusionsThis study is the first report of the contribution of theGIPC3 gene to HL in the Iranian population.Targeted NGS allows easier detection of mutations in relatively uncommon deafness genes in families with ARNSHL.



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Development and standardization of Arabic words in noise test in Egyptian children

Publication date: May 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 108
Author(s): Tayseer Taha Abdel Rahman
ObjectivesTo develop and establish norms of Arabic Words in Noise test in Egyptian children.MethodTotal number of participants was 152 with normal hearing and ranging in age from 5 to 12 years. They are subdivided into two main groups (standardization group) which comprised 120 children with normal scholastic achievement and (application group) which comprised 32 children with different types of central auditory processing disorders.Arabic version of both Speech perception in noise (SPIN) and Words in Noise (WIN) tests were presented in each ear at zero signal to-noise ratio (SNR) using ipsilateral Cafeteria noise fixed at 50 dB sensation level (dBSL).ResultsThe least performance in WIN test occurred between 5 and 7 years and highest scores from 9 to 12 years. However, no statistically significant difference was found among the three standardization age groups. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was found between the right and left ears scores or among the three lists. When the WIN test was compared to SPIN test in children with and without abnormal SPIN scores it showed highly consistent results except in children suffering from memory deficit reflecting that WIN test is more accurate than SPIN in this group of children.ConclusionsThe Arabic WIN test can be used in children as young as 5 years. Also, it can be a good cross check test with SPIN test or used to follow up children after rehabilitation program in hearing impaired children or follow up after central auditory remediation of children with selective auditory attention deficit.



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Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with disease severity in juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A study of 104 patients in a tertiary care pediatric hospital

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
Author(s): Lee Marvin Reyes, Juan León Aguilar, Perla Villamor, Carlos De La Torre, Alicia Álvarez, Edgar Mantilla, Hiram Álvarez-Neri
BackgroundJuvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP) is generally aggressive and with a high recurrence rate. Currently, there is no definite curative treatment for JRRP. Therefore, a greater understanding of the aspects that influence the severity and prognosis of the disease is required.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish the clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of pediatric patients with JRRP and its relationship with the severity of the disease in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.ResultsA strong relationship was observed between the severity of the disease and the age at the time of diagnosis, and having a tracheostomy. A moderate association was found between the severity of the disease and the age at the time of the study, the area of origin and the recurrence rate. None of the socioeconomic statuses had a correlation with the severity of the JRRP.ConclusionsJRRP is associated with multiple surgeries due to the recurrence and aggressiveness of the disease. The socioeconomic status does not seem to influence the severity of the disease, whereas younger patients and users of tracheostomy should receive a more strict follow-up given the increased risk of severe disease.



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Frequency-specific auditory brainstem response testing with age-appropriate sedation

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
Author(s): Yael Levit, Dror Mandel, Idit Matot
ObjectiveAuditory brainstem response (ABR) testing is the gold-standard procedure for hearing evaluation in pediatric patients who cannot complete a behavioral hearing test. The amount of audiological information obtained depends on the quality of the patient's sleep during the test. In this retrospective database review, we aimed to assess the amount and the characteristics of the audiological information obtained in ABR testing in pediatric patients with age-appropriate sedation.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on 501 consecutive ABR sedation sessions performed between January 2014 and June 2016 at the Tel Aviv Medical Center. Oral triclofos was used for the sedation of younger patients (3–24 months) and intravenous propofol for older patients (>24 months). The dataset included 370 triclofos sessions (in 337 patients) and 131 propofol sessions (in 126 patients).ResultsNone of the children developed complications, and all were discharged on the same day of the evaluation. Among the hearing-impaired children, a mean of 10 (1.8 SD) ABR threshold measurements was obtained from propofol-sedated patients and 9.4 (2.8 SD) measurements from those sedated with triclofos (P = 0.039). The major characteristics of the hearing loss, including its degree, type, and configuration, were obtained from all propofol-sedated patients and from 95% of those sedated with triclofos.ConclusionsA comprehensive evaluation of hearing status can be obtained in ABR testing with age-appropriate sedation. An average number of ∼10 threshold measurements were obtained during ABR testing with age-appropriate sedation, thus allowing for the evaluation of the degree, type and configuration of the hearing loss.



