Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence regarding treatment for muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and to present recent advances in evaluation and management. Recent findings: It is generally accepted that voice therapy for MTD is effective, but current systematic reviews report limited evaluation specific to MTD patients with moderate evidence, at best, available to support voice therapy techniques. Individual studies are difficult to compare because of heterogeneity. Considerable work is underway to identify most important metrics to include in assessment, and to advance and define direct voice therapy approaches. Summary: Further standardization of assessment and treatment protocols for MTD will improve future research. Novel therapeutic techniques are under investigation. In small studies, these have found value in improving voice outcomes and measures compared with pretreatment values but have not met success greater than existing therapeutic methods. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2wAl6u3
Πέμπτη 5 Οκτωβρίου 2017
Vocal tremor: where are we at?.
Purpose of review: Vocal tremor in movement disorders is often overlooked, although it has a significant impact on quality of life. Careful observation of tremor phenomenology allows for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment. Recent findings: The central pathways associated with various vocal tremor-associated diseases have been further elucidated. Summary: Patients are likely to benefit from a combination of medical and interventional treatments delivered within a multidisciplinary setting Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2fWmK6d
http://ift.tt/2fWmK6d
Progression level of extracapsular spread and tumor budding for cervical lymph node metastasis of OSCC
Abstract
Objectives
The progression level of extracapsular spread (ECS) for cervical lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was previously divided into three types, and their relationships with the prognosis of patients were re-examined.
Patients and methods
The Kaplan-Meier method was used to examine overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) curves. Prognosis factor for recurrence was analyzed with univariate and multivariate analysis.
Results
ECS was detected in 216 cases of OSCC and analyzed. The 5-year overall survival and RFS rates of patients with type C, which was microscopically defined as tumor invasion to perinodal fat or muscle tissue, were significantly poor at 40.6 and 37.8%, respectively. The results of a univariate analysis suggested that the prognosis of ECS in OSCC patients is associated with its progression level, particularly type C. The 5-year RFS rate of type C with tumor budding was significantly poor at 31.5%. Type C with tumor budding correlated with local and regional recurrence as well as distant metastasis. In a multivariate analysis, tumor budding was identified as an independent prognostic factor.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the progression level of ECS and tumor budding are useful prognostic factors in OSCC patients.
Clinical relevance
This study indicated that the progression level and tumor budding of ECS for cervical lymph node metastasis were useful prognostic factors in OSCC patients.
http://ift.tt/2kt4IKg
Emerging techniques in assessment and treatment of muscle tension dysphonia.
Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence regarding treatment for muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and to present recent advances in evaluation and management. Recent findings: It is generally accepted that voice therapy for MTD is effective, but current systematic reviews report limited evaluation specific to MTD patients with moderate evidence, at best, available to support voice therapy techniques. Individual studies are difficult to compare because of heterogeneity. Considerable work is underway to identify most important metrics to include in assessment, and to advance and define direct voice therapy approaches. Summary: Further standardization of assessment and treatment protocols for MTD will improve future research. Novel therapeutic techniques are under investigation. In small studies, these have found value in improving voice outcomes and measures compared with pretreatment values but have not met success greater than existing therapeutic methods. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2wAl6u3
http://ift.tt/2wAl6u3
Vocal tremor: where are we at?.
Purpose of review: Vocal tremor in movement disorders is often overlooked, although it has a significant impact on quality of life. Careful observation of tremor phenomenology allows for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment. Recent findings: The central pathways associated with various vocal tremor-associated diseases have been further elucidated. Summary: Patients are likely to benefit from a combination of medical and interventional treatments delivered within a multidisciplinary setting Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2fWmK6d
http://ift.tt/2fWmK6d
Immunoprotective effects of a hemin-binding peptide derived from hemagglutinin-2 against infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis
Summary
The principal etiologic agent in periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis, generates cysteine proteases that bind heme with domains such as hemagglutinin-2 (HA2). High-affinity HA2-hemin binding supplies the porphyrin and ferric iron needed for growth and virulence. The DHYAVMISK peptide, recently identified at the hemin-binding site of HA2 inhibits hemin binding. We now evaluate the protective effect of vaccination with DGFPGDHYAVMISK (termed DK) against P. gingivalis using a rat infection model. Rats immunized with DK generated anti-peptide serum IgGs and salivary sIgAs (as measured by ELISA). In a subcutaneous abscess model, the protective effect of immunization was then investigated by measuring abscess size following subcutaneous injection with P. gingivalis. In an oral infection model, a ligature inoculated with P. gingivalis was used to induce periodontitis. The degree of bone erosion, ordinarily provoked by infection, was then evaluated by micro-CT. We found that anti-peptide antibody titers of serum IgGs and salivary sIgAs for rats immunized with DK and adjuvant were significantly higher than for sham immunized rats (injected with adjuvant/PBS alone (P <0.05)). In the subcutaneous abscess model, the DK + adjuvant vaccinated rats recovered faster than sham vaccinated animals, with their abscess sizes significantly smaller (P <0.05). Further, in the experimental periodontitis model, bone loss at the molar palatal side for DK + adjuvant vaccinated rats was significantly lower than for sham vaccinated animals (P <0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate the potential of (DK) peptide immunization in terms of eliciting an immunoprotective effect against infection with P. gingivalis.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2kqBtYA
Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models for studying atherosclerosis pathogenesis induced by periodontopathogenic microorganisms
Summary
Epidemiological studies have established a clinical association between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis. Bacteremia and endotoxemia episodes in patients with periodontitis appear to link these two diseases by inducing a body-wide production of cardiovascular markers. The presence of oral bacteria in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with periodontitis suggests that bacteria, or their antigenic components, induce alterations in the endothelium associated with atherosclerosis. Therefore, a causal mechanism explaining the association between both diseases can be constructed using in vitro models. This review presents current experimental approaches based on in vitro cell models used to shed light on the mechanism by which periodontal pathogenic microorganisms, and their antigenic components, induce pro-atherosclerotic endothelial activity. Monolayer cultures of endothelial vascular or arterial cells have been used to assess periodontal pathogenic bacteria and their antigenic compounds and endothelial activation. However, these models are not capable of reflecting the physiological characteristics of the endothelium inside vascularized tissue. Therefore, the shift from two-dimensional (2D) cellular models toward 3D models of endothelial cells resembling an environment close to the physiological environment of the endothelial cell within the endothelium is useful for evaluating the physiological relevance of results, currently obtained from 2D models, regarding the endothelial dysfunction induced by periodontopathogens. The use of in vitro 3D cellular models can also be relevant to the search for therapeutic agents for chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Here, we present some strategies for the assembly of 3D cultures with endothelial cells, which is useful for the study of periodontopathogen-mediated disease.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2ysQAqv
Myoepithelial-Rich and Infiltrative Giant Vascular Eccrine Spiradenoma: A Unique Presentation of a Rare Adnexal Tumor.
A rare variant of the eccrine spiradenoma, the giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma, has been characterized as a large circumscribed and sometimes hemorrhagic solitary tumor occurring in adults older than 50 years. Histopathologically, the lesion is comprised of distinct cell populations and cystic hemorrhagic glandular spaces. We present a 68-year-old Bengali man with a giant vascular eccrine spiradenoma and describe immunohistochemical features of this tumor. In addition, we highlight unique aspects of this case, including a rich myoepithelial component and focal pseudocapsular infiltration. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2krC3Fl
http://ift.tt/2krC3Fl
Cold-Induced Dermatoses: Case Report and Review of Literature.
Cold panniculitis and perniosis are the most common cold-induced dermatologic disorders and are clinically characterized by indurated and erythematous nodules and plaques that develop at sites exposed to excessive cold and wet conditions. Cold panniculitis is most commonly seen in infants, but adult cases involving the thighs of equestrians are well known and have come to be known as equestrian cold panniculitis or equestrian perniosis. Recently, similar cases have been described in nonequestrian settings with the prolonged use of ice-packs or other cold-therapy devices. We describe the case of 51-year-old female patient who underwent recent arthroscopic shoulder surgery for repair of a rotator cuff tear and presented to the dermatology clinic for painful and erythematous nodules on her arm. A punch biopsy demonstrated a superficial and deep perivascular and periappendageal lymphocytic infiltrate with some spillover into the superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue. Focal vacuolar changes along the basal layer of the epidermis with a few dyskeratotic keratinocytes were present. A mild increase in interstitial mucin was seen, but no significant papillary dermal edema. On clinical questioning she admitted to sustained use of icepacks on the injured shoulder postoperatively for up to 18 hours a day. Based on clinical and histopathologic features the diagnosis of ice-pack dermatosis was made. A review of cold-induced dermatoses is considered with a focus on the main histologic differential diagnoses. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2wACmPD
http://ift.tt/2wACmPD
Primary Cutaneous CD8+ T-cell Lymphoma, an Indolent and Locally Aggressive Form Mimicking Paronychia.
CD8+ T-cell lymphomas comprise a wide spectrum of lymphomas, many which have yet to be formally classified. We present a case of a 43-year-old woman with an enlarging tumor distal to the distal interphalangeal joint of the fourth finger, compressing the underlying nail matrix. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bony involvement of the underlying distal phalanx. Histology showed a dense epidermotropic and pandermal infiltrate composed of medium-sized, uniformly pleomorphic lymphocytes with cleaved nuclei, which raised the possibility of primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. However, the patient's clinical photograph was inconsistent with this diagnosis. Other diagnoses, such as primary cutaneous acral CD8+ T-cell lymphoma-a provisional entity, were also considered but did not capture all the features of this patient's lymphoma. We propose to classify this case as a primary cutaneous CD8+ T-cell lymphoma, an indolent and locally aggressive form. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2krBUlh
http://ift.tt/2krBUlh
Heterotopic Cutaneous Meningioma: An Unusual Presentation Occurring in a Patient With a Remote History of Intracranial Meningioma.
