Interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin cells, and sensory signaling in the aging human bowel

Abstract

Background

Advanced age is associated with a reduction in clinical visceral pain perception. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested that an abnormal interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and afferent nerves contribute to nociception in gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel.

Methods

Mechanical and chemical sensitivity of human bowel afferents were examined by ex vivo afferent nerve recordings. Age-related changes in the density of mast cells, EC cells, sensory nerve terminals, and mast cell-nerve micro-anatomical association were investigated by histological and immune staining.

Key Results

Human afferents could be broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. The density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerve varicosities was also reduced with age. In contrast, the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number. An increased proportion of mast cells was found in close apposition to SP-IR nerves.

Conclusions & Inferences

Afferent sensitivity in human bowel was reduced with advancing age. Augmentation of mast cells and EC cell numbers and the mast cell-nerve association suggest a compensatory mechanism for sensory neurodegeneration.

The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel. Human afferents were broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. There were associated changes on the density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerves, while the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number.

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Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differs between men and women: a case-matched study in 200 patients

Abstract

Background

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a common and socially disabling condition with obstetric trauma considered the principal etiological factor. This study aimed to systematically evaluate symptom presentation and anorectal function in both females and males with FI.

Methods

One hundred males (M) and 100 age-matched females (F) with FI presenting between 2012 and 2014 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Comparison of clinical (history, symptom profile, and severity using validated questionnaires) and anorectal physiological (manometry, rectal sensory testing, endoanal ultrasonography, and evacuation proctography) data between M and F was performed.

Key Results

Incidence of prior anal surgery (M: 28% vs F: 18%, p = 0.13) and abdominal surgery (M: 25% vs F: 26%, p = 0.90) was similar between sexes, but females had a higher incidence of previous pelvic surgery (M: 4% vs F: 47%, p < 0.001). Eighty-five females were parous and 75% reported history of traumatic vaginal delivery. There was a trend toward higher St Mark's incontinence scores in females (mean ± SD; M: 13 ± 4 vs F: 14 ± 5, p = 0.06). In men, structural sphincter abnormalities were uncommon (M: 37% vs F: 77%, p < 0.001), while impaired rectal sensation (M: 24% vs F: 7%, p = 0.001) and functional disturbances of evacuation (M: 36% vs F: 13%, p = 0.001) were more common than in women. No abnormality on all tests performed was observed in twice as many males (M: 18% vs F: 9%, p = 0.10).

Conclusions & Inferences

Pathophysiological mechanisms of FI differ between sexes. Anal sphincter dysfunction was an uncommon finding in males, with impaired rectal sensation and functional disturbances of evacuation much more prominent than in the female cohort. These findings are likely to impact options for symptom management.

This study analyzed the clinical histories and results of anorectal physiological investigations of 100 consecutive males and 100 case-matched females presenting to our unit with a primary complaint of fecal incontinence.

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The effect of arabinoxylooligosaccharides on gastric sensory-motor function and nutrient tolerance in man

Abstract

Background

Intestinal microbiota regulates gastrointestinal sensory-motor function. Prebiotics such as arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) are non-digestible, fermentable food ingredients beneficially affecting intestinal microbiota, colon activity, and improving human health. We wanted to investigate whether acute AXOS or maltodextrin (placebo) administration may alter gastric sensitivity (GS), accommodation (GA), nutrient tolerance (NT) in man.

Methods

Thirteen HV (6 M, 32.2 ± 1.8 years; BMI 22.3 ± 0.2) underwent two 48 h treatment periods with oral 4 × 9.4 g AXOS or 4 × 10 g maltodextrin (at least 1 week wash-out) for gastric barostat assessment of GS, gastric compliance (GC), GA to a liquid test meal, on day 1, and NT drink test, on day 2. Oro-cecal transit-time (OCTT), colonic fermentation (CF) were assessed simultaneously with ¹³C-lactose ureide, H₂ breath tests.