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Caregivers' perception of speech and language status and related needs in children with cleft lip and palate

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
Author(s): B. Subramaniyan, Roopa Nagarajan, R. Vaidyanathan, B. Rajashekhar, B.W.C. Sathiyasekaran
Background and PurposeComprehensive management for communication disorders in individuals with CLP was provided in a community based program in two rural districts in Tamilnadu, India. This program provides services at the community to empower the families about CLP and treatment options.ObjectiveTo document the caregiver perceptions' of communication status and needs in children with repaired CLP.MethodSix Focus Group Discussions were conducted in Thiruvannamalai and Cuddalore districts in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants were 55 Caregivers of children (5–12 years of age) with repaired CLP.ResultsMost participants were concerned about their child's communication and few expressed concerns about specific errors in speech observed in their children. The caregivers recognized the need for and were willing to avail speech correction services. The focus group discussions highlighted some factors that need to be considered while planning a service delivery program for speech correction. The caregivers' expressed inability to independently carryout home training programs attributing it the lack of cooperation from their children. However they were open to receiving services if it was logistically convenient.ConclusionThis study provided the caregiver perceptions' of needs relating to communication in children with CLP. These need to be incorporated in the existing program to develop a model for speech intervention that would be feasible, sustainable and have good compliance.



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Detection of acute and long-term effects of concussion: dual-task gait balance control vs. computerized neurocognitive test

Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): David R. Howell, Louis R. Osternig, Li-Shan Chou
ObjectiveOur aim was to examine the acute (within 72 hours of injury) and long-term (2 months post-injury) independent associations between objective dual-task gait balance and neurocognitive measurements among adolescents and young adults with a concussion and matched controls.DesignLongitudinal case-controlSettingMotion analysis laboratoryParticipantsParticipants who sustained a concussion underwent a dual-task gait analysis and computerized neurocognitive testing within 72 hours of injury and again 2 months later. Uninjured controls also completed the same test protocol in similar time increments.InterventionsNot applicableMain Outcome MeasuresWe compared dual-task gait balance control and computerized neurocognitive test performance between groups using independent samples t-tests. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were then constructed for each testing time to determine the association between group membership (concussion vs. control), dual-task gait balance control, and neurocognitive function.ResultsNinety-five participants completed the study, 51 who sustained a concussion (mean age= 17.5±3.3 years; 71% male) and 44 controls (mean age= 17.7±2.9 years; 72% male). Medial-lateral center-of-mass displacement during dual-task gait was independently associated group membership at the initial test (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]= 2.432, 95% CI= 1.269-4.661) and 2 month follow-up test (aOR= 1.817, 95% CI= 1.014-3.256) tests. Visual memory composite scores were significantly associated with group membership at the initial hour post-injury time point (aOR= 0.953, 95% CI= 0.833-0.998). However, the combination of computerized neurocognitive test variables did not predict dual-task gait balance control for concussion participants, and no single neurocognitive variable was associated with dual-task gait balance control at either testing time.ConclusionsDual-task assessments concurrently evaluating gait and cognitive performance may allow for the detection of persistent deficits beyond those detected by computerized neurocognitive deficits alone.



