Adenovirus and rotavirus recovery from a treated effluent through an optimized skimmed-milk flocculation method

Abstract

Sewage treatment may be insufficient for the complete removal of enteric viruses, such as human adenoviruses (HAdV) and group A rotavirus (RVA). The differences in the efficiency of the treatment methodologies used may interfere with the detection of these viruses. The objective of this study was to optimize a skimmed-milk flocculation technique for the recovery of HAdV and RVA in the samples of treated effluent. The treated effluent collected at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was processed via four protocols including modifications in the initial centrifugation step and the final concentration of skimmed-milk. The viral load and recovery rate were determined by quantitative PCR TaqMan® System. The highest recovery rates of HAdV, RVA, and bacteriophage PP7 (internal control process) were obtained when the concentration of skimmed-milk was doubled and no centrifugation step was used for the sample clarification. The optimized protocol was assessed in a field study conducted with 24 treated effluent samples collected bi-monthly during 2015. HAdV and RVA were detected in 50.0% (12/24) and 33.3% (08/24) of the samples tested, respectively, throughout the year, without seasonal variation (p > 0.05). This study corroborates the use of the organic flocculation method for virus recovery in environmental samples with the adaptation of the protocols to different aquatic matrices.

https://ift.tt/2IDwivp

Pyroprotein-based electronic textiles with high thermal durability

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Jun Woo Jeon, Joo Young Oh, Se Youn Cho, Sungho Lee, Hyun-Seok Jang, Won Taek Jung, Jeong-Gyun Kim, Hyeonbeom Kim, Hyuk Jin Kim, SeongYeon Kim, Songlee Han, JunHo Kim, Young Jun Chang, Dongseok Suh, Hyoung-Joon Jin, Byung Hoon Kim
Electronic textiles (e-textiles) need to have high heat durability for various applications. However, current e-textiles are usually damaged by high-temperature processes. We report silk-based e-textiles fabricated by simple pyrolysis with axial stretching that demonstrate high electrical conductivity and thermal durability. The electrical conductivity of the proposed e-textiles was on the order of 10³S/cm and the electrical characteristics were maintained even after heating and bending. Furthermore, we prepared e-textiles with various electronic properties, such as semiconducting, superconducting, and light-emitting properties, by depositing ZnO, MoSe2, and NbN onto the commercial silk-based e-textiles using sputtering and evaporation. We introduced a simple method for fabricating silk-based e-textiles with various electronic properties, which are compatible with the current textile industry.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2JxflUH

Routes for high-performance thermoelectric materials

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Materials Today
Author(s): Xiaoyuan Zhou, Yanci Yan, Xu Lu, Hangtian Zhu, Xiaodong Han, Gang Chen, Zhifeng Ren
Thermoelectric materials can be used in direct conversion of heat to electricity and vice versa. The past decade has witnessed the rapid growth of thermoelectric research, targeting high thermoelectric performance either via reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity or via enhancement of the power factor. In this review, we firstly summarize the recent advances in bulk thermoelectric materials with reduced lattice thermal conductivity by nano-microstructure control and also newly discovered materials with intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity. We then discuss ways to enhance the electron transport abilities for achieving higher power factor by both novel and traditional methods. Finally, we highlight the recent development in single-crystal thermoelectric materials. These strategies are successful in synergistically manipulating the thermal conductivity and electron transport properties, which have significantly advanced thermoelectric performance on materials. For device applications on these high-performance materials, new opportunities may arise though stability, electrode contacts, mechanical properties, and other problems need to be solved in the near future.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2EvDEPg

Cortical processing of speech in individuals with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder

Abstract

Objective

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a condition where cochlear amplification function (involving outer hair cells) is normal but neural conduction in the auditory pathway is disordered. This study was done to investigate the cortical representation of speech in individuals with ANSD and to compare it with the individuals with normal hearing.