Key Results

Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide significantly increased CF on day 1 and 2 (565 ± 272 vs 100 ± 24, 365 ± 66 vs 281 ± 25 H2 ppm/min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, both p < 0.05), not the OCTT. AXOS did not alter GC, sensitivity before and after the meal. Gastric accommodation was not significantly influenced by AXOS (volume increment: 171 ± 33 vs 130 ± 28 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS). On day 1, AXOS fermentation was associated with significantly higher postprandial bloating scores (960 ± 235 vs 396 ± 138 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05). On day 2, AXOS did not affect maximal NT (946 ± 102 vs 894 ± 97 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS), increased the bloating score (1236 ± 339 vs 675 ± 197 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05).

Conclusions & Inferences

Acute AXOS administration, associated with increased CF, does not affect GA, is not associated with increased meal-induced satiety or perception scores.

Acute AXOS administration is associated with a significant colonic fermentation vs maltodextrin non fermentation. AXOS does not affect gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in man, but its fermentation seems to be associated to higher bloating ratings in man.

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Interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin cells, and sensory signaling in the aging human bowel

Abstract

Background

Advanced age is associated with a reduction in clinical visceral pain perception. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested that an abnormal interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and afferent nerves contribute to nociception in gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel.

Methods

Mechanical and chemical sensitivity of human bowel afferents were examined by ex vivo afferent nerve recordings. Age-related changes in the density of mast cells, EC cells, sensory nerve terminals, and mast cell-nerve micro-anatomical association were investigated by histological and immune staining.

Key Results

Human afferents could be broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. The density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerve varicosities was also reduced with age. In contrast, the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number. An increased proportion of mast cells was found in close apposition to SP-IR nerves.

Conclusions & Inferences

Afferent sensitivity in human bowel was reduced with advancing age. Augmentation of mast cells and EC cell numbers and the mast cell-nerve association suggest a compensatory mechanism for sensory neurodegeneration.

The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel. Human afferents were broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. There were associated changes on the density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerves, while the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1sIO9Jy


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via IFTTT

Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differs between men and women: a case-matched study in 200 patients

Abstract

Background

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a common and socially disabling condition with obstetric trauma considered the principal etiological factor. This study aimed to systematically evaluate symptom presentation and anorectal function in both females and males with FI.

Methods

One hundred males (M) and 100 age-matched females (F) with FI presenting between 2012 and 2014 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Comparison of clinical (history, symptom profile, and severity using validated questionnaires) and anorectal physiological (manometry, rectal sensory testing, endoanal ultrasonography, and evacuation proctography) data between M and F was performed.

Key Results

Incidence of prior anal surgery (M: 28% vs F: 18%, p = 0.13) and abdominal surgery (M: 25% vs F: 26%, p = 0.90) was similar between sexes, but females had a higher incidence of previous pelvic surgery (M: 4% vs F: 47%, p < 0.001). Eighty-five females were parous and 75% reported history of traumatic vaginal delivery. There was a trend toward higher St Mark's incontinence scores in females (mean ± SD; M: 13 ± 4 vs F: 14 ± 5, p = 0.06). In men, structural sphincter abnormalities were uncommon (M: 37% vs F: 77%, p < 0.001), while impaired rectal sensation (M: 24% vs F: 7%, p = 0.001) and functional disturbances of evacuation (M: 36% vs F: 13%, p = 0.001) were more common than in women. No abnormality on all tests performed was observed in twice as many males (M: 18% vs F: 9%, p = 0.10).

Conclusions & Inferences

Pathophysiological mechanisms of FI differ between sexes. Anal sphincter dysfunction was an uncommon finding in males, with impaired rectal sensation and functional disturbances of evacuation much more prominent than in the female cohort. These findings are likely to impact options for symptom management.

This study analyzed the clinical histories and results of anorectal physiological investigations of 100 consecutive males and 100 case-matched females presenting to our unit with a primary complaint of fecal incontinence.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20hOyNs


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tt9KOz
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoyGcE
via IFTTT

The effect of arabinoxylooligosaccharides on gastric sensory-motor function and nutrient tolerance in man

Abstract

Background

Intestinal microbiota regulates gastrointestinal sensory-motor function. Prebiotics such as arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) are non-digestible, fermentable food ingredients beneficially affecting intestinal microbiota, colon activity, and improving human health. We wanted to investigate whether acute AXOS or maltodextrin (placebo) administration may alter gastric sensitivity (GS), accommodation (GA), nutrient tolerance (NT) in man.