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Home-based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an add-on to pulmonary rehabilitation does not provide further benefits in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A multicenter randomized trial

Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Tristan Bonnevie, Francis-Edouard Gravier, David Debeaumont, Catherine Viacroze, Jean-François Muir, Antoine Cuvelier, Marie Netchitaïlo, Anne Laure Roy, Jean Quieffin, Marie-Hélène Marques, Clément Médrinal, Johan Dupuis, Catherine Tardif
ObjectiveTo assess the additional effect of a home-based neuro muscular electrical stimulation (NMES) program as an add-on to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), on functional capacity in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).DesignSingle-blind, multicenter randomized trial.SettingThree PR centers.ParticipantsSubjects with severe to very severe COPD referred for PR (n=73; median FEV1, 1 (0.8-1.4) L). Twenty-two subjects discontinued the study but only one drop-out was related to the intervention (leg discomfort).InterventionSubjects were randomly assigned to either PR plus quadricipital home-based NMES (35Hz, 30min, five time per week) or PR without NMES for 8 weeks.Main outcome measureThe six-minute walk test was used to assess functional capacity.ResultsEighty-two percent of the scheduled NMES sessions were performed. In the whole sample, there were significant increases in the distance walked during the 6MWT (p<0.01), VO2peak (p=0.02), Wmax (p<0.01), mMRC (p<0.01) and SGRQ total score (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the magnitude of change for any outcome between groups.ConclusionsHome-based NMES as an add-on to PR did not result in further improvements in subjects with severe to very severe COPD, moreover, it may have been a burden for some patients.



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Devices for Home Detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

One of the most common sleep-related disorders is obstructive sleep apnea, characterized by a reduction of airflow while breathing during sleep and cause significant health problems. This disorder is mainly diagnosed in sleep labs with polysomnography, involving high costs and stress for the patient. To address this situation multiple systems have been proposed to conduct the examination and analysis in the patient's home, using sensors to detect physiological signals that are examined by algorithms.

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Asomatognosia

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Cortex
Author(s): Paul M. Jenkinson, Valentina Moro, Aikaterini Fotopoulou




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Ternary interfacial superstructure enabling extraordinary hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Hongliang Jiang, Yunxiang Lin, Bingxu Chen, Youkui Zhang, Hengjie Liu, Xuezhi Duan, De Chen, Li Song
Realizing large-scale electrochemical hydrogen evolution in alkaline and neutral media by robust and non-noble-metal heterogeneous catalysts is highly ambitious due to the sluggish reaction kinetics at low H⁺ conditions. Herein, highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts, comprising Ni, NiO clusters, and defective carbon, are successfully constructed via a facile and large-scale route. Multiple synchrotron radiation-based X-ray spectroscopic characterizations, combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements, indicate the formation of ternary interfacial superstructure with intimate interfacial coupling through abundant NiOC bonds. Impressively, the optimized catalyst loaded onto the usual glass carbon electrode exhibits exceptional catalytic activities with overpotentials of 64 and 76 mV to reach 10 mA cm⁻² in 1 M KOH and 1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS), respectively, representing one of the best non-noble-metal HER electrocatalysts to date. Insights into the metal/oxide interfacial effects through density functional theory calculations reveal that the interface sites could efficiently lower the energy barrier of the rate-determining step (RDS), contributing to the fast reaction kinetics. This work not only provides comprehensive insights into interfacial feature of highly active HER catalysts but also broadens the fundamental understanding of interfacial effects toward HER catalysis.

Graphical abstract

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Feature-guided attentional capture cannot be prevented by spatial filtering

Publication date: Available online 16 February 2018
Source:Biological Psychology
Author(s): Nick Berggren, Martin Eimer
Feature-based control processes guide attention towards objects with target features in visual search. While these processes are assumed to operate globally across the entire visual field, it remains controversial whether target-matching objects at task-irrelevant locations can be excluded from attentional selection, especially when spatial attention is already narrowly focused elsewhere. We investigated whether probe stimuli at irrelevant lateral locations capture attention when they precede search displays where targets are defined either by a specific feature (colour or orientation) or by a colour/orientation conjunction by measuring N2pc components (an electrophysiological marker of attentional target selection) to these probes. Reliable N2pcs were triggered by probes not only in the feature search tasks but also when participants searched for feature conjunctions, in spite of the fact that conjunction search requires focal spatial attention. Analogous N2pc results were found in the absence of any spatial uncertainty about the location of conjunctively defined targets, which always appeared at fixation. These results show that rapid attentional capture by objects with target-matching features cannot be prevented by top-down spatial filtering mechanisms, and confirm that feature-based attentional guidance processes operate in a spatially global fashion.