Meningioma is a neoplasm of the meninges, which usually occurs in intracranial sites. Extracranial meningioma has been frequently reported in the sinonasal tract and skull bone, often as extension of intracranial meningiomas. Isolated heterotopic meningioma without contiguous intracranial lesion is extremely rare. A 56-year-old woman presented in December 2015 with 2 firm subcutaneous scalp masses; one in the left lateral (temporal) and the other in the left superior (parietal) region. The clinical impression was that of lipoma. Pathologic examination revealed an ill-defined proliferation of uniform meningothelial cells in a fibroblastic stroma interspersed within adipose tissue. The excised lesions had similar histologic features. Immunohistochemical stains were performed and the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and negative for S-100. A diagnosis of extracranial meningioma, WHO grade I was made. The patient's medical history was significant for intracranial meningioma of the frontal lobe in October 2007, which was diagnosed as atypical meningioma, WHO grade II. Comparison of the scalp masses to her previous meningioma revealed a distinctly different morphologic pattern. In light of the 8-year interval between the scalp and intracranial meningioma and the difference in histologic grades, it is unlikely that her most recent tumors represent a recurrence or metastasis of the intracranial tumor. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2wBUXel
http://ift.tt/2wBUXel
Mixed Lichenoid and Follicular T- and B-Cell Lymphoid Reaction to Red Tattoos With Monoclonal T Cells.
Pseudolymphomatous reactions have been described to occur in tattoos. Most cases have exhibited T-cell predominance and polyclonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. One case with monoclonal IgH gene rearrangements progressed into B-cell lymphoma. Lichenoid infiltrates are commonly described but lymphoid follicles much less frequently. We report a case with mixed lichenoid and follicular T- and B-cell reaction to red tattoos. The histopathology and the immunohistochemical studies were constant with a mixed T- and B-cell pseudolymphoma, the IgH gene rearrangement study was polyclonal, but the T-cell receptor gene rearrangement study was monoclonal. The patient who responded to intralesional corticosteroid injections remains under close scrutiny. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://ift.tt/2krBF9R
http://ift.tt/2krBF9R
Validation of 3D documentation of palatal soft tissue shape, color, and irregularity with intraoral scanning
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of 3D intraoral scanning for documentation of palatal soft tissue by evaluating the accuracy of shape, color, and curvature.
Materials and methods
Intraoral scans of ten participants' upper dentition and palate were acquired with the TRIOS® 3D intraoral scanner by two observers. Conventional impressions were taken and digitized as a gold standard. The resulting surface models were aligned using an Iterative Closest Point approach. The absolute distance measurements between the intraoral models and the digitized impression were used to quantify the trueness and precision of intraoral scanning. The mean color of the palatal soft tissue was extracted in HSV (hue, saturation, value) format to establish the color precision. Finally, the mean curvature of the surface models was calculated and used for surface irregularity.
Results
Mean average distance error between the conventional impression models and the intraoral models was 0.02 ± 0.07 mm (p = 0.30). Mean interobserver color difference was − 0.08 ± 1.49° (p = 0.864), 0.28 ± 0.78% (p = 0.286), and 0.30 ± 1.14% (p = 0.426) for respectively hue, saturation, and value. The interobserver differences for overall and maximum surface irregularity were 0.01 ± 0.03 and 0.00 ± 0.05 mm.
Conclusions
This study supports the hypothesis that the intraoral scan can perform a 3D documentation of palatal soft tissue in terms of shape, color, and curvature.
Clinical relevance
An intraoral scanner can be an objective tool, adjunctive to the clinical examination of the palatal tissue.
http://ift.tt/2y3VjxN
Seasonal Rhythms: The Role of Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid , Vol. 0, No. 0.
http://ift.tt/2wB8Idg
Seasonal Rhythms: The Role of Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones
http://ift.tt/2wB8Idg
Characterizing spatiotemporal variations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in headwater catchment of a key drinking water source in China
Abstract
Natural surface drinking water sources with the increasing chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have profound influences on the aquatic environment and drinking water safety. Here, this study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of CDOM in Fengshuba Reservoir and its catchments in China. Twenty-four surface water samples, 45 water samples (including surface water, middle water, and bottom water), and 15 pore water samples were collected from rivers, reservoir, and sediment of the reservoir, respectively. Then, three fluorescent components, namely two humic-like components (C1 and C2) and a tryptophan-like component (C3), were identified from the excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) for all samples. For spatial distributions, the levels of CDOM and two humic-like components in the reservoir were significantly lower than those in the upstream rivers (p < 0.01), indicating that the reservoir may act as a reactor to partly reduce the levels of exogenous input including CDOM and humic-like matters from the surrounding catchment. For temporal variations, the mean levels of CDOM and three fluorescent components did not significantly change in rivers, suggesting that perennial anthropic activity maybe an important factor impacting the concentration and composition of river CDOM but not the precipitation and runoff. However, these mean values of CDOM for the bulk waters of the reservoir changed markedly along with seasonal variations, indicating that the hydrological processes in the reservoir could control the quality and quantity of CDOM. The different correlations between the fluorescent components and primary water parameters in the river, reservoir, and pore water samples further suggest that the reservoir is an important factor regulating the migration and transformation of FDOM along with the variations of different environmental gradients.
http://ift.tt/2kpWLVY
Dlx5-FGF10 signaling cascade controls cranial neural crest and myoblast interaction during oropharyngeal patterning and development [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Hideki Sugii, Alexandre Grimaldi, Jingyuan Li, Carolina Parada, Thach Vu-Ho, Jifan Feng, Junjun Jing, Yuan Yuan, Yuxing Guo, Hidefumi Maeda, and Yang Chai
http://ift.tt/2xmvLg6
Craniofacial development depends on cell-cell interactions, coordinated cellular movement and differentiation under the control of regulatory gene networks, which include the distal-less (Dlx) gene family. However, the functional significance of Dlx5 in patterning the oropharyngeal region has remained unknown. Here we show that loss of Dlx5 leads to a shortened soft palate and an absence of the levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus muscles that are derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch (PA), but the tensor veli palatini, derived from the 1st PA, is unaffected. Dlx5-positive cranial neural crest (CNC) cells are in direct contact with myoblasts derived from the pharyngeal mesoderm, and Dlx5 disruption leads to altered proliferation and apoptosis of CNC and muscle progenitor cells. Moreover, the FGF10 pathway is downregulated in Dlx5-/- mice, and activation of FGF10 signaling rescues CNC cell proliferation and myogenic differentiation in these mutant mice. Collectively, our results indicate that Dlx5 plays critical roles in patterning of the oropharyngeal region and development of muscles derived from the 4th PA mesoderm in the soft palate, likely via interactions between CNC-derived and myogenic progenitor cells.
http://ift.tt/2xmvLg6
Regulation of mitosis-meiosis transition by the ubiquitin ligase {beta}-TrCP in male germ cells [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Tadashi Nakagawa, Teng Zhang, Ryo Kushi, Seiji Nakano, Takahiro Endo, Makiko Nakagawa, Noriko Yanagihara, David Zarkower, and Keiko Nakayama
http://ift.tt/2fO3G6e
The mitosis-meiosis transition is essential for spermatogenesis. Specific and timely down-regulation of the transcription factor DMRT1, and consequent induction of Stra8 expression, is required for this process in mammals, but the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. Here we show that β-TrCP, the substrate recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, targets DMRT1 for degradation and thereby controls the mitosis-meiosis transition in mouse male germ cells. Conditional inactivation of β-TrCP2 in male germ cells of β-TrCP1 knockout mice resulted in sterility due to a lack of mature sperm. The β-TrCP–deficient male germ cells did not enter meiosis, but instead underwent apoptosis. The induction of Stra8 expression was also attenuated in association with the accumulation of DMRT1 at the Stra8 promoter in β-TrCP–deficient testes. DMRT1 contains a consensus β-TrCP degron sequence that was found to bind β-TrCP. Overexpression of β-TrCP induced the ubiquitylation and degradation of DMRT1. Heterozygous deletion of Dmrt1 in β-TrCP–deficient spermatogonia increased meiotic cells with a concomitant reduction of apoptosis. Collectively, our data indicate that β-TrCP regulates the transition from mitosis to meiosis in male germ cells by targeting DMRT1 for degradation.
http://ift.tt/2fO3G6e
Drosophila Atg16 promotes enteroendocrine cell differentiation via regulation of intestinal Slit/Robo signaling [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Peter Nagy, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Gyöngyver O. Sandor, Monika Lippai, Krisztina Hegedus, and Gabor Juhasz
http://ift.tt/2xljCIu
Genetic variations of Atg16L1, Slit and Rab19 predispose to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the relationship of these mutations is unclear. Here we show that in Drosophila guts lacking the WD40 domain of Atg16, pre-enteroendocrine cells (pre-EEs) accumulate that fail to differentiate into properly functioning secretory EEs. Mechanistically, loss of Atg16 or its binding partner Rab19 impairs Slit production, which normally inhibits EE generation by activating Robo signaling in stem cells. Importantly, loss of Atg16 or decreased Slit/Robo signaling trigger an intestinal inflammatory response. Surprisingly, analysis of Rab19 and domain-specific Atg16 mutants indicates that their stem cell niche regulatory function is independent of autophagy. Our study reveals how mutations in these different genes may contribute to IBD.
http://ift.tt/2xljCIu
Direct and efficient transfection of mouse neural stem cells and mature neurons by in vivo mRNA electroporation [TECHNIQUES AND RESOURCES ARTICLE]
Stephane Bugeon, Antoine de Chevigny, Camille Boutin, Natalie Core, Stefan Wild, Andreas Bosio, Harold Cremer, and Christophe Beclin
http://ift.tt/2fO859e
In vivo brain electroporation of DNA expression vectors is a widely used method for lineage and gene function studies in the developing and postnatal brain. However, transfection efficiency of DNA is limited and adult brain tissue is refractory to electroporation. Here we present a systematic study of mRNA as a vector for acute genetic manipulation in the developing and adult brain. We demonstrate that mRNA electroporation is far more efficient than DNA and leads to faster and more homogeneous protein expression in vivo. Importantly, mRNA electroporation allows the manipulation of neural stem cells and postmitotic neurons in the adult brain with minimal invasive procedures. Finally, we show that this approach can be efficiently used for functional studies as exemplified by transient overexpression of the neurogenic factor Myt1l and by stably inactivating Dicer nuclease in vivo in adult born olfactory bulb interneurons and in fully integrated cortical projection neurons.