Methods

Thirteen HV (6 M, 32.2 ± 1.8 years; BMI 22.3 ± 0.2) underwent two 48 h treatment periods with oral 4 × 9.4 g AXOS or 4 × 10 g maltodextrin (at least 1 week wash-out) for gastric barostat assessment of GS, gastric compliance (GC), GA to a liquid test meal, on day 1, and NT drink test, on day 2. Oro-cecal transit-time (OCTT), colonic fermentation (CF) were assessed simultaneously with ¹³C-lactose ureide, H₂ breath tests.

Key Results

Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide significantly increased CF on day 1 and 2 (565 ± 272 vs 100 ± 24, 365 ± 66 vs 281 ± 25 H2 ppm/min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, both p < 0.05), not the OCTT. AXOS did not alter GC, sensitivity before and after the meal. Gastric accommodation was not significantly influenced by AXOS (volume increment: 171 ± 33 vs 130 ± 28 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS). On day 1, AXOS fermentation was associated with significantly higher postprandial bloating scores (960 ± 235 vs 396 ± 138 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05). On day 2, AXOS did not affect maximal NT (946 ± 102 vs 894 ± 97 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS), increased the bloating score (1236 ± 339 vs 675 ± 197 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05).

Conclusions & Inferences

Acute AXOS administration, associated with increased CF, does not affect GA, is not associated with increased meal-induced satiety or perception scores.

Acute AXOS administration is associated with a significant colonic fermentation vs maltodextrin non fermentation. AXOS does not affect gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in man, but its fermentation seems to be associated to higher bloating ratings in man.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20hO3Dc


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tta93H
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XGzCJR
via IFTTT

Interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin cells, and sensory signaling in the aging human bowel

Abstract

Background

Advanced age is associated with a reduction in clinical visceral pain perception. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested that an abnormal interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and afferent nerves contribute to nociception in gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel.

Methods

Mechanical and chemical sensitivity of human bowel afferents were examined by ex vivo afferent nerve recordings. Age-related changes in the density of mast cells, EC cells, sensory nerve terminals, and mast cell-nerve micro-anatomical association were investigated by histological and immune staining.

Key Results

Human afferents could be broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. The density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerve varicosities was also reduced with age. In contrast, the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number. An increased proportion of mast cells was found in close apposition to SP-IR nerves.

Conclusions & Inferences

Afferent sensitivity in human bowel was reduced with advancing age. Augmentation of mast cells and EC cell numbers and the mast cell-nerve association suggest a compensatory mechanism for sensory neurodegeneration.

The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel. Human afferents were broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. There were associated changes on the density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerves, while the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1sIO9Jy


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/27K3fhW
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YKHHM0
via IFTTT

Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differs between men and women: a case-matched study in 200 patients

Abstract

Background

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a common and socially disabling condition with obstetric trauma considered the principal etiological factor. This study aimed to systematically evaluate symptom presentation and anorectal function in both females and males with FI.

Methods

One hundred males (M) and 100 age-matched females (F) with FI presenting between 2012 and 2014 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Comparison of clinical (history, symptom profile, and severity using validated questionnaires) and anorectal physiological (manometry, rectal sensory testing, endoanal ultrasonography, and evacuation proctography) data between M and F was performed.

Key Results

Incidence of prior anal surgery (M: 28% vs F: 18%, p = 0.13) and abdominal surgery (M: 25% vs F: 26%, p = 0.90) was similar between sexes, but females had a higher incidence of previous pelvic surgery (M: 4% vs F: 47%, p < 0.001). Eighty-five females were parous and 75% reported history of traumatic vaginal delivery. There was a trend toward higher St Mark's incontinence scores in females (mean ± SD; M: 13 ± 4 vs F: 14 ± 5, p = 0.06). In men, structural sphincter abnormalities were uncommon (M: 37% vs F: 77%, p < 0.001), while impaired rectal sensation (M: 24% vs F: 7%, p = 0.001) and functional disturbances of evacuation (M: 36% vs F: 13%, p = 0.001) were more common than in women. No abnormality on all tests performed was observed in twice as many males (M: 18% vs F: 9%, p = 0.10).