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Editorial Board

Publication date: February 2018
Source:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, Volume 122





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Electrokinetic-Fenton remediation of organochlorine pesticides from historically polluted soil

Abstract

Soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) poses a great threat to historically polluted soil worldwide. In this study, soils were characterized, and organochlorine pesticides contained in the soils were identified and quantified. Individual electrokinetic (IE), EK-Fenton-coupled technologies (EF), and enhanced EK-Fenton treatment (E-1, E-2, and E-3) were applied to remediate soils contaminated with hexachloro-cyclohexane soprocide (HCH) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Variation of pH, electrical conductivity, and electroosmotic flow was evaluated during the EK-Fenton process. The IE treatment showed low removal efficiency for HCHs (30.5%) and DDTs (25.9%). In the EF treatment, the highest removal level (60.9%) was obtained for α-HCH, whereas P,P-DDT was the lowest (40.0%). Low solubility of pollutants impeded the HCH and DDT removal. After enhanced EK-Fenton treatment, final removal of pollutants decreased as follows: β-HCH (82.6%) > γ-HCH (81.6%) > α-HCH (81.2%) > δ-HCH (80.0%) > P,P-DDD (73.8%) > P,P-DDE (73.1%) > P,P-DDT (72.6%) > O,P-DDT (71.5%). The results demonstrate that EK-Fenton is a promising technology for POP removal in historically polluted soil.

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Effect of remote myofascial release on hamstring flexibility in asymptomatic individuals – A randomized clinical trial

Publication date: Available online 17 February 2018
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Durga Girish Joshi, Ganesh Balthillaya, Anupama Prabhu
BackgroundThe existence of continuity between fascia and muscles that may be anatomically distant from each other is emphasized in the tensegrity principle. Despite evidence from in vitro studies, there is a dearth of literature concerning the in vivo behavior of these connections.AimTo compare the effect of Static Stretching (SS) of hamstrings with remote Myofascial Release (MFR) (bilateral plantar fascia and suboccipital region) and a combination of SS and remote MFR on hamstring flexibility. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate the difference between therapist administered and self-administered interventions.DesignThree arm assessor-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT).ParticipantsFifty-eight asymptomatic participants (16 Males; Mean age 22.69 ± 2.65 years).MethodParticipants with tight hamstrings defined by a passive Knee Extension Angle (KEA) > 20° were included in the study and were assigned to one of the three groups. Group A (n = 19) was SS, group B (n = 20) was remote MFR, group C (n = 19) was a combination group who received both SS and remote MFR. Seven sessions of therapist administered intervention were delivered over a period of 10 days, which was followed by a 2-week self-administered home program. KEA and Sit and Reach Test (SRT) were used as outcomes and measurements were performed at baseline, end of the seventh session and after atwo-week follow-up.ResultsThe results demonstrated that hamstring flexibility improved in all three groups after therapist administered interventions (p < 0.05), whereas, group C demonstrated additional benefits. None of the groups showed a statistically significant (p > 0.05) change in the KEA with self-intervention.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicated that all three interventions were effective in improving hamstring flexibility in young asymptomatic individuals when performed by the therapist.