http://ift.tt/2fO859e
Mechanical and signaling roles for keratin intermediate filaments in the assembly and morphogenesis of mesendoderm tissue at gastrulation [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Pooja R. Sonavane, Chong Wang, Bette Dzamba, Gregory F. Weber, Ammasi Periasamy, and Douglas W. DeSimone
http://ift.tt/2xlXnSU
Coordination of individual cell behaviors is a critical step in the assembly and morphogenesis of tissues. Xenopus mesendoderm cells migrate collectively along a fibronectin (FN) substrate at gastrulation but how the adhesive and mechanical forces required for these movements are generated and transmitted is unclear. Traction force microscopy (TFM) was used to establish that traction stresses are limited primarily to leading edge cells in mesendoderm explants and that these forces are balanced by intercellular stresses in follower rows. This is further reflected in the morphology of these cells, with broad lamellipodial protrusions, mature focal adhesions and a gradient of activated Rac1 evident at the leading edge; while small protrusions, rapid turnover of immature focal adhesions, and lack of a Rac1 activity gradient characterize cells in following rows. Depletion of keratin (8) with antisense morpholinos results in high traction stresses in follower row cells, misdirected protrusions, and the formation of actin stress fibers anchored in streak-like focal adhesions. We propose that maintenance of mechanical integrity in the mesendoderm by keratin intermediate filaments is required to balance stresses within the tissue to regulate collective cell movements.
http://ift.tt/2xlXnSU
Phyllotactic regularity requires the Paf1 complex in Arabidopsis [RESEARCH ARTICLE]
Kateryna Fal, Mengying Liu, Assem Duisembekova, Yassin Refahi, Elizabeth S. Haswell, and Olivier Hamant
http://ift.tt/2fO7moL
In plants, aerial organs are initiated at stereotyped intervals, both spatially (every 137 degrees in a pattern called phyllotaxis) and temporally (at prescribed time intervals called plastochron). To investigate the molecular basis of such regularity, mutants with altered architecture have been isolated. However, most of them only exhibit defects in plastochron and/or produce a new, albeit equally reproducible, phyllotactic pattern. This leaves open the question of a molecular control of phyllotaxis regularity. Here we show that phyllotaxis regularity depends on the function of VIP proteins, components of the PolII-associating factor 1 (Paf1) complex. Divergence angles between successive organs along the stem exhibited increased variance in vip3-1 and vip3-2 than in the WT, in two different growth conditions. Similar results were obtained with the weak vip3-6 allele and in vip6, a mutant for another Paf1c subunit. Mathematical analysis confirmed that these defects could not be explained solely by plastochron defects. Instead, increased variance in phyllotaxis in vip3 was observed at the meristem and related to defects in spatial patterns of auxin activity. Thus the regularity of spatial, auxin-dependent, patterning at the meristem requires Paf1c.
http://ift.tt/2fO7moL
Effectiveness of Oncologist‐Referred Exercise and Healthy Eating Programming as a Part of Supportive Adjuvant Care for Early Breast Cancer
AbstractBackground.Randomized trials have established efficacy of supervised exercise training during chemotherapy for breast cancer for numerous health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess reach, effectiveness, maintenance, and implementation of an evidence‐based exercise and healthy eating program offered within an adjuvant care setting.Subjects, Materials, and Methods.Women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer were given a prescription by their oncologist to participate in the Nutrition and Exercise during Adjuvant Treatment (NExT) program. The NExT program consisted of supervised, moderate‐intensity, aerobic and resistance exercise three times a week during adjuvant therapy, followed by a step‐down in supervised sessions per week for 20 additional weeks, plus one group‐based healthy eating session. Usual moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed by questionnaire at baseline, program completion, and one year later, along with measures of satisfaction and safety.Results.Program reach encompassed referral of 53% of eligible patients, 78% uptake (n = 73 enrolled), and 78% retention for the 45.0 ± 8.3‐week program. During the program, MVPA increased (116 ± 14 to 154 ± 14 minutes per week, p = .014) and HRQoL did not change. One year later, MVPA (171 ± 24 minutes per week, p = .014) and HRQoL (44 ± 1 to 49 ± 1, p < .001) were significantly higher than baseline. Exercise adherence was 60% ± 26% to three sessions per week during treatment. No major adverse events occurred and injury prevalence did not change relative to baseline. Participants were highly satisfied.Conclusion.This oncologist‐referred exercise and healthy eating supportive‐care program for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was safe, successful in reaching oncologists and patients, and effective for improving MVPA and maintaining HRQoL.Implications for Practice.Despite evidence that exercise is both safe and efficacious at improving physical fitness, quality of life, and treatment side effects for individuals with cancer, lifestyle programming is not offered as standard of cancer care. This study describes an oncologist‐referred, evidence‐based exercise and healthy eating program offered in collaboration with a university as supportive care to women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. The program was well received by oncologists and patients, safe, and relatively inexpensive to operate. Importantly, there was a significant positive impact on physical activity levels and health‐related quality of life lasting for 2 years after initiation of therapy.
http://ift.tt/2xY6C8E
Removal of NO with the hexamminecobalt solution catalyzed by the carbon treated with oxalic acid
Abstract
NO can be removed at the same time with SO2 by aqueous Co(NH3)62+ solution. The reduction of Co(NH3)63+ to Co(NH3)62+ is catalyzed by activated carbon to regain the NO absorption ability of the scrubbing solution. Oxalic acid solution is explored to change the carbon surface to ameliorate its catalytic capability. The experimental results suggest that the best catalyst is prepared by impregnating the carbon sample in 0.7 mol l−1 oxalic acid solution for 24 h followed by being activated at 600 °C for 5 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After being treated with oxalic acid solution, the surface area and the acidity on the carbon surface increase. The experiments show that the carbon modified with oxalic acid can get a much higher NO removal efficiency than the original carbon.
http://ift.tt/2hSLBZj
Promoting health standards of the workers in the informal sector: A global concern
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):781-782
http://ift.tt/2xk54c5
Death on the flight: Issues that are less mentioned
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1079-1080
http://ift.tt/2fT4VVu
Determinants of use of insecticide-treated nets among caregivers of under-five children in Enugu, South East Nigeria
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1037-1042
Background: Malaria accounts for 90% of the 1.5–3 million deaths occurring annually in Africa. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) have proven to be highly effective in preventing malaria. It can reduce malaria transmission by up to 90% and avert up to 44% of all-cause malaria in children <5 years. Aim: The aim of the study determined to explore the reasons why the available insecticide-treated nets were not put to use. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 389 caregivers of under-five children in the three local government areas of Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Study participants were recruited through a multistage stratified sampling process. Results: The results showed that net ownership rate was 85.6%. Mean possession rate of ITN was 4.8 nets per household. About 93.8% had heard about ITN, while 91.8% of the participants knew that it was used to prevent mosquito bites. Only 53.9% used their ITN. Educational status of the caregiver was the most consistent factor affecting ITN use (P = 0.001).
http://ift.tt/2xk4B9P
Displaying solidarity and compassion to meet the needs of the refugee population in European region
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):787-788
http://ift.tt/2fOkUk2
Living in the same environment and having the same food dishes: But why there is a significant difference of prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma between male and female in Thailand
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1072-1072
http://ift.tt/2hRSTMA
My Best Friend: A community-based initiative to ensure women welfare in conflicts-affected Central African Republic region
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):789-790
http://ift.tt/2fQaOiL
Osteoporosis: The present concern on screening and nonmedication management
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1087-1089
http://ift.tt/2hQI6Ci
Evaluation of cadmium and lead levels in fillet marine fish (Otolithes ruber and Lutjanus johni)-from Persian Gulf
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1015-1018
Background: Pollution of aquatic system with heavy metals is one of the important environmental problems that can make toxic marine organisms and aquatic food chain, so it is a risk factor for human health over time. Objective: The present study aimed to the evaluation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) Levels in fillet marine fish (Otolithes ruber and Lutjanus johni) from Persian Gulf. Materials and Methods: At the first, 50 fish samples (O. ruber and L. johni) were collected during winter and spring of 2012 at three different sites from Persian Gulf. The Cd and Pb concentrations were determined with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results expressed in micrograms of metal per dry weight gram of fish (μg/g). Results: The results were validated according to the International Standards Organization 17025 accreditation. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software at the significant level of 95%. Maximum Cd and Pb concentration were seen in O. ruber (0.47 μg/g and L. johni (3.12 μg/g), respectively. No significance difference between the fish size and the metal levels for Cd was recorded in fish (P > 0.05). The relationship between the fish size and Pb level in the muscles was positive in two fish species (P < 0.05). Pb concentration was increased with increase of the length of fish, simultaneously. Conclusion: In all samples, Cd level was minimum. Pb concentrations in two fish specimens of this study exceeded FAO/WHO, IAEA-407, TFC, EC, and Chine but had not exceeded the guidelines limits except for the range of international standards. The metal accumulation in the aquatic organism may be species and size-dependent.
http://ift.tt/2hROqJY
New guidelines released to ensure transparency and enhance credibility of the reported health estimates: World Health Organization
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):793-794
http://ift.tt/2fQ5FqI
Salmonella typhi bacteriuria, predispositions and complications: Two case reports and review of literature
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1058-1060
Salmonella typhi infection presents most commonly as typhoid fever and infrequently as extraintestinal localized infections of bone, joints, soft tissues, spleen, endocardium, pulmonary, hepatobiliary, genital and urinary systems. Urinary tract infection ( UTI) is rare and clinical presentation is indistinguishable from UTIs due to other etiological agents or may even be asymptomatic. We report two cases of patients with chronic kidney disease with UTI due to S. typhi. Renal cyst, nephrolithiasis, and urethral strictures were the concomitant findings in one case and renal tubular acidosis with nephrocalcinosis in the other. In patients with relapses and a chronic course with coexisting functional or structural abnormalities of the urinary tract system, the suspicion of Salmonella as one of the probable causative agents should be kept in mind so as to ensure appropriate and adequate therapy. Furthermore, in the presence of long-standing hypokalemia, one should investigate for renal abnormalities and vice versa.
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Offering integrated package of services to counter stigma associated with HIV
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):795-796
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Wandering dog should not be the reservoir host for opisthorchiasis in highly endemic area, Thailand
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1068-1068
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Responding to the public health challenge of obstetric fistula in developing nations: A preventable cause of physical and social disability
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):797-798
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Skin lesion from a traditional Cambodian treatment “koah kshal”: An example of clinical manifestation relating to local public health system
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):1076-1076
http://ift.tt/2fQ5mw4
Responding to the sensitive issue of sexual health by improving awareness and sexual education
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2017 10(4):799-800
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The LUNGe to Model Alveolar Lung Diseases in a Dish
Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Cell Stem Cell, Volume 21, Issue 4
Author(s): Zheng Wang, Nan Tang
Obtaining alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers great scientific and clinical promise. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Jacob et al. (2017) report a method for the directed differentiation of hPSCs into mature AEC2s and demonstrate its application in modeling alveolar lung diseases.