Conclusions & Inferences

Pathophysiological mechanisms of FI differ between sexes. Anal sphincter dysfunction was an uncommon finding in males, with impaired rectal sensation and functional disturbances of evacuation much more prominent than in the female cohort. These findings are likely to impact options for symptom management.

This study analyzed the clinical histories and results of anorectal physiological investigations of 100 consecutive males and 100 case-matched females presenting to our unit with a primary complaint of fecal incontinence.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20hOyNs


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tt9KOz
via IFTTT

Interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin cells, and sensory signaling in the aging human bowel

Abstract

Background

Advanced age is associated with a reduction in clinical visceral pain perception. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Previous studies have suggested that an abnormal interplay between mast cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and afferent nerves contribute to nociception in gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel.

Methods

Mechanical and chemical sensitivity of human bowel afferents were examined by ex vivo afferent nerve recordings. Age-related changes in the density of mast cells, EC cells, sensory nerve terminals, and mast cell-nerve micro-anatomical association were investigated by histological and immune staining.

Key Results

Human afferents could be broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. The density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerve varicosities was also reduced with age. In contrast, the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number. An increased proportion of mast cells was found in close apposition to SP-IR nerves.

Conclusions & Inferences

Afferent sensitivity in human bowel was reduced with advancing age. Augmentation of mast cells and EC cell numbers and the mast cell-nerve association suggest a compensatory mechanism for sensory neurodegeneration.

The aim of this study was to investigate how aging affects afferent sensitivity and neuro-immune association in the human bowel. Human afferents were broadly classified into subpopulations displaying mechanical and chemical sensitivity, adaptation, chemo-sensitization, and recruitment. Interestingly human bowel afferent nerve sensitivity was attenuated with age. There were associated changes on the density of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-IR) nerves, while the density of ileal and colonic mucosal mast cells was increased with age, as was ileal EC cell number.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1sIO9Jy


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/27K3fhW
via IFTTT

The effect of arabinoxylooligosaccharides on gastric sensory-motor function and nutrient tolerance in man

Abstract

Background

Intestinal microbiota regulates gastrointestinal sensory-motor function. Prebiotics such as arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) are non-digestible, fermentable food ingredients beneficially affecting intestinal microbiota, colon activity, and improving human health. We wanted to investigate whether acute AXOS or maltodextrin (placebo) administration may alter gastric sensitivity (GS), accommodation (GA), nutrient tolerance (NT) in man.

Methods

Thirteen HV (6 M, 32.2 ± 1.8 years; BMI 22.3 ± 0.2) underwent two 48 h treatment periods with oral 4 × 9.4 g AXOS or 4 × 10 g maltodextrin (at least 1 week wash-out) for gastric barostat assessment of GS, gastric compliance (GC), GA to a liquid test meal, on day 1, and NT drink test, on day 2. Oro-cecal transit-time (OCTT), colonic fermentation (CF) were assessed simultaneously with ¹³C-lactose ureide, H₂ breath tests.

Key Results

Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide significantly increased CF on day 1 and 2 (565 ± 272 vs 100 ± 24, 365 ± 66 vs 281 ± 25 H2 ppm/min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, both p < 0.05), not the OCTT. AXOS did not alter GC, sensitivity before and after the meal. Gastric accommodation was not significantly influenced by AXOS (volume increment: 171 ± 33 vs 130 ± 28 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS). On day 1, AXOS fermentation was associated with significantly higher postprandial bloating scores (960 ± 235 vs 396 ± 138 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05). On day 2, AXOS did not affect maximal NT (946 ± 102 vs 894 ± 97 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS), increased the bloating score (1236 ± 339 vs 675 ± 197 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05).

Conclusions & Inferences

Acute AXOS administration, associated with increased CF, does not affect GA, is not associated with increased meal-induced satiety or perception scores.

Acute AXOS administration is associated with a significant colonic fermentation vs maltodextrin non fermentation. AXOS does not affect gastric sensorimotor function and nutrient tolerance in man, but its fermentation seems to be associated to higher bloating ratings in man.

from Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/20hO3Dc


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Tta93H
via IFTTT