Design

Forty-five participants including 21 individuals with ANSD and 24 individuals with normal hearing were considered for the study. Individuals with ANSD had hearing thresholds ranging from normal hearing to moderate hearing loss. Auditory cortical evoked potentials—through odd ball paradigm—were recorded using 64 electrodes placed on the scalp for /ba/-/da/ stimulus. Onset cortical responses were also recorded in repetitive paradigm using /da/ stimuli. Sensitivity and reaction time required to identify the oddball stimuli were also obtained.

Result

Behavioural results indicated that individuals in ANSD group had significantly lower sensitivity and longer reaction times compared to individuals with normal hearing sensitivity. Reliable P300 could be elicited in both the groups. However, a significant difference in scalp topographies was observed between the two groups in both repetitive and oddball paradigms. Source localization using local auto regressive analyses revealed that activations were more diffuses in individuals with ANSD when compared to individuals with normal hearing sensitivity.

Conclusion

Results indicated that the brain networks and regions activated in individuals with ANSD during detection and discrimination of speech sounds are different from normal hearing individuals. In general, normal hearing individuals showed more focused activations while in individuals with ANSD activations were diffused.

https://ift.tt/2HladCC

Vaccine options for influenza: thinking small

Bert Schepens | Dorien De Vlieger | Xavier Saelens

https://ift.tt/2qcgnh2

Ion channelopathies of the immune system

Martin Vaeth | Stefan Feske

https://ift.tt/2GJQE5C

Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by P2X ion channels

Francesco Di Virgilio | Alba Clara Sarti | Fabio Grassi

https://ift.tt/2H7cwex

In situ formation of interpenetrating polymer network using sequential thermal and click crosslinking for enhanced retention of transplanted cells

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 170
Author(s): Hamid Sadeghi Abandansari, Mohammad Hossein Ghanian, Fahimeh Varzideh, Elena Mahmoudi, Sarah Rajabi, Payam Taheri, Mohammad Reza Nabid, Hossein Baharvand
Injectable hydrogels, which are used as scaffolds in cell therapy, provide a minimally invasive strategy to enhance cell retention and survival at injection site. However, till now, slow in situ gelation, undesired mechanical properties, and weak cell adhesion characteristics of reported hydrogels, have led to improper results. Here, we developed an injectable fully-interpenetrated polymer network (f-IPN) by integration of Diels-Alder (DA) crosslinked network and thermosensitive injectable hydrogel. The proposed DA hydrogels were formed in a slow manner showing robust mechanical properties. Interpenetration of thermosensitive network into DA hydrogel accelerated in situ gel-formation and masked the slow reaction rate of DA crosslinking while keeping its unique features. Two networks were formed by simple syringe injection without the need of any initiator, catalyst, or double barrel syringe. The DA and f-IPN hydrogels showed comparable viscoelastic properties along with outstanding load-bearing and shape-recovery even under high levels of compression. The subcutaneous administration of cardiomyocytes-laden f-IPN hydrogel into nude mice revealed high cell retention and survival after two weeks. Additionally, the cardiomyocyte's identity of retained cells was confirmed by detection of human and cardiac-related markers. Our results indicate that the thermosensitive-covalent networks can open a new horizon within the injection-based cell therapy applications.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2GJNEq2

Programmed ‘triple-mode’ anti-tumor therapy: Improving peritoneal retention, tumor penetration and activatable drug release properties for effective inhibition of peritoneal carcinomatosis

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 169
Author(s): Kondareddy Cherukula, Woo Kyun Bae, Jae Hyuk Lee, In-Kyu Park
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is a fatal condition arising in the gastrointestinal tract. PC patients administered drugs locally in the tumor region, such as in intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPCh), suffer from low drug retention time and tumor penetration. Herein, we synthesized a lithocholic acid (LCA)-conjugated disulfide-linked polyethyleneimine (ssPEI) micelle (LAPMi) nanoconstruct by covalently conjugating ssPEI and LCA, thereby forming positive charged nanomicellar structures loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) (LAPMi-PTX) for IPCh. The incorporation of a positive surface charge aided in prolonging the peritoneal retention time, presumably via ascites-induced protein corona formation, and the subsequent size expansion caused resistance against undesired clearance through lymphatic openings. Furthermore, preferential tumor penetration by LAPMi-PTX is attributable to the permeation-enhancing properties of LCA, and the subsequent tumor activatable drug release was induced by the presence of disulfide linkages. By integrating these properties, LAPMi exhibited prolonged peritoneal residence time, enhanced tumor permeation and chemotherapeutic effect evidenced by in vitro, tumor spheroid and in vivo studies. Importantly, our strategy enabled significant PC inhibition and increased the overall survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, we provided a new paradigm of intractable PC treatment by enabling the prolonged residence time of the nanoconstruct, thereby enhancing tumor penetration and anti-tumor therapy.