Teaser
Obtaining alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers great scientific and clinical promise. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Jacob et al. (2017) report a method for the directed differentiation of hPSCs into mature AEC2s and demonstrate its application in modeling alveolar lung diseases.http://ift.tt/2fXtSPz
CRISPR/Cas9-Based Engineering of the Epigenome
Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Cell Stem Cell, Volume 21, Issue 4
Author(s): Julian Pulecio, Nipun Verma, Eva Mejía-Ramírez, Danwei Huangfu, Angel Raya
Determining causal relationships between distinct chromatin features and gene expression, and ultimately cell behavior, remains a major challenge. Recent developments in targetable epigenome-editing tools enable us to assign direct transcriptional and functional consequences to locus-specific chromatin modifications. This Protocol Review discusses the unprecedented opportunity that CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers for investigating and manipulating the epigenome to facilitate further understanding of stem cell biology and engineering of stem cells for therapeutic applications. We also provide technical considerations for standardization and further improvement of the CRISPR/Cas9-based tools to engineer the epigenome.
Teaser
Pulecio et al. discuss opportunities that CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers for investigating and manipulating the stem cell epigenome and also provide technical considerations for CRISPR/Cas9 tool standardization and improvement.http://ift.tt/2fSZyFO
Chromatin and Single-Cell RNA-Seq Profiling Reveal Dynamic Signaling and Metabolic Transitions during Human Spermatogonial Stem Cell Development
Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Cell Stem Cell, Volume 21, Issue 4
Author(s): Jingtao Guo, Edward J. Grow, Chongil Yi, Hana Mlcochova, Geoffrey J. Maher, Cecilia Lindskog, Patrick J. Murphy, Candice L. Wike, Douglas T. Carrell, Anne Goriely, James M. Hotaling, Bradley R. Cairns
Human adult spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) must balance self-renewal and differentiation. To understand how this is achieved, we profiled DNA methylation and open chromatin (ATAC-seq) in SSEA4+ hSSCs, analyzed bulk and single-cell RNA transcriptomes (RNA-seq) in SSEA4+ hSSCs and differentiating c-KIT+ spermatogonia, and performed validation studies via immunofluorescence. First, DNA hypomethylation at embryonic developmental genes supports their epigenetic "poising" in hSSCs for future/embryonic expression, while core pluripotency genes (OCT4 and NANOG) were transcriptionally and epigenetically repressed. Interestingly, open chromatin in hSSCs was strikingly enriched in binding sites for pioneer factors (NFYA/B, DMRT1, and hormone receptors). Remarkably, single-cell RNA-seq clustering analysis identified four cellular/developmental states during hSSC differentiation, involving major transitions in cell-cycle and transcriptional regulators, splicing and signaling factors, and glucose/mitochondria regulators. Overall, our results outline the dynamic chromatin/transcription landscape operating in hSSCs and identify crucial molecular pathways that accompany the transition from quiescence to proliferation and differentiation.
Graphical abstract
Teaser
Cairns and colleagues show that human spermatogonial stem cells (hSSCs) bear unique DNA methylation and open chromatin landscapes, which may enable proper development, niche responsiveness, and "poised" pluripotency. Interestingly, single-cell transcriptome and immunofluorescence analyses reveal four cellular states, spanning from quiescent hSSCs to proliferating, metabolically active, differentiating spermatogonia.http://ift.tt/2y3fRpJ
Gastric Spindle Cell Neuroendocrine Tumor Mimicking Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Unique Morphology and Diagnostic Pitfall
Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs) with spindle cell morphology are extremely rare. We present a case of a 49-year-old female patient with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She was initially thought to have a spindle cell gastrointestinal stromal tumor per histological studies of the fundic polypectomy samples. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were negative for CD117, and CD34, but positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 with a 6% Ki-67 index, consistent with a spindle cell-type well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a gastric spindle cell neuroendocrine tumor in the English literature.
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The Association Between Chemotherapy Immediately Before Nivolumab and Outcomes Thereafter
Background/Aim: We investigated whether the efficacy and type of pre-nivolumab chemotherapy influence outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients following nivolumab treatment. Patients and Methods: In this multicenter study, 199 patients treated with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the relationships between the clinical response to nivolumab and to chemotherapy administered immediately beforehand. Results: Patients who achieved objective responses to pretreatments showed higher disease control rates with nivolumab than patients who did not (64% vs. 47%, p=0.03), as did those who achieved disease control with pretreatments (62% vs. 35%, p<0.001). Bevacizumab-pretreated patients tended to show better objective response rates with nivolumab (27% vs. 13%, p=0.06); the objective response rate to nivolumab was significantly higher in bevacizumab-pretreated patients who showed clinical responses (42% vs. 9.1%, p=0.02). Conclusion: Achievement of a clinical response to chemotherapy immediately before nivolumab, particularly when combined with bevacizumab, increases the likelihood of disease control post-nivolumab.
http://ift.tt/2yMinOM
Predictive Factors for Poor Progression-free Survival in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Nivolumab
Background: Nivolumab has shown promising effects in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a second- or later-line treatment. This study aimed to identify patients who would not experience any benefit from nivolumab treatment. Materials and Methods: In this study, data for 201 patients treated with nivolumab during 17 December 2015 to 31 July 2016 at three respiratory medical centers in Japan were retrospectively reviewed. We collected clinical data at the time of nivolumab treatment commencement. We investigated the relationship between progression-free survival (PFS) and patient characteristics. Results: In both univariate and multivariate analysis, performance status (PS) score ≥2, steroid use at baseline and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level >240 IU/l were significantly associated with poor PFS (all p<0.05). Conclusion: PS score ≥2, steroid use at baseline and a high LDH level were predictive of poor PFS in patients with NSCLC treated with nivolumab. Careful monitoring is recommended for treating such patients with nivolumab (UMIN-ID: UMIN000025908).
http://ift.tt/2fMIpdk
A Proposal for Progression-Free Survival Assessment in Patients with Early Progressive Cancer
Background/Aim: Progression-free survival (PFS), which is evaluated in oncology clinical trials, is determined based on tumor progression evaluated according to an assessment schedule. There is possibly a bias in median PFS and hazard ratio (HR) for PFS depending on the assessment schedule referring to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: We re-analyzed the PFS in the FTD/TPI phase 2 trial by changing the assessment schedule. To assess biases in median PFS and HR for PFS resulting from different assessment schedules, we performed a computational simulation. Results: The reanalysis of FTD/TPI phase 2 trial and the simulation results showed that there were biases in median PFS and HR for PFS. Conclusion: In RCTs for early progressive cancer, median PFS is dependent on the assessment schedule; however, HR for PFS can be assessed without clinically-meaningful differences between assessment schedules, regardless of biomarker assumptions.
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On the distribution and inventories of radionuclides in dated sediments around the Swedish coast
Publication date: Available online 4 October 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
Author(s): Grzegorz Olszewski, Pål Andersson, Patric Lindahl, Mats Eriksson
The activity concentrations and distribution of 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu, 241Am, and 210Pb was determined by the analysis of six sediment cores from the Baltic Sea and Kattegat. The chronology of the sediment cores has been used to evaluate the origin and time trend of the radionuclide sources in these sediments. The sediment cores were dated with a 210Pb model and the results were validated with fallout peaks, assumed to originate from the global nuclear weapons testing and the Chernobyl accident. Source identification, using the isotopic and radionuclide activity ratios, showed that the Chernobyl accident is the main source of 137Cs in the Baltic Sea; for 239+240Pu and 241Am the dominant source was shown to be fallout from nuclear weapons tests. For 238Pu and 241Am the Chernobyl accident had a significant impact on the direct fallout into the Baltic Proper, with up to a 65% contribution in the sediment slices dated to 1986. In these sediment slices the maximum activity ratios of 238Pu/239+240Pu and 241Am/239+240Pu were 0.314 ± 0.008 and 1.29 ± 0.06, respectively. The ratios clearly deviate from the corresponding ratios for global nuclear weapons fallout (around 0.028 and 0.54, respectively). Calculated inventories were 63–175 Bq·m−2 for 239+240Pu, 2.8–7.8 for 238Pu Bq·m−2 and 0.92–44.4 kBq·m−2 for 137Cs. Different fallout patterns for 137Cs and plutonium isotopes from the Chernobyl accident were confirmed through depth profiles analyses. The maximum inventory of 137Cs was observed in the Bothnian Sea, while Chernobyl-derived plutonium was found to be mostly present in Northern Baltic Proper. The radionuclides distribution in the depth profiles shows how contaminated water affects the sediment as it passes sampling stations according to the current circulation pattern in the Baltic Sea. Additionally, the effect of increased activity concentrations from of river discharges in the most contaminated area in the Bothnian Sea was observed.
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Different manifestation of irradiation induced coronary artery disease detected with coronary computed tomography compared with matched non-irradiated controls
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Alexander R. van Rosendael, Laurien A. Daniëls, Aukelien C. Dimitriu-Leen, Jeff M. Smit, Philippe J. van Rosendael, Martin J. Schalij, Jeroen J. Bax, Arthur J.H.A. Scholte
Background and purposePatients who received chest irradiation for treatment of a malignancy are at increased risk for the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Little is known about the anatomical coronary artery plaque characteristics of irradiation induced coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to evaluate potential differences in the presence, extent, severity, composition and location of CAD in patients treated with mediastinal irradiation compared with non-irradiated controls matched on age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors.Material and methodsSeventy-nine asymptomatic Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors, all treated with mediastinal irradiation with or without chemotherapy, who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) to exclude or detect CAD were included. Patients were 1:3 matched with non-irradiated controls (n=237) for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, family history of CAD and currently smoking. Mean age at cancer diagnosis was 26±9years and age at the time of coronary CTA was 45±11years.ResultsMore patients had an abnormal CTA (defined as any coronary artery atherosclerosis): 59% vs. 36% (P<0.001) and significantly more patients had two vessel CAD: 10% vs. 6% and three vessel/left main CAD: 24% vs. 9% compared with controls (overall P<0.001). The maximum stenosis severity among patients was less often <30% (53% vs. 68%) and more often >70% (7% vs. 0%) (overall P=0.001). Patients had more coronary artery plaques in proximal coronary artery segments: left main (17% vs. 6%, P=0.004), proximal left anterior descending artery (30% vs. 16%, P=0.004), proximal right coronary artery (25% vs 10%, P<0.001) and proximal left circumflex artery (14% vs 6%, P=0.022), whereas the number of plaques in non-proximal segments did not differ between groups.ConclusionsHodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors treated with mediastinal irradiation with or without chemotherapy showed a higher presence, greater severity, larger extent and more proximally located CAD compared with age, gender and risk factor matched non-irradiated controls. These findings represent features of higher risk CAD and may explain the worse cardiovascular outcome after chest irradiation.