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Foreword

Publication date: February 2018
Source:European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, Volume 135, Issue 1, Supplement
Author(s): B. Fraysse, V. Couloigner, D. Chevalier




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International consensus (ICON) on the ENT role in diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Publication date: February 2018
Source:European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, Volume 135, Issue 1, Supplement
Author(s): M.C. Ouayoun, F. Chabolle, A. De Vito, C. Heiser, V.K. Paramasivan, F.A.W. Rabelo, B. Rotenberg, M.V. Suurna
During the 2017 IFOS ENT World Congress, an international expert panel was asked to clarify the role of ENT in the diagnosis process of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) in adults around the world. OSA is a major public health issue throughout the world. OSA is a highly prevalent disease with heavy clinical, social and economical outcomes. This high prevalence raises serious difficulties of diagnosis accessibility if only somnologists are able to confirm OSA diagnosis. First of all, the panellists reviewed the impact of OSA. Secondly, they defined the ENT role stressing ENT legitimacy, professional expertise and academic and institutional tasks. They also defined when somnologists were necessary. For the international panel, the ENT is a major player in the OSA diagnosis process.



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Lead facilitates foci formation in a Balb/c-3T3 two-step cell transformation model: role of Ape1 function

Abstract

Several possible mechanisms have been examined to gain an understanding on the carcinogenic properties of lead, which include among others, mitogenesis, alteration of gene expression, oxidative damage, and inhibition of DNA repair. The aim of the present study was to explore if low concentrations of lead, relevant for human exposure, interfere with Ape1 function, a base excision repair enzyme, and its role in cell transformation in Balb/c-3T3. Lead acetate 5 and 30 μM induced APE1 mRNA and upregulation of protein expression. This increase in mRNA expression is consistent throughout the chronic exposure. Additionally, we also found an impaired function of Ape1 through molecular beacon-based assay. To evaluate the impact of lead on foci formation, a Balb/c-3T3 two-step transformation model was used. Balb/c-3T3 cells were pretreated 1 week with low concentrations of lead before induction of transformation with n-methyl-n-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) (0.5 μg/mL) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (0.1 μg/mL) (a classical two-step protocol). Morphological cell transformation increased in response to lead pretreatment that was paralleled with an increase in Ape1 mRNA and protein overexpression and an impairment of Ape1 activity and correlating with foci number. In addition, we found that lead pretreatment and MNNG (transformation initiator) increased DNA damage, determined by comet assay. Our data suggest that low lead concentrations (5, 30 μM) could play a facilitating role in cellular transformation, probably through the impaired function of housekeeping genes such as Ape1, leading to DNA damage accumulation and chromosomal instability, one of the most important hallmarks of cancer induced by chronic exposures.

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Assessment of MRI findings and clinical symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.

Related Articles

Assessment of MRI findings and clinical symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.

Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018 Feb 16;:20170412

Authors: Matsubara R, Yanagi Y, Oki K, Hisatomi M, Santos KC, Bamgbose BO, Fujita M, Okada S, Minagi S, Asaumi J

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlations among various temporomandibular joint (TMJ) findings on MRI and the relationships between MRI findings and symptoms.
METHODS: 425 patients (850 TMJs) with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) who underwent MRI were enrolled. Oblique sagittal proton density-weighted and T2 weighted images in open- and closed-mouth positions were evaluated. MRI findings included disc configuration, disc position, condylar morphology, bone marrow pattern, and joint effusion. Symptoms included TMJ pain, TMJ noise, and limitation of mouth opening. For statistical analyses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and logistic regression analysis were applied.
RESULTS: Folded disc, disc displacement without reduction (DDWOR), and osteophytes had significant negative correlations with other normal MRI findings (p < 0.01). DDWOR and marrow edema were associated with TMJ pain. Conversely, osteophytes [odds ratio (OR): 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.90) and combination-type condylar degeneration (OR: 0.45; 95% CI 024-0.83) were associated with decreased risk of TMJ pain. Condylar flattening was positively associated with TMJ noise (OR: 5.25; 95% CI 1.44-19.07) and negatively associated with limitation of mouth opening (OR: 0.34; 95% CI 0.11-0.99). High-grade joint effusion was significantly associated with TMJ pain and noise.
CONCLUSIONS: DDWOR and high-grade joint effusion (an indicator of inflammation in the articular cavity) were associated with TMD symptoms. This finding suggests that treatment strategy for DDWOR and decreasing inflammation might lessen clinical TMD symptoms. Condylar degeneration was not associated with indicators of inflammation or TMJ symptoms. These results suggest that patients with TMD symptoms should undergo initial MRI to allow rapid selection of appropriate therapies.