https://ift.tt/2HgoJv8

Cytokine induced killer cells-assisted delivery of chlorin e6 mediated self-assembled gold nanoclusters to tumors for imaging and immuno-photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 170
Author(s): Fangfang Xia, Wenxiu Hou, Yanlei Liu, Wentao Wang, Yu Han, Meng Yang, Xiao Zhi, Chenlu Li, Daizong Qi, Tianliang Li, Jesus Martinez de la Fuente, Chunlei Zhang, Jie Song, Daxiang Cui
The cytotoxicity and unique tumor-tropic properties of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells render them promising in the field of cancer immunotherapy and delivery systems. Here, we report a novel and facile approach to assemble gold nanoclusters (GNCs) into stable and monodispersed nanoparticles (NPs) using Chlorin e6 (Ce6) molecules. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of the GNCs-Ce6 NPs was about 4.5 folds stronger than the GNCs counterparts. The as-prepared GNCs-Ce6 NPs were conjugated with CD3 antibody (Ab) and further employed to label CIK cells to create a CIK cell-based drug delivery system (Ce6-GNCs-Ab-CIK). The Ce6-GNCs-Ab-CIK exhibited high tumor-targeting efficiency and excellent therapeutic efficacy toward MGC-803 tumor-bearing mice. Benefiting from the synergistic therapeutic effect between GNCs-Ce6-Ab NPs and CIK cells, the GNCs-Ce6-Ab-CIK strategy may present an ideal cancer theranostic platform for tumor targeted imaging and combination therapy.



https://ift.tt/2EtKAMx

Decellularized materials derived from TSP2-KO mice promote enhanced neovascularization and integration in diabetic wounds

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 169
Author(s): Aaron H. Morris, Danielle K. Stamer, Britta Kunkemoeller, Julie Chang, Hao Xing, Themis R. Kyriakides
Decellularized biologic scaffolds are gaining popularity over synthetic biomaterials as naturally derived materials capable of promoting improved healing. Nevertheless, the most widely used biologic material – acellular dermal matrix (ADM) – exhibits slow repopulation and remodeling, which prevents integration. Additionally, engineering control of these materials is limited because they require a natural source for their production. In the current report, we demonstrate the feasibility of using genetically engineered animals to create decellularized biologic scaffolds with favorable extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. Specifically, we utilized skin from thrombospondin (TSP)-2 KO mice to derive various decellularized products. Scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing showed that TSP-2 KO ADM exhibited an altered structure and a reduction in elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. When a powdered form of KO ADM was implanted subcutaneously, it was able to promote enhanced vascularization over WT. Additionally, when implanted subcutaneously, intact slabs of KO ADM were populated by higher number of host cells when compared to WT. In vitro studies confirmed the promigratory properties of KO ADM. Specifically, degradation products released by pepsin digestion of KO ADM induced greater cell migration than WT. Moreover, cell-derived ECM from TSP-2 null fibroblasts was more permissive to fibroblast migration. Finally, ADMs were implanted in a diabetic wound model to examine their ability to accelerate wound healing. KO ADM exhibited enhanced remodeling and vascular maturation, indicative of efficient integration. Overall, we demonstrate that genetic manipulation enables engineered ECM-based materials with increased regenerative potential.



https://ift.tt/2Hj6PIq

Second near-infrared emissive lanthanide complex for fast renal-clearable in vivo optical bioimaging and tiny tumor detection