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Consequences of introducing geometric GTV to CTV margin expansion in DAHANCA contouring guidelines for head and neck radiotherapy
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Christian Rønn Hansen, Jørgen Johansen, Eva Samsøe, Elo Andersen, Jørgen B.B. Petersen, Kenneth Jensen, Lisbeth J. Andersen, Hella M.B. Sand, Anders S. Bertelsen, Cai Grau
Background and purposeDefining margins around the Gross Tumour Volume (GTV) to create a Clinical Target Volume (CTV) for head and neck cancer radiotherapy has traditionally been based on presumed knowledge of anatomical routes of spread. However, using a concentric geometric expansion around the GTV may be more reproducible. The purpose of this study was to analyse the inter-observer consistency of geometric CTV delineation with adaptation for anatomical boundaries versus anatomically defined CTVs.Material and methodsRadiation oncologists at four Danish cancer centres delineated high, intermediate and elective dose CTVs (CTV1, CTV2 and CTV3, respectively) in a patient-case template (stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx), first using mainly anatomical margins (original standard) and then using concentric geometric expansion (new standard). Each centre made a dummy-run radiotherapy plan based on the delineated CTVs. The difference between the CTV contours and the radiotherapy plans was evaluated across the centres.ResultsAnatomy-based contours were significantly more heterogenous and showed larger volume differences between centres than geometric margins. Dice similarity coefficient increased by 0.29 and mean surface distance decreased by 4mm for CTV1. Use of consistent CTV volumes resulted in more consistent irradiated volumes between centres.ConclusionIntroduction of geometric margins resulted in more uniform CTV1 and CTV2 delineation. Geometric CTV expansion was easier, left less room for misinterpretation, and resulted in more uniform treatment plans with similar irradiated high and intermediate dose volumes across all centres.
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Treating locally advanced lung cancer with a 1.5T MR-Linac – Effects of the magnetic field and irradiation geometry on conventionally fractionated and isotoxic dose-escalated radiotherapy
Publication date: Available online 4 October 2017
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Hannah E. Bainbridge, Martin J. Menten, Martin F. Fast, Simeon Nill, Uwe Oelfke, Fiona McDonald
PurposeThis study investigates the feasibility and potential benefits of radiotherapy with a 1.5T MR-Linac for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA NSCLC) patients.Material and methodsTen patients with LA NSCLC were retrospectively re-planned six times: three treatment plans were created according to a protocol for conventionally fractionated radiotherapy and three treatment plans following guidelines for isotoxic target dose escalation. In each case, two plans were designed for the MR-Linac, either with standard (∼7mm) or reduced (∼3mm) planning target volume (PTV) margins, while one conventional linac plan was created with standard margins. Treatment plan quality was evaluated using dose–volume metrics or by quantifying dose escalation potential.ResultsAll generated treatment plans fulfilled their respective planning constraints. For conventionally fractionated treatments, MR-Linac plans with standard margins had slightly increased skin dose when compared to conventional linac plans. Using reduced margins alleviated this issue and decreased exposure of several other organs-at-risk (OAR). Reduced margins also enabled increased isotoxic target dose escalation.ConclusionIt is feasible to generate treatment plans for LA NSCLC patients on a 1.5T MR-Linac. Margin reduction, facilitated by an envisioned MRI-guided workflow, enables increased OAR sparing and isotoxic target dose escalation for the respective treatment approaches.
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Plastic Surgery Videos Need Strict Ethics Standards, Doctors Argue
Some plastic surgeons have gained large social media followings by sharing theatrical videos of surgery with entertainment, rather than education, in mind. Now experts are proposing ethics guidelines to ensure that the content of plastic surgery videos on social media isn't harmful to patients.
Reuters Health Information
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Extraction and representation of common feature from uncertain facial expressions with cloud model
Abstract
Human facial expressions are key ingredient to convert an individual's innate emotion in communication. However, the variation of facial expressions affects the reliable identification of human emotions. In this paper, we present a cloud model to extract facial features for representing human emotion. First, the uncertainties in facial expression are analyzed in the context of cloud model. The feature extraction and representation algorithm is established under cloud generators. With forward cloud generator, facial expression images can be re-generated as many as we like for visually representing the extracted three features, and each feature shows different roles. The effectiveness of the computing model is tested on Japanese Female Facial Expression database. Three common features are extracted from seven facial expression images. Finally, the paper is concluded and remarked.
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Anxiety and Fear of Recurrence Despite a Good Prognosis: An Interview Study with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients
Thyroid , Vol. 0, No. 0.
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Anxiety and Fear of Recurrence Despite a Good Prognosis: An Interview Study with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Patients
Thyroid , Vol. 0, No. 0.
http://ift.tt/2ys0Q26
Collapsing the Metabolic PON2zi Scheme in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Source:Trends in Cell Biology
Author(s): Matyas Abel Tsegaye, Zachary T. Schafer
A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (PDAC) cells is metabolic reprogramming that facilitates tumor progression. In a recent paper published in Molecular Cell, Nagarajan et al. discover that paraoxonase (PON)2 stimulates glucose transporter (GLUT)1-mediated glucose uptake, prevents AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated anoikis, and consequently promotes PDAC development and metastasis.
http://ift.tt/2xleTBv
Bacterial Subversion of COG-Dependent Membrane Traffic
Source:Trends in Cell Biology
Author(s): Lee Dolat, Raphael H. Valdivia
Intracellular bacterial pathogens thrive within eukaryotic cells by interacting with a range of organelles to establish a replicative niche. In a new study in Cell Host and Microbe, Miller et al. identify a Brucella abortus effector that subverts membrane and protein transport to the Golgi apparatus to promote bacterial replication.
http://ift.tt/2y2CiLW
Heavy metal migration and risk transference associated with cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic freshwater
Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 613–614
Author(s): Yunlu Jia, Wei Chen, Yanxia Zuo, Lizhou Lin, Lirong Song
The distribution of metals in cyanobloom-forming lakes, and potential risks of these metals during irrigation with water derived from the bloom were evaluated in this study. Seven metals were monitored throughout a cyanobacterial bloom season in Lake Taihu. Cyanobloom bio-dilution of the targeted metals could be explained by the negative relationships between total phytoplankton metal contents (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb and Cr) and Chl a concentrations (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the ratios of extracellular bound to total cellular bound metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd) were positively correlated with the ratios of cyanophyta to total phytoplankton (p<0.01), indicating the enhanced extracellular bound of these metals during cyanobloom period. Secondly, Cd, Pb and Cr were detected in several local vegetables. In comparison to reference vegetables, vegetables (e.g., radish, soybean, and cowpea), which were irrigated with cyanobloom broth collected from Lake Taihu, presented high health risk index (HRI) and were not safe for human consumption. Collectively, the frequent dominant colonial Microcystis blooms which performed high metal affinity might mediate the distribution of heavy metals in lake and potentially transferred these pollutants into terrestrial system.
Graphical abstract
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Effective surface passivation of multi-shelled InP quantum dots through a simple complexing with titanium species
Publication date: 15 January 2018
Source:Applied Surface Science, Volume 428
Author(s): Jung-Ho Jo, Min-Seok Kim, Chang-Yeol Han, Eun-Pyo Jang, Young Rag Do, Heesun Yang
Fluorescent efficiency of various visible quantum dots (QDs) has been incessantly improved to meet industrially high standard mainly through the advance in core/shell heterostructural design, however, their stability against degradable environments appears still lacking. The most viable strategy to cope with this issue was to exploit chemically inert oxide phases to passivate QD surface in the form of either individual overcoating or matrix embedding. Herein, we report a simple but effective means to passivate QD surface by complexing its organic ligands with a metal alkoxide of titanium isopropoxide (Ti(i-PrO)4). For this, highly efficient red-emitting InP QDs with a multi-shell structure of ZnSeS intermediate plus ZnS outer shell are first synthesized and then the surface of resulting InP/ZnSeS/ZnS QDs is in-situ decorated with Ti(i-PrO)4. The presence of TiO species from Ti(i-PrO)4 on QD surface is verified by x-ray photoelectron and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. Two comparative dispersions of pristine versus Ti(i-PrO)4-complexed QDs are exposed for certain periods of time to UV photon and heat and their temporal changes in photoluminescence are monitored, resulting in a huge improvement in QD stability from the latter ones through Ti(i-PrO)4-mediated better surface passivation.
Graphical abstract
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Producer estimates of prevalence and perceived importance of lameness in dairy herds with tiestalls, freestalls, and automated milking systems
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): J.H. Higginson Cutler, J. Rushen, A.M. de Passillé, J. Gibbons, K. Orsel, E. Pajor, H.W. Barkema, L. Solano, D. Pellerin, D. Haley, E. Vasseur
Lameness is one of the most important welfare and productivity concerns in the dairy industry. Our objectives were to obtain producers' estimates of its prevalence and their perceptions of lameness, and to investigate how producers monitor lameness in tiestall (TS), freestall with milking parlor (FS), and automated milking system (AMS) herds. Forty focal cows per farm in 237 Canadian dairy herds were scored for lameness by trained researchers. On the same day, the producers completed a questionnaire. Mean herd-level prevalence of lameness estimated by producers was 9.0% (±0.9%; ±SE), whereas the researchers observed a mean prevalence of 22.2% (±0.9%). Correlation between producer- and researcher-estimated lameness prevalence was low (r = 0.19) and mean researcher prevalence was 1.6, 1.8, and 4.1 times higher in AMS, FS, and TS farms, respectively. A total of 48% of producers thought lameness was a moderate or major problem in their herds (TS = 34%; AMS =53%; FS = 59%). One third of producers considered lameness the highest ranked health problem they were trying to control, whereas two-thirds of producers (TS = 43%; AMS = 63%; FS = 71%) stated that they had made management changes to deal with lameness in the past 2 yr. Almost all producers (98%) stated they routinely check cows to identify new cases of lameness; however, 40% of producers did not keep records of lameness (AMS = 24%; FS = 23%; TS = 60%). A majority (69%) of producers treated lame cows themselves immediately after detection, whereas 13% relied on hoof-trimmer or veterinarians to plan treatment. Producers are aware of lameness as an issue in dairy herds and almost all monitor lameness as part of their daily routine. However, producers underestimate lameness prevalence, which highlights that lameness detection continues to be difficult in in all housing systems, especially in TS herds. Training to improve detection, record keeping, identification of farm-specific risk factors, and treatment planning for lame cows is likely to help decrease lameness prevalence.