PMID: 29451403 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018.

Related Articles

Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Feb 16;67(6):169-179

Authors: Budd AP, Wentworth DE, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Flannery B, Fry AM, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Olsen SJ, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Dugan VG, Katz J, Jernigan D

Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States began to increase in early November 2017 and rose sharply from December through February 3, 2018; elevated influenza activity is expected to continue for several more weeks. Influenza A viruses have been most commonly identified, with influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominating, but influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B viruses were also reported. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018,† and updates the previous summary (1).

PMID: 29447145 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Antiviral Medications in Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza.

Related Articles

Antiviral Medications in Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza.

Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Nov 25;113(47):799-807

Authors: Lehnert R, Pletz M, Reuss A, Schaberg T

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Amantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir are currently available in Germany for the prevention and treatment of influenza. We review their efficacy and side-effect profiles.
METHODS: This review is based on pertinent randomized and controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews retrieved by a systematic literature search, and on other relevant literature.
RESULTS: The efficacy of antiviral drugs for the prevention of symptomatic influenza ranges from 60% to 90% (number needed to treat [NNT], 8-89) depending on the population and type of drug in question. Antiviral drugs shorten the duration of illness by 0.5-1.5 days when given within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. Neuraminidase inhibitors do not significantly lower the incidence of bronchitis in adults, or of otitis media in children; they do have a positive effect against reported, but not necessarily diagnostically confirmed pneumonia in adults (NNT, 89 [50-232]). The RCTs yielded no information about possible effects on severe cases of influenza, or on mortality, as they included only mildly or moderately ill patients, but observational studies have yielded some evidence of benefit. The most common side effects of oseltamivir (>10%) are headache, nausea, and vomiting; of zanamivir (>1%), a skin rash; and of amantadine (>1%), loss of appetite, nausea, and central nervous effects.
CONCLUSION: The benefits of antiviral drugs, particularly neuraminidase inhibitors, outweigh their risks. In deciding whether to use them, physicians should consider the properties of the currently circulating viruses and the patient's individual risk constellation, as directed in clinical treatment recommendations.

PMID: 28043323 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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[Analysis of the Cochrane Review: Influenza Vaccines for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD005050].

Related Articles

[Analysis of the Cochrane Review: Influenza Vaccines for Preventing Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD005050].

Acta Med Port. 2015 Jul-Aug;28(4):424-6

Authors: Caldeira D, Costa J, Vaz-Carneiro A

Abstract
Influenza infections are associated to increased risk of cardiovascular events. The systematic review of Cochrane Collaboration evaluated the role of influenza vaccination on primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials with moderate quality, including 1 682 patients with coronary artery disease, showed a 55% risk reduction on cardiovascular mortality. Data evaluating the role of vaccination in primary cardiovascular prevention were not robust. Portuguese and international recommendations for influenza vaccination in patients with coronary artery disease are then supported by this systematic review.

PMID: 26574975 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Auditory effects of autologous fat graft for TORP stabilization in the middle ear: a cadaveric study

Total ossicular replacement prostheses (TORP) are often used to re-establish ossicular coupling of sound in an ear lacking a stapes supra-structure. The use of TORPs, however, is associated with a 2/3 five yea...