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 169
Author(s): Youbin Li, Xiaolong Li, Zhenluan Xue, Mingyang Jiang, Songjun Zeng, Jianhua Hao
In vivo optical imaging by using a new imaging window located at short-wavelength infrared region (1000–1700 nm, named as NIR II) presents an unprecedented improvement in imaging sensitivity and spatial resolution over the traditional visible and near-infrared light. However, the most developed NIR II-emitters are hardly excreted from live animals, leading to unknown long-term toxicity concerns, which hinder the widespread applications of this advanced imaging technology. Here, we developed a new generation molecular NIR II-emitting probe based on Nd-diethylene triamine pentacetate acid (DTPA) complex. The designed molecular Nd-DTPA probe with bright narrow band emission at 1330 nm is successfully used for highly sensitive in vivo NIR II bioimaging with rapid renal excretion, high biocompatibility and optical-guided tiny tumor (down to ∼3 mm) detection for the first time. Moreover, the Nd-DPTA complex also holds great promise as an X-ray contrast agent. These findings open up the possibility for designing a new generation of multi-modal small molecular probe for early tumor diagnosis and favor the clinic translation of the advanced NIR II imaging method.



https://ift.tt/2GE1LRH

In-vitro and in-vivo design and validation of an injectable polysaccharide-hydroxyapatite composite material for sinus floor augmentation

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Dental Materials
Author(s): J.C. Fricain, R. Aid, S. Lanouar, D.B. Maurel, D. Le Nihouannen, S. Delmond, D. Letourneur, J. Amedee Vilamitjana, S. Catros
ObjectivePolysaccharide-based composite matrices consisting of natural polysaccharides, pullulan and dextran supplemented with hydroxyapatite (Matrix-HA) have recently been developed. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the capacities of this composite material to promote new bone formation in a sinus lift model in the sheep. Secondary objectives were to evaluate in vitro properties of the material regarding cell adhesion and proliferation.MethodsIn this report, once such composite matrix was prepared as injectable beads after dispersion in a physiological buffer, and evaluated using a large animal model (sheep) for a sinus lift procedure.ResultsIn vitro studies revealed that these microbeads (250–550μm in diameter) allow vascular cell adhesion and proliferation of Endothelial Cells (EC) after 1 and 7 days of culture. In vivo studies were performed in 12 adult sheep, and newly formed tissue was analyzed by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by histology 3 and 6 months post-implantation. CBCT analyses at the implantation time revealed the radiolucent properties of these matrices. Quantitative analysis showed an increase of a dense mineralized tissue in the Matrix-HA group up to 3 months of implantation. The mineralized volume over total volume after 6 months reached comparable values to those obtained for Bio-Oss^® used as positive control. Histological examination confirmed that the Matrix-HA did not induce any long term inflammatory events, and promoted direct contact between the osteoid tissue and lamellar bone structures and beads. After 6 months, we observed a dense network of osteocytes surrounding both biomaterials as well as a newly vascularized formed tissue in close contact to the biomaterials.SignificanceIn conclusion, the absence of animal components in Matrix-HA, the osteoconductive property of Matrix-HA in sheep, resulting in a dense bone and vascularized tissue, and the initial radiolucent property to follow graft integration offer great promises of this composite material for clinical use.



https://ift.tt/2GI2OjA

What is Health Services Research?

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Academic Radiology
Author(s): James V. Rawson, Paul Cronin




https://ift.tt/2JvKojQ

Comparison of functional outcomes after total thyroidectomy and completion thyroidectomy: Hypoparathyroidism and postoperative complications

This study aimed to investigate differences in functional outcomes of postoperative complications and hypoparathyroidism between patients who underwent completion thyroidectomy (CT) after thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy (TT) as an initial treatment.

https://ift.tt/2HnJLbz

Surgical outcomes in the treatment of temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A systematic review

Temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage may have acquired or spontaneous origin. Acquired temporal bony defects typically comprise traumatic injuries, iatrogenic causes, chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma, irradiation, neoplastic invasion of the skull base [1]. Concerning the etiology of spontaneous temporal CSF leaks some authors suggest that small bony defects of the middle fossa tegmen originating from imperfect embryologic development may progressively expand with constant CSF pressure [2].