http://ift.tt/2fOFoZL
Field trial of 2 calcium supplements on early lactation health and production in multiparous Holstein cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Antonia R. Domino, Helen C. Korzec, Jessica A.A. McArt
Our objectives were to measure serum Ca concentrations in the first 48 h postpartum in cows supplemented with oral Ca or subcutaneous Ca and nonsupplemented cows and evaluate the effect of these treatments on the incidence of metritis, displaced abomasum, mastitis, and early lactation disease (any of the diseases milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, or displaced abomasum), removal from the herd, pregnancy to first insemination, and average daily milk yield for the first 10 wk of lactation. We conducted 2 experiments on 1 commercial herd in New York State. In experiment 1, multiparous Holstein cows (n = 30) were blocked by parity (2 and ≥3) and sequentially assigned at calving to nontreated control (CON, n = 10), subcutaneous administration of 500 mL 23% Ca gluconate at calving (SC, n = 10), or administration of an oral Ca bolus containing 43 g of calcium at calving and again 12 h later (OB, n = 10). Blood was collected before treatment and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h thereafter for measurement of serum total Ca concentration. In experiment 2, 1,478 multiparous Holstein cows were sequentially assigned by calving date to the same 3 treatments (CON, n = 523; SC, n = 480; OB, n = 475). In experiment 1, SC cows had greater Ca concentrations from 1 through 12 h post-treatment and OB cows had greater Ca concentrations at 1 and 24 h post-treatment compared with CON cows. We found no difference in risk of metritis, displaced abomasum, early lactation disease diagnosis, or pregnancy to first insemination among treatments. Treatment with SC or OB had no effect on average daily milk yield compared with CON cows (CON = 46.7 kg; SC = 47.1 kg; OB = 47.0 kg). Cows treated with SC or OB that had a high relative herd milk rank in the previous lactation were almost half as likely to be diagnosed with mastitis in the first 60 DIM compared with CON cows [risk ratio (RR)SC = 0.57, RROB = 0.54]; however, we found no difference in risk of mastitis among treatments for cows with low relative herd milk rank. Second-parity cows fed a negative prepartum dietary cation-anion difference ration and treated with SC or OB were more likely to be removed from the herd than CON cows (RRSC = 3.91, RROB = 4.72); this difference was not observed in second-parity cows fed a neutral prepartum dietary cation-anion difference ration or in parity ≥3 cows. Although Ca supplementation increased serum Ca, this effect did not greatly improve milk production or health and reproductive outcomes.
http://ift.tt/2wzOfoW
Physically adjusted neutral detergent fiber system for lactating dairy cow rations, II: Development of feeding recommendations
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Robin R. White, Mary Beth Hall, Jeffrey L. Firkins, Paul J. Kononoff
The objective of this work was to leverage equations derived in a meta-analysis into an ensemble modeling system for estimating dietary physical and chemical characteristics required to maintain desired rumen conditions in lactating dairy cattle. Given the availability of data, responsiveness of ruminal pH to animal behaviors, and the chemical composition and physical form of the diet, mean ruminal pH was chosen as the primary rumen environment indicator. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) is defined as the fraction of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) that stimulates chewing activity and contributes to the floating mat of large particles in the rumen. The peNDF of feedstuffs is typically estimated by multiplying the NDF content by a particle size measure, resulting in an estimated index of effectiveness. We hypothesized that the utility of peNDF could be expanded and improved by dissociating NDF and particle size and considering other dietary factors, all integrated into a physically adjusted fiber system that can be used to estimate minimum particle sizes of TMR and diet compositions needed to maintain ruminal pH targets. Particle size measures of TMR were limited to those found with the Penn State particle separator (PSPS). Starting with specific diet characteristics, the system employed an ensemble of models that were integrated using a variable mixture of experts approach to generate more robust recommendations for the percentage of dietary DM material that should be retained on the 8-mm sieve of a PSPS. Additional continuous variables also integrated in the physically adjusted fiber system include the proportion of material (dry matter basis) retained on the 19- and 8-mm sieves of the PSPS, estimated mean particle size, the dietary concentrations of forage, forage NDF, starch, and NDF, and ruminally degraded starch and NDF. The system was able to predict that the minimum proportion of material (dry matter basis) retained on the 8-mm sieve should increase with decreasing forage NDF or dietary NDF. Additionally, the minimum proportion of dry matter material on the 8-mm sieve should increase with increasing dietary starch. Results of this study agreed with described interrelationships between the chemical and physical form of diets fed to dairy cows and quantified the links between NDF intake, diet particle size, and ruminal pH. Feeding recommendations can be interpolated from tables and figures included in this work.
http://ift.tt/2fNGo0q
Risk assessment modelling of fecal shedding caused by extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli transmitted through waste milk fed to dairy pre-weaned calves
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Babafela B. Awosile, Ben A. Smith
Waste milk feeding is a common practice in dairy operations. Regardless of the benefits of this practice to the dairy farmers, concerns from the potential dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through the gut and subsequent shedding by calves into the environment are increasing. In this study, we employed Monte Carlo simulation to assess the risk of shedding extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESC-R E. coli) caused by waste milk feeding in pre-weaned calves using an exponential dose-response model fit to data for E. coli O157:H7 in cattle. Data from pertinent studies were included in our model to predict the risk of shedding. The median (5th and 95th percentiles) for the daily risk of shedding ESC-R E. coli by calves fed only contaminated waste milk was predicted to be 2.9 × 10−3 (2.1 × 10−3, 3.7 × 10−3), representing a median daily risk of 29 out of 10,000 calves shedding ESC-R E. coli due to exclusive feeding of waste milk containing ESC-R E. coli. This median value was reduced by 94% when accounting for the proportion of waste milk that does not contain ESC-R E. coli. The overall risk of shedding ESC-R E. coli through the pre-weaning period for farms that feed waste milk to calves was 5.7 × 10−3 (2.4 × 10−3, 1.1 × 10−2), representing 57 out of 10,000 calves. When accounting for the proportion of farms that do not feed waste milk, the pre-weaning period risk was reduced by 23%. By varying the prevalence of ESC-R E. coli in waste milk using values of 3, 1.5, and 1%, the daily risk of shedding decreased by factors of 50, 65, and 82%, respectively, which supports the reduction of contamination or discontinuation of feeding waste milk containing ESC-R E. coli as major mitigation measures to reduce the risk of shedding caused by ingestion of resistant bacteria. It is anticipated that the effects of antimicrobial residues in waste milk, which was not considered herein due to lack of data, would further increase risks. Although waste milk feeding to calves may be economically beneficial to the dairy farmers, there exists the risk of dissemination of ESC-resistant bacteria into the environment.
http://ift.tt/2wzO3Ge
Mammary epithelium disruption and mammary epithelial cell exfoliation during milking in dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): L. Herve, H. Quesnel, V. Lollivier, J. Portanguen, R.M. Bruckmaier, M. Boutinaud
The presence of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) in the milk of ruminants indicates that some MEC are shed from the mammary epithelium; however, the mechanisms that regulate the MEC exfoliation process are not known. Through the release of oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol and through oxytocin-induced mechanical forces on the mammary epithelium, milking could participate in regulating the MEC exfoliation process. The aims of the present study were to determine the rate of MEC exfoliation throughout milking and to investigate its relationship to mammary epithelium integrity and milking-induced hormone release. Milk samples from 9 Holstein dairy cows producing 40.6 ± 1.36 kg of milk/d were collected at the beginning (after 1 and 2 min), in the middle, and at the end of milking. Milk MEC were purified using an immunomagnetic method. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after milking, and the oxytocin, prolactin, and cortisol concentrations in the samples were measured. Tight junction opening was assessed by plasma lactose concentration and the Na+:K+ ratio in milk. The somatic cell count in milk varied during the course of milking; it decreased at the beginning of milking and then increased, reaching the highest values at the end of milking. Exfoliated MEC were present in all milk samples collected. The presence of MEC in the milk sample collected during min 1 of milking, likely corresponding to the cisternal milk fraction, suggests that MEC were exfoliated between milkings. The observed increase in the Na+:K+ ratio in milk and in the plasma concentration of lactose indicated that disruption of mammary epithelium integrity occurred during milking. The MEC exfoliation rate at milking was not correlated with the variables describing milking-induced prolactin release but was negatively correlated with cortisol release, suggesting that cortisol may play a role in limiting exfoliation. In conclusion, milking induced a disruption of the mammary epithelial barrier. Mammary epithelial cells may be continuously exfoliated between milkings or exfoliated during milking as a consequence of the oxytocin-induced mechanical forces and the disruption of mammary epithelium integrity.
http://ift.tt/2fOzJmI
Acid or erythromycin stress significantly improves transformation efficiency through regulating expression of DNA binding proteins in Lactococcus lactis F44
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Binbin Wang, Huawei Zhang, Dongmei Liang, Panlong Hao, Yanni Li, Jianjun Qiao
Lactococcus lactis is a gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the dairy industry and food fermentation, and its biological characteristics are usually improved through genetic manipulation. However, poor transformation efficiency was the main restriction factor for the construction of engineered strains. In this study, the transformation efficiency of L. lactis F44 showed a 56.1-fold increase in acid condition (pH 5.0); meanwhile, erythromycin stress (0.04 μg/mL) promoted the transformation efficiency more significantly (76.9-fold). Notably, the transformation efficiency of F44e (L. lactis F44 harboring empty pLEB124) increased up to 149.1-fold under the synergistic stresses of acid and erythromycin. In addition, the gene expression of some DNA binding proteins (DprA, RadA, RadC, RecA, RecQ, and SsbA) changed correspondingly. Especially for radA, 25.1-fold improvement was detected when F44e was exposed to pH 5.0. Overexpression of some DNA binding proteins could improve the transformation efficiency. The results suggested that acid or erythromycin stress could improve the transformation efficiency of L. lactis through regulating gene expression of DNA binding proteins. We have proposed a simple but promising strategy for improving the transformation efficiency of L. lactis and other hard-transformed microorganisms.