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Surface nanostructuring of titanium imparts multifunctional properties for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications

Publication date: 15 April 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 144
Author(s): Sumit Bahl, Bhavya Tulasi Aleti, Satyam Suwas, Kaushik Chatterjee
Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) is a metallic biomaterial used in orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. Here, surface nanocrystalline cp-Ti produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) is shown to exhibit multifunctional properties for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications. Nanocrystallization simultaneously enhanced the stem cell response and fatigue resistance in simulated body fluid of cp-Ti collectively required for load bearing orthopedic applications. Stem cell attachment and proliferation was enhanced by 20% and number of cycles to failure increased by 15% after nanocrystallization. Nanocrystalline Ti was also found to be suitable for cardiovascular applications due to its improved hemocompatibility. A 40% reduction in attachment of platelets and their activation was noted on the surface of nanocrystalline Ti. While high surface hardness and compressive residual stress improved the corrosion-fatigue resistance, the biological response of stem cells and platelets was governed by the physico-electro-chemical properties of the surface oxide on cp-Ti. Modulation in properties of the oxide layer altered the protein adsorption, evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and direct protein quantification thereby, augmenting the biological response. Taken together, it is demonstrated that surface nanocrystallization by SMAT is a promising step towards producing high performance Ti implants for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications.

Graphical abstract

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Silicon nanosprings fabricated by glancing angle deposition for ultra-compliant films and interfaces

Publication date: 15 April 2018
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 144
Author(s): Dimitrios A. Antartis, Ryan N. Mott, Ioannis Chasiotis
Micro and nanostructures with well-defined shape and dimensions are the hallmark in the design of scalable nanomaterials, yet the properties and precise geometry of such nanoscale building blocks are largely unknown. This work sheds light into the microstructure, material properties and mechanical behavior of individual nanosprings fabricated by seeded Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD), with the purpose of designing highly compliant interfaces with drastically reduced coupling between normal and shear deformation. The mechanical response in tension/compression and bending of individual amorphous Si (aSi) nanosprings with 4 or 10 coil turns and different seed spacings was obtained with the aid of MEMS devices: The normal and bending spring stiffness values were in the range of 7–215 N/m and 1–31 N/m, respectively, resulting in estimates for the normal and shear film stiffness in the range of 90–1000 MPa and 15–150 MPa, respectively. The true geometry of GLAD Si springs was determined via SEM tomography and was incorporated in modified analytical and finite element models which, in turn, were used to compute the material modulus of aSi nanostructures fabricated by GLAD. TEM studies revealed that GLAD Si nanosprings are comprised of tightly bundled fine fibrils which impart flaw tolerance and reduce the effective elastic modulus.

Graphical abstract

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Analysing the accuracy of machine learning techniques to develop an integrated influent time series model: case study of a sewage treatment plant, Malaysia

Abstract

The function of a sewage treatment plant is to treat the sewage to acceptable standards before being discharged into the receiving waters. To design and operate such plants, it is necessary to measure and predict the influent flow rate. In this research, the influent flow rate of a sewage treatment plant (STP) was modelled and predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), nonlinear autoregressive network (NAR) and support vector machine (SVM) regression time series algorithms. To evaluate the models' accuracy, the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) were calculated as initial assessment measures, while relative error (RE), peak flow criterion (PFC) and low flow criterion (LFC) were calculated as final evaluation measures to demonstrate the detailed accuracy of the selected models. An integrated model was developed based on the individual models' prediction ability for low, average and peak flow. An initial assessment of the results showed that the ARIMA model was the least accurate and the NAR model was the most accurate. The RE results also prove that the SVM model's frequency of errors above 10% or below − 10% was greater than the NAR model's. The influent was also forecasted up to 44 weeks ahead by both models. The graphical results indicate that the NAR model made better predictions than the SVM model. The final evaluation of NAR and SVM demonstrated that SVM made better predictions at peak flow and NAR fit well for low and average inflow ranges. The integrated model developed includes the NAR model for low and average influent and the SVM model for peak inflow.

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Intrinsic optical signal imaging of the blood volume changes is sufficient for mapping the resting state functional connectivity in the rodent cortex.

Related Articles

Intrinsic optical signal imaging of the blood volume changes is sufficient for mapping the resting state functional connectivity in the rodent cortex.