https://ift.tt/2uWfcHa

Genetic variation and systemic lupus erythematosus: A field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Autoimmunity Reviews
Author(s): Dong Yeon Jeong, Sang Woo Lee, Young Ha Park, Ji Hoon Choi, Young Wook Kwon, Gabin Moon, Michael Eisenhut, Andreas Kronbichler, Jae Il Shin
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-systemic severe autoimmune disease which results from the irreversible loss of self-tolerance and impaired molecular responses, especially an altered interferon signature. We synthesized all meta-analyses reporting a genetic association of SLE, and further investigated their validity to discover false positive results under Bayesian methods. We executed a PubMed search to extract the respective results regarding gene polymorphisms of SLE, published until June 30th 2017 and selected a single result per genetic variant among duplicates. Among 133 significant genotype comparisons, 45 (34%) were found noteworthy under both false positive report probability (FPRP) and Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP). From the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we could confirm that all significant comparisons were noteworthy under both Bayesian approaches. Both approaches may be advantageous for determining whether the reported associations is genuine, especially for interpreting results from observational studies instead of GWAS whose significance was determined in a more strict manner. When determining results from GWAS with a p-value ranging between 0.05 and 5 × 10⁻⁸, other statistical approaches, rather than single standard significance may be beneficial. Taking into account these considerations, a proportion of meta-analyses claimed statistical significance, but these results need to be interpreted with caution.



https://ift.tt/2JpSwlX

Should rheumatoid factor (RF) (and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)) become routinary screening test for morbidities in the general population?

Publication date: Available online 8 April 2018
Source:Autoimmunity Reviews
Author(s): Gianfranco Ferraccioli, Stefano Alivernini, Barbara Tolusso, Elisa Gremese




https://ift.tt/2EuNrVJ

Long-term home non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children: Results from a single center in Japan

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Brain and Development
Author(s): Azusa Ikeda, Megumi Tsuji, Tomohide Goto, Mizue Iai
BackgroundNon-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in children has recently increased worldwide and is used not only for neuromuscular diseases but for various other diseases. However, there have been few observational studies on long-term NPPV in children in Japan.MethodsBased on medical records, we retrospectively evaluated patients aged ≤20 years who were initiated long-term NPPV at our hospital from January 2001 to December 2015.ResultsA total of 53 patients on long-term NPPV were identified; 38 (72%) had severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). Compared to those with non-neuromuscular diseases, those with neuromuscular diseases had significantly more planned initiations and less frequent use of oxygen. Regarding patient outcome, 34 patients continued NPPV (64%), and there were three discontinues (6%), seven tracheostomies (13%), and nine deaths (17%). The continuation rate was high among those with neuromuscular disorders (15/19 cases, 79%) and that of tracheotomy was high in those with metabolic/degenerative diseases (3/9 cases, 33%). Ten patients transitioned to adult care, accounting for 29% of the 34 continuing patients.ConclusionThis is the first observational study on long-term NPPV use in children in Japan that examined outcomes in patients with a range of disorders. The initiation situation, management, and outcomes differed between patients with neuromuscular and non-neuronal muscular diseases. Long-term use of NPPV is possible in many cases, including children with SMID, but can be challenging to continue in patients with progressive diseases such as metabolic/degenerative diseases. Careful discussions regarding the management of each patient are necessary.