http://ift.tt/2wAPIeV
Rheological and sensory performance of a protein-based sweetener (MNEI), sucrose, and aspartame in yogurt
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): Nicoletta A. Miele, Erliza K. Cabisidan, Giuseppe Blaiotta, Serena Leone, Paolo Masi, Rossella Di Monaco, Silvana Cavella
Sweeteners and flavors are generally added to yogurt to make them more palatable. However, the addition of these ingredients may affect the fermentation process of yogurt as well as its physical and sensory characteristics. Consumers prioritize yogurt products that are "natural." A modified single-chain form of the natural sweet protein monellin extracted from the fruit of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, called MNEI, could be a useful alternative to artificial sweeteners. The aim of the present work was to evaluate new rapid sensory methods in combination with rheology to assess the viability of using MNEI to develop sweetened yogurts without the calories of sugar. We studied the gelation and cooling kinetics of 4 yogurt samples (unsweetened or sweetened with MNEI, aspartame, or sucrose) by using a rheometer. Furthermore, the 4 yogurts, with and without addition of a flavoring agent, were characterized from a sensory perspective using a combination of 2 rapid sensory methods, ultra flash profile and flash profile. Rheological results showed that, when added at typical usage levels, aspartame, sucrose, and MNEI did not generally affect the yogurt fermentation process or its rheological properties. Sensory results demonstrated that texture attributes of yogurts with aspartame and sucrose were strongly linked to sweetness and flavor perception, but this was not true for MNEI-sweetened yogurts. In contrast to results obtained from samples sweetened with sucrose and aspartame, MNEI protein did not sweeten the yogurt when added before fermentation. This study highlights the enhancing effect of flavor on sweetness perception, supporting previous reports that noted synergistic effects between sucrose or aspartame and flavors. Hence, future studies should be conducted to determine how sweet proteins behave in yogurt when added after fermentation.
http://ift.tt/2fOzjNa
Invited review: Sustainable forage and grain crop production for the US dairy industry
Publication date: Available online 4 October 2017
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): N.P. Martin, M.P. Russelle, J.M. Powell, C.J. Sniffen, S.I. Smith, J.M. Tricarico, R.J. Grant
A resilient US dairy industry will be underpinned by forage and crop production systems that are economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. Land use for production of perennial and annual forages and grains for dairy cattle must evolve in response to multiple food security and environmental sustainability issues. These include increasing global populations; higher incomes and demand for dairy and other animal products; climate change with associated temperature and moisture changes; necessary reductions in carbon and water footprints; maintenance of soil quality and soil nutrient concerns; and competition for land. Likewise, maintaining producer profitability and utilizing practices accepted by consumers and society generally must also be considered. Predicted changes in climate and water availability will likely challenge current feed and dairy production systems and their national spatial distribution, particularly the western migration of dairy production in the late 20th century. To maintain and stabilize profitability while reducing carbon footprint, particularly reductions in methane emission and enhancements in soil carbon sequestration, dairy production will need to capitalize on genetic and management innovations that enhance forage and grain production and nutritive value. Improved regional and on-farm integration of feed production and manure utilization is needed to reduce environmental nitrogen and phosphorus losses and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Resilient and flexible feed production strategies are needed to address each of these challenges and opportunities to ensure profitable feeding of dairy cattle and a sustainable dairy industry.
http://ift.tt/2wAvLFb
Relationship between intramammary infection prevalence and somatic cell score in commercial dairy herds
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): G.E. Shook, R.L. Bamber Kirk, F.L. Welcome, Y.H. Schukken, P.L. Ruegg
We examined consistency of the relationship between intramammary infection (IMI) and somatic cell score (SCS) across several classes of cow, herd, and sampling time variables. Microbial cultures of composite milk samples were performed by New York Quality Milk Production Services from 1992 to 2004. SCS was from the most recent Dairy Herd Improvement test before IMI sampling. Records were analyzed from 79,308 cows in 1,124 commercial dairy herds representing a broad range of production systems. Three binary dependent variables were presence or absence of contagious IMI, environmental IMI, and all IMI. Independent variables in the initial models were SCS, SCS2, lactation number, days in milk, sample day milk yield, use of coliform mastitis vaccine, participant type (required by regulation or voluntary), production system (type of housing, milking system, and herd size), season of sampling, year of sampling, and herd; also the initial models included interactions of SCS and SCS2 with other independent variables, except herd and milk yield. Interaction terms characterize differences in the IMI-SCS relationship across classes of the independent variables. Models were derived using the Glimmix macro in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with a logistic link function and employing backward elimination. The final model for each dependent variable included all significant independent variables and interactions. Simplified models omitted SCS2 and all interactions with SCS. Interactions of SCS with days in milk, use of coliform mastitis vaccine, participant type, season, and year were not significant in any of the models. Interaction of SCS with production system was significant for the all IMI model, whereas interaction of SCS with lactation number was significant for the environmental and all IMI models. Each 1 point increase in SCS (or doubling of somatic cell count) was associated with a 2.3, 5.5%, and 9.1% increase in prevalence of contagious, environmental, and all IMI, respectively. Empirical receiver operator characteristic curves and areas under the curve were derived for final and simplified models. The areas under the curve for simplified and final models within each type of IMI differed by 0.009 or less. We concluded that the relationship of IMI with SCS was generally stable over time and consistent across seasons, production systems, and cow factors.
http://ift.tt/2fM3Ef2
Short communication: The effect of storage conditions and storage duration on milk ELISA results for pregnancy diagnosis
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): E.M. Wynands, S.J. LeBlanc, D.F. Kelton
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage temperature and time from sample collection to analysis on test classification of a commercially available ELISA for diagnosis of pregnancy using the measurement of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) in milk samples from dairy cows. Few studies have evaluated the effects of sample handling on milk PAG results. Using a repeated-measures study design, we evaluated sample storage at 5 temperatures: 37°C, 22°C, 4°C, −20°C, or −80°C. Sample aliquots from 45 cows (20 with a pregnant test result, 10 open, and 15 recheck) were stored for 4, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, or 365 d. The measured PAG level was influenced by storage duration and condition. Samples stored for 365 d had a slightly increased PAG level, whereas samples stored for all other durations showed a slight decline in PAG level compared with the initial result. The reason for an increase in PAG level following long-term storage is not known. This will not affect dairy producers using the test but may be important in samples stored for research applications. The changes in PAG level were small and within the expected variation for this test. Fewer than 6% of samples changed in classification and, as expected, they were samples near the test interpretation cut-points.
http://ift.tt/2fM8cSW
Characterization of luteal dynamics in lactating Holstein cows for 32 days after synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial insemination
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): A. Ricci, P.D. Carvalho, M.C. Amundson, P.M. Fricke
Approximately 20 to 30% of cows diagnosed not pregnant 32 d after timed artificial insemination (TAI) lack a corpus luteum (CL), and cows submitted to a resynchronization protocol in the absence of a CL have about 10% fewer pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows with a CL. An understanding of luteal dynamics after synchronization of ovulation and TAI may help refine strategies for reinseminating cows failing to conceive. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 141) were synchronized for first TAI using a Double-Ovsynch protocol. Thrice weekly from 4 to 32 d after TAI, blood samples were collected for evaluation of plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations, and CL diameter was measured using transrectal ultrasonography. Pregnancy status was determined using transrectal ultrasonography 32 d after TAI. Nonsynchronized cows (n = 4) were removed from the study. For cows diagnosed pregnant 32 d after TAI (n = 57), P4 increased from 4 to 15 d and then remained constant until 32 d after TAI, whereas CL volume increased from 4 to 11 d and then remained constant until 32 d after TAI. For cows diagnosed not pregnant 32 d after TAI (n = 80), P4 profiles were evaluated using statistical cluster analysis based on the day after TAI that P4 decreased to <1 ng/mL, resulting in 5 clusters: (1) CL regression 15 d after TAI (1.3%), (2) CL regression 18 to 22 d after TAI (55.0%), (3) CL regression 25 to 27 d after TAI (17.5%), (4) CL regression 29 to 32 d after TAI (5.0%), and (5) CL maintained until 32 d after TAI (21.3%). Plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) levels at 25 and 32 d after TAI differed among clusters and were below the cut-off value of the assay for the classification of cows as not pregnant for cows in clusters 2, 3, and 4, whereas more than half of the cows in cluster 5 had increased plasma PAG levels. We conclude that at least half of the nonpregnant cows that maintained their CL until 32 d after TAI were initially pregnant but underwent early pregnancy loss based on increased plasma PAG levels at 25 and 32 d after TAI.
http://ift.tt/2wAgVhI
Housing and management characteristics of calf automated feeding systems in the Upper Midwest United States
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): M.W. Jorgensen, K. Janni, A. Adams-Progar, H. Chester-Jones, J.A. Salfer, M.I. Endres
Automated milk feeders are used by dairy producers to manage preweaned calves in group housing, but little is known about how these feeding systems are being used in the United States. To better understand how US dairy producers are operating these systems, this study investigated characteristics of barn design, environment, and management practices on 38 farms in the Upper Midwest United States via a questionnaire and on-farm measurements. Farms using automated feeders ranged in size from 7 to 300 calves on site. Natural ventilation was used on 50% of the farms, followed by barns with mechanical ventilation (39.5%), tunnel ventilation (7.9%), or outdoor facilities (sheltered plastic domes; 2.6%). Calves were kept in groups of 17.6 ± 9.8 animals (range: 5.9 to 60.5) with an average space allowance of 4.6 ± 2.0 m2/animal (range: 1.6 to 11.9). Calves on these farms received 3.7 ± 0.75 L (range: 2 to 6) of colostrum, but 22% of the tested calves had serum total protein values lower than 5.0 g/dL. Calves had an initial daily allowance of 5.4 ± 2.1 L (range: 3 to 15 L) of milk or milk replacer, rising to a peak amount of 8.3 ± 2.0 L (range: 5 to 15 L) over 18 ± 11.4 d (range: 0 to 44 d). Milk replacer was fed to calves on 68.4% of the farms compared with whole milk supplemented with nutrient balancer on 23.7% and whole milk alone on 7.9% of the farms. Calves were completely weaned at 56.8 ± 9.0 d of age (range: 40 to 85.5) and 52.1 ± 7.5 d (range: 40 to 79) since introduction into the group pen with the feeder. Notably, bacterial contamination of milk was common; the median coliform count was 10,430 cfu/mL (interquartile range: 233,111; range: 45 to 28,517,000) and standard plate count was 2,566,867 cfu/mL (interquartile range: 15,860,194; range 6,668 to 82,825,000) for samples collected from the feeder tube end (or feeder hose). Some areas of deficiency might be of concern as they might be influencing the success of using automated calf feeding systems. In particular, a better understanding of the dynamics of pathogen load is needed in both the group pen area and in the automated feeder unit itself, as these reservoirs represent significant risk to calf health and welfare.