J Neural Eng. 2018 Feb 16;:

Authors: Kura S, Xie H, Fu B, Ayata C, Boas DA, Sakadzic S

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) allows the study of functional organization in normal and diseased brain by measuring the spontaneous brain activity generated under resting conditions. Intrinsic optical signal imaging (IOSI) based on multiple illumination wavelengths has been used successfully to compute RSFC maps in animal studies. The IOSI setup complexity would be greatly reduced if only a single wavelength can be used to obtain comparable RSFC maps.
APPROACH: We used anesthetized mice and performed various comparisons between the RSFC maps based on single wavelength as well as oxy-, deoxy- and total hemoglobin concentration changes.
MAIN RESULTS: The RSFC maps based on IOSI at a single wavelength selected for sensitivity to the blood volume changes are quantitatively comparable to the RSFC maps based on oxy- and total hemoglobin concentration changes obtained by the more complex IOSI setups. Moreover, RSFC maps do not require CCD cameras with very high frame acquisition rates, since our results demonstrate that they can be computed from the data obtained at frame rates as low as 5 Hz.
SIGNIFICANCE: Our results will have general utility for guiding future RSFC studies based on IOSI and making decisions about the IOSI system designs.

PMID: 29451130 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Reduced integration and improved segregation of functional brain networks in Alzheimer's disease.

Related Articles

Reduced integration and improved segregation of functional brain networks in Alzheimer's disease.

J Neural Eng. 2018 Feb 16;15(2):026023

Authors: Kabbara A, Eid H, El Falou W, Khalil M, Wendling F, Hassan M

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Emerging evidence shows that cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with disruptions in brain functional connectivity. Thus, the identification of alterations in AD functional networks has become a topic of increasing interest. However, to what extent AD induces disruption of the balance of local and global information processing in the human brain remains elusive. The main objective of this study is to explore the dynamic topological changes of AD networks in terms of brain network segregation and integration.
APPROACH: We used electroencephalography (EEG) data recorded from 20 participants (10 AD patients and 10 healthy controls) during resting state. Functional brain networks were reconstructed using EEG source connectivity computed in different frequency bands. Graph theoretical analyses were performed assess differences between both groups.
MAIN RESULTS: Results revealed that AD networks, compared to networks of age-matched healthy controls, are characterized by lower global information processing (integration) and higher local information processing (segregation). Results showed also significant correlation between the alterations in the AD patients' functional brain networks and their cognitive scores.
SIGNIFICANCE: These findings may contribute to the development of EEG network-based test that could strengthen results obtained from currently-used neurophysiological tests in neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID: 29451125 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Comparison of Post-therapy Dysphonic Voices and Normal Voices.

Related Articles

Comparison of Post-therapy Dysphonic Voices and Normal Voices.

J Voice. 2018 Feb 12;:

Authors: Schaeffer N, Fuse A

Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the voices of post-therapy dysphonic participants with participants who have normal voices to determine how close the corrected voices approached normal vocal levels. The present investigation is a follow-up to the authors' previous research in which dysphonic participants, with voices ranging from moderate-to-severe dysphonia, were evaluated pre- and post therapy using the Dysphonic Severity Percentage scale and the interval scale.
METHODS: In the present study, five raters, three speech-language pathologists experienced in assessing dysphonia, and two trained speech-language pathology college students evaluated 20 participants with normal voices under the same two conditions as those of the corrected participants-when reading a paragraph aloud and during spontaneous speech. While listening to the recordings of the normal voices, the raters tallied any dysphonic syllables produced by the participants to obtain a Dysphonic Severity Percentage for both paragraph reading and spontaneous speech. The raters also evaluated the normal voices on the interval scale. These data were compared with those of the post-therapy participants, who were evaluated under the same conditions and methods pre- and post therapy.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The dysphonic participants' voices improved significantly post therapy in comparison with their pretherapy result; their improvement, however, was not commensurate with the voices of the normal participants, and the data showed a significant difference between the two groups. Both evaluation scales reflected a high agreement among raters.

PMID: 29449063 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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