https://ift.tt/2IBvwz8

Genetic variation and systemic lupus erythematosus: A field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Autoimmunity Reviews
Author(s): Dong Yeon Jeong, Sang Woo Lee, Young Ha Park, Ji Hoon Choi, Young Wook Kwon, Gabin Moon, Michael Eisenhut, Andreas Kronbichler, Jae Il Shin
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-systemic severe autoimmune disease which results from the irreversible loss of self-tolerance and impaired molecular responses, especially an altered interferon signature. We synthesized all meta-analyses reporting a genetic association of SLE, and further investigated their validity to discover false positive results under Bayesian methods. We executed a PubMed search to extract the respective results regarding gene polymorphisms of SLE, published until June 30th 2017 and selected a single result per genetic variant among duplicates. Among 133 significant genotype comparisons, 45 (34%) were found noteworthy under both false positive report probability (FPRP) and Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP). From the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we could confirm that all significant comparisons were noteworthy under both Bayesian approaches. Both approaches may be advantageous for determining whether the reported associations is genuine, especially for interpreting results from observational studies instead of GWAS whose significance was determined in a more strict manner. When determining results from GWAS with a p-value ranging between 0.05 and 5 × 10⁻⁸, other statistical approaches, rather than single standard significance may be beneficial. Taking into account these considerations, a proportion of meta-analyses claimed statistical significance, but these results need to be interpreted with caution.



https://ift.tt/2JpSwlX

Should rheumatoid factor (RF) (and antinuclear antibodies (ANA)) become routinary screening test for morbidities in the general population?

Publication date: Available online 8 April 2018
Source:Autoimmunity Reviews
Author(s): Gianfranco Ferraccioli, Stefano Alivernini, Barbara Tolusso, Elisa Gremese




https://ift.tt/2EuNrVJ

MHC class I chain-related A: Polymorphism, regulation and therapeutic value in cancer

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Xi Yang, Shuzhen Kuang, Liangjiang Wang, Yanzhang Wei
MICA and MICB are stress-induced molecules recognized by NKG2D, one of major activation receptors of natural killer (NK) cells. Upon binding to NKG2D, NKG2D-mediated cytolytic immune response of immune effector cells will be activated against virally infected and tumor cells expressing MICA. In the early oncogenic development, membrane-bound MICA serves as a key signal to recruit anti-tumor immune effectors. Nevertheless, both MICA polymorphic features and its dysregulated expression in evolving tumors have resulted in tumor evasion in various cancer types. Therefore, in order to reconstitute tumor immunosurveilance, it is of great significance that we understand MICA genetics, polymorphisms, mechanisms of MICA-associated tumor escape and molecular/cellular modulation of MICA. In this review, the MICA-associated co-expression networks involving microRNAs (miRNAs) and novel candidate long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also discussed. Given the current importance in the study of MICA gene, this review paper focuses on the role of MICA in different cancer types, and strategies that we manipulate MICA regulation against tumor proliferation.



https://ift.tt/2H5jsJj

Naringin attenuates MLC phosphorylation and NF-κB activation to protect sepsis-induced intestinal injury via RhoA/ROCK pathway

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Zhiling Li, Ming Gao, Bingchang Yang, Huali Zhang, Kangkai Wang, Zuoliang Liu, Xianzhong Xiao, Mingshi Yang
BackgroundSepsis is commonly associated with excessive stimulation of host immune system and result in multi-organ failure dysfunction. Naringin has been reported to exhibit a variety of biological effects. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of naringin on sepsis-induced injury of intestinal barrier function in vivo and in vitro.MethodsMice were randomly divided into 4 groups named sham (n = 20), CLP + vehicle (n = 20), CLP + NG (30 mg/kg) (n = 20) and CLP + NG (60 mg/kg) (n = 20) groups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). H&E staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to observe intestinal mucosal morphology. ELISA was used to determine the intestinal permeability and inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. Western blot and RhoA activity assay were performed to determine the levels of tight junction proteins and the activation of indicated signaling pathways. MTT assay was used to determine cell viability.ResultsNaringin improved survival rate of CLP mice and alleviated sepsis-induced intestinal mucosal injury. Furthermore, naringin improved impaired intestinal permeability and inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-6, while increased IL-10 level in CLP mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MODE-K cells in a dose-dependent manner. Naringin increased the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-1 via RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB/MLCK/MLC signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.ConclusionNaringin improved sepsis-induced intestinal injury via RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB/MLCK/MLC signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.



https://ift.tt/2IDqbHk

Renal protective effect of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin alone and in combination with irbesartan in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Ali F. Abdel-Wahab, Ghazi A. Bamagous, Randa M. Al-Harizy, Naser A. ElSawy, Naiyer Shahzad, Ibrahim A. Ibrahim, Saeed S. Al Ghamdi
Considering the complementary mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors and angiotensin inhibitors on kidney, it is postulated that combination of both agents could afford greater protection against diabetic renal injury. So, we investigated renal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, alone and in combination with irbesartan in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic rats, injected with nicotinamide-streptozotocin, were treated orally for 12 weeks with either vehicle, dapagliflozin 2 mg/kg/day, irbesartan 30 mg/kg/day, or combination of both drugs; respectively. Biochemical analysis included blood glucose, HbA1c, urinary albumin excretion, creatinine clearance, TGF-β1, sRAGE, oxidative markers, and histopathological examination of kidneys. Treatment with dapagliflozin, irbesartan, and especially their combination, produced significant reduction in albuminuria, improved renal function parameters, increased sRAGE level and improved inflammatory and oxidative markers, together with amelioration of renal histopathological changes. Beside glycemic control, dapagliflozin produced higher sRAGE levels than irbesartan, suggesting that inhibition of AGE-RAGE axis is important in its renoprotective action. Combination of dapagliflozin and irbesartan produced more remarkable protective effects on renal function and structure, than use of either agent alone. It is concluded that, combination of SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin and ARB, irbesartan could offer more effective renal protection and represent a promising therapeutic option for management of diabetic nephropathy.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2H5jjFL

Avicularin reversed multidrug-resistance in human gastric cancer through enhancing Bax and BOK expressions

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Xiang-Feng Guo, Ji-Peng Liu, Si-Quan Ma, Peng Zhang, Wen-De Sun
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) and cisplatin (DDP) as important therapies in treatment of human gastric cancer have been widely determined. However, the therapeutic effects are usually hampered due to drug resistance or toxicity at high concentrations for application. Avicularin (AL, quercetin-3-α-l-arabinofuranoside), a bio-active flavonol isolated from a number of plants, has been reported to display diverse pharmacological properties. In this study, we explored the hypothesis by which AL reversed 5-Fu or DDP resistance in gastric cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, in vitro, the drug-resistant cancer cells were incubated to AL or DDP alone or the combination of AL and DDP. Then, MTT, colony formation, Hoechst 33258, flow cytometry and western blot analysis were used to investigate the effects of AL in the regulation of drug-resistance gastric cancer cells. The results indicated that AL treatment markedly re-sensitizes the drug resistant cells (SGC-7901/5-Fu and SGC-7901/DDP) to cytotoxicity of 5-Fu or DDP. Molecular mechanism analysis indicated that AL and DDP combination treatment enhanced apoptosis in SGC-7901/DDP cells, accompanied with the up-regulation of cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP, as well as the activation of pro-apoptotic signals, including Bax and BOK. Significantly, down regulation of Bax or BOK expressions using Bax siRNA or BOK siRNA decreased the inhibitory role of DDP in apoptosis of SGC-7901/DDP cells pretreated with AL, demonstrating that AL-reversed DDP resistance was associated with Bax and BOK expression. In vivo, AL and DDP combination significantly reduced gastric tumor growth. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that co-treatment of AL and DDP significantly induced apoptosis, and reduced tumor cell proliferation in tumor tissue samples. Furthermore, we also found that the Bax, BOK, cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP expression in tumor tissues were highly induced by AL and DDP co-treatment. Together, our findings may provide a novel combination therapeutic strategy in treatment of human gastric cancer.



https://ift.tt/2IDq1jc

Betaine treatment protects liver through regulating mitochondrial function and counteracting oxidative stress in acute and chronic animal models of hepatic injury

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Reza Heidari, Hossein Niknahad, Ala Sadeghi, Hamidreza Mohammadi, Vahid Ghanbarinejad, Mohammad Mehdi Ommati, Arghavan Hosseini, Negar Azarpira, Forouzan Khodaei, Omid Farshad, Elaheh Rashidi, Asma Siavashpour, Asma Najibi, Asrin Ahmadi, Akram Jamshidzadeh
Betaine is a derivative of the amino acid glycine widely investigated for its hepatoprotective properties against alcoholism. The protective properties of betaine in different other experimental models also have been documented. On the other hand, the exact cellular mechanism of cytoprotection provided by betaine is obscure. The current study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of betaine and its potential mechanisms of hepatoprotection in two animal models of acute and chronic liver injury. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was used as a model of chronic liver injury and thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatotoxicity was applied as the acute liver injury model. Severe increase in serum markers of liver tissue damage along with significant liver tissue histopathological changes were evident in both acute and chronic models of hepatic injury. It was also found that tissue markers of oxidative stress were significantly increased in BDL and TAA-treated animals. Moreover, liver mitochondrial indices of functionality were deteriorated in both investigated models. Betaine supplementation (10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p) ameliorated hepatic injury as judged by decreased liver tissue histopathological alterations, a significant decrease in tissue markers of oxidative stress, and mitigation of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, betaine (10 and 50 mg/kg, i.p) protected hepatocytes mitochondria in both chronic and acute models of hepatotoxicity. These data indicate that the antioxidative and mitochondria regulating properties of betaine could play a primary role in its mechanisms of hepatoprotection.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2H5j917

Impact of stress on female reproductive health disorders: Possible beneficial effects of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Ajai K Pandey, Anumegha Gupta, Meenakshi Tiwari, Shilpa Prasad, Ashutosh N. Pandey, Pramod K. Yadav, Alka Sharma, Kankshi Sahu, Syed Asrafuzzaman, Doyil T. Vengayil, Tulsidas G. Shrivastav, Shail K Chaube
Stress is deeply rooted in the society and women are frequently exposed to psychological, physical and physiological stressors. Psychological stress disturbs reproductive health by inducing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby oxidative stress (OS). The increased OS may affect physiology of ovary, oocyte quality and cause female reproductive health disorders. To overcome stress-mediated reproductive health disorders in women, shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) is frequently recommended in Ayurvedic system of medicine. Although shatavari is one of the major health tonics and most popular rasayana drugs to treat reproductive ailments of women, underlying mechanism of shatavari action at the level of ovary remains poorly understood. Based on the existing studies, we propose that shatavari may improve female reproductive health complications including hormonal imbalance, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), follicular growth and development, oocyte quality and infertility possibly by reducing OS level and increasing antioxidants level in the body. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of shatavari actions at the level of ovary and oocyte that directly impacts the reproductive health of women.



https://ift.tt/2GIRnE1

Bombesin attenuated ischemia-induced spatial cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairment associated with oxidative damage

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Yang Yao, Faqi Wang, Xuening Yang, Dawei Zang, Jiajia Yang, Zhiyun Wang
The dysfunction of spatial cognition is a character to various neurological disorders and therapeutic strategy. However, it is limited to known risk factors clinically so far. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) signaling is a neuropeptide system mediating emotional memory events. However, the effects of GRP agonist on spatial cognition and hippocampal synaptic plasticity are rarely investigated, especially in pathologic condition. This study was designed to investigate the long-term effects of GRPR agonist, bombesin, against cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral ischemia in rats and its possible mechanisms. Our results revealed that bombesin administration (30 μg/kg/day, for 14 continuous days) significantly protected the cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairments as assessed by the Morris water maze and long-term potentiation tests. The mechanism studies demonstrated that bombesin significantly alleviated the decreased activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT) and altered the increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Besides, the decreased expression of synapse plasticity-related proteins, calcium- calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and synaptophysin (SYP) in the hippocampus were increased with drug treatment. In conclusion, bombesin could protect the oxidative stress and expression of proteins, which were important for synaptic plasticity and cognitive function impairment induced by chronic cerebral ischemia. Our study is presented to provide novel insights into the effects of bombesin on spatial learning and memory, which should be further explored as a potential drug in disorders involving deficits in cognitive function.

Graphical abstract

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The long non-coding RNA-DANCR exerts oncogenic functions in non-small cell lung cancer via miR-758