http://ift.tt/2fNgrhp
Hydroxy-selenomethionine: A novel organic selenium source that improves antioxidant status and selenium concentrations in milk and plasma of mid-lactation dairy cows
Source:Journal of Dairy Science
Author(s): P. Sun, J. Wang, W. Liu, D.P. Bu, S.J. Liu, K.Z. Zhang
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroxy-selenomethionine (HMSeBA), a novel organic selenium (Se) source, on milk performance, antioxidative status, and Se concentrations in the milk and plasma of mid-lactation dairy cows compared with that of sodium selenite (SS). Fifty mid-lactation dairy cows with similar days in milk, milk yield, and parity received the same basal diet containing 0.06 mg of Se/kg of DM. They were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments according to a randomized complete block design: negative control (without Se supplementation), SS supplementation (0.3 mg of Se/kg of DM; SS-0.3) or HMSeBA supplementation (0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mg of Se/kg of DM: SO-0.1, SO-0.3, and SO-0.5, respectively). The experiment lasted for 10 wk, including a pretrial period of 2 wk. The results indicated that neither Se supplementation nor Se source affected dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, or blood biochemical parameters, except for milk fat percentage. Simultaneously, milk fat percentage and milk fat yield increased linearly as the quantity of HMSeBA supplementation was increased. Production of 4% FCM and ECM was elevated linearly as dietary HMSeBA increased. The SO-0.3 group showed higher serum activity of glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase than the SS-0.3 group, but malondialdehyde content was not affected by Se source. Furthermore, HMSeBA supplementation linearly increased the activities of serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, but decreased malondialdehyde content. Compared with the SS-0.3 group, the SO-0.3 group showed augmented concentrations of total Se in milk and plasma, and total Se milk-to-plasma concentration ratio. In addition, increasing doses of HMSeBA linearly increased the concentrations of total Se in the milk and plasma. This study demonstrates that HMSeBA improves antioxidant status and increases milk and plasma Se concentrations more effectively than SS, indicating that HMSeBA could replace SS as an effective organic Se source for lactating dairy cows.
http://ift.tt/2wzPW5S
An Interesting Case of Pyoderma Gangrenosum with Immature Hystiocytoid Neutrophils
Abstract
We present a unique case of a 36-year-old male who developed more than twenty Pyoderma gangrenosum ulcers demonstrating on histopathology a dense inflammatory infiltrate composed of histiocytoid mononuclear immature cells with a strong positivity for myeloperoxidase and Leder stain, suggesting a myeloid lineage in the absence of a concomitant myeloproliferative disorder. Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome is now recognized as a histological subtype of Sweet syndrome. Although Pyoderma gangrenosum and Sweet syndrome belong to the spectrum of neutrophilic diseases, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a "Histiocytoid Pyoderma gangrenosum" encompassing immature granulocytes in the absence of leukemia cutis.
http://ift.tt/2fMQXRn
Adult reference intervals for IgG subclasses with Siemens immunonephelometric assays in Chinese population
To determine the adult reference intervals for the Siemens IgG subclass reagents.
http://ift.tt/2xUG8ar
Adult reference intervals for IgG subclasses with Siemens immunonephelometric assays in Chinese population
To determine the adult reference intervals for the Siemens IgG subclass reagents.
http://ift.tt/2xUG8ar
Macular capillary plexuses after macular hole surgery: an optical coherence tomography angiography study
Aims
To investigate the structural changes of the superficial capillary plexuses (SCP) and deep capillary plexuses (DCP) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) in patients with idiopathic macular hole (MH) after surgery, determine the factors related to changes of macular capillary plexuses and evaluate its association with postoperative visual outcomes.
MethodsThirty-three patients with unilateral MH who were followed for ≥6 months after surgery were included. Ophthalmologic evaluations included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spectral-domain OCT before surgery and 6 months postsurgery. En face OCTA images were obtained for both eyes at 6 months postsurgery, and the postoperative foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and parafoveal vascular density were identified.
ResultsCompared with fellow eyes, eyes after MH surgery had a smaller FAZ area in both SCP and DCP (p<0.05 for all). The FAZ area was positively correlated with postoperative foveal thickness of the whole, inner and outer layers (p<0.05 for all). In the parafoveal region, eyes after MH surgery had a tendency to have lower parafoveal vascular density, particularly in DCP (p=0.019). The parafoveal vascular density in DCP was positively correlated with retinal thickness of the whole, inner and outer layers (p<0.05 for all). Correlations between BCVA and FAZ area in both SCP and DCP were significant 6 months after MH surgery (p<0.05 for all).
ConclusionAssessment of macular capillary plexuses using OCTA may be useful for monitoring retinal structural and functional changes in MH.
http://ift.tt/2z2RUNU
The laser in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (LiGHT) trial. A multicentre randomised controlled trial: baseline patient characteristics
Purpose
The laser in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (LiGHT) trial aims to establish whether initial treatment with selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is superior to initial treatment with topical medication for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).
DesignLiGHT is a prospective unmasked, multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial (RCT).
Participants718 previously untreated patients with POAG or OHT were recruited at 6 UK centres between 2012 and 2014.
MethodsPatients were randomised to initial SLT followed by medical therapy or medical therapy without laser. Participants will be monitored for 3 years, according to routine clinical practice. The primary outcome is EQ-5D-5L. Secondary outcomes are treatment pathway cost and cost-effectiveness, Glaucoma Utility Index (GUI), Glaucoma Symptom Scale, Glaucoma Quality of Life (GQL), pathway effectiveness, visual function, safety and concordance.
ResultsA total of 555 patients had POAG and 163 OHT; 518 patients had both eyes eligible. The mean age for patients with POAG was 64 years and for OHT 58 years. 70% of all participants were white. Median IOP for OHT eyes was 26 mm Hg and 23 mm Hg for POAG eyes. Median baseline visual field mean deviation was –0.81 dB for OHT eyes and –2.82 dB for POAG eyes. There was no difference between patients with POAG and patients with OHT on the EQ-5D-5DL; the difference between OHT and POAG on the GUI was –0.02 and 1.23 on the GQL.
ConclusionsThe LiGHT trial is the first RCT to compare the two treatment options in a real-world setting. The baseline characteristics of the LiGHT cohort compare well with other landmark glaucoma studies.
Trial registration numberISRCTN32038223, Pre-results.
http://ift.tt/2wz413F
Mutation spectrum of NDP, FZD4 and TSPAN12 genes in Indian patients with retinopathy of prematurity
Aim
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative eye disease in preterm infants. Based on its phenotypic similarities with familial exudative vitreo retinopathy (FEVR), the present study was conducted to screen the Norrin signalling pathway genes (already been implicated in FEVR) for understanding their involvement among Indian patients with ROP.
MethodsThe study cohort consisted of patients with ROP (n=246) and controls (n=300) that included full term (n=110) and preterm babies devoid of ROP (n=190). Screening of the NDP, FZD4, TSPAN12 genes were accomplished by resequencing the entire coding and untranslated regions (UTR). The genotype data of the patients with ROP were analysed in the background of their clinical manifestations and further analysed in conjunction with other available data on these genes worldwide.
ResultsTwo novel variants in intron 1 (IVS1 +16A>G) and 3'UTR (c.5 22T>C) along with a previously reported change in the 5'UTR (c.395_409del14bp) were observed in the NDP gene in three patients with ROP. Screening of the FZD4 revealed four heterozygous variants, p.(Pro33Ser), p.(Pro168Ser), p.(Ile192Ile) and p.(Ile360Val), a compound heterozygous (p.(Pro33Ser)/p.(Pro168Ser)) and a 3'UTR (c*G>T) variants in the study cohort. Variants p.(Pro33Ser) and p.(Pro168Ser) were found to be significantly associated with ROP. A heterozygous variant p.(Leu119Arg) in TSPAN12 gene was observed in a patient with threshold ROP. However, a formal genotype–phenotype correlation could not be established due to the low frequencies of the variant alleles in these genes.
ConclusionsThis is a first study that revealed association of few variants in Norrin signalling genes among Indian patients with ROP that warrants further detailed investigation worldwide.
http://ift.tt/2wz3YVx
Macular pigment is associated with glare-affected visual function and central visual field loss in glaucoma
Aim
To evaluate the relationship between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and glare disability in open-angle glaucoma.
MethodsA cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (88 subjects; median age, 67 (range 36–84) years) collected during the Macular Pigment and Glaucoma Trial (ISRCTN registry number: 56985060). MPOD at 0.25°, 0.5° and 1° of retinal eccentricity was measured using customised heterochromatic flicker photometry. Mesopic contrast sensitivity with glare (mCSg), photostress recovery time (PRT) and self-reported glare symptoms were evaluated. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography was used to analyse ganglion cell complex (GCC) and identify foveal involvement.
ResultsLow spatial frequency (f) mCSg was significantly correlated with MPOD at 0.25°(3 cycles per degree (cpd): r=0.25, p=0.04) and 0.5° (3 cpd: r=0.23, p=0.04) of retinal eccentricity. Those with foveal GCC loss exhibited lower MPOD, had worse low spatial fmCSg (1.5 cpd and 3 cpd, p=0.02 each) and prolonged PRT (p=0.02) in comparison with those without foveal involvement. The depth of central 10° field loss was related to MPOD at all eccentricities (p<0.01 for all). Those who reported glare symptoms had a significantly lower MPOD at all retinal eccentricities (0.25° and 1°: p=0.05 each; 0.5°: p=0.04), including those with foveal involvement (0.25°: p=0.05; 0.5°: p<0.01; 1°: p=0.01).
ConclusionsMacular pigment level may be an important consideration among those experiencing disability glare in glaucoma, including those with foveal involvement.
Trial registration numberISRCTN56985060, Post-results.
http://ift.tt/2z1oK1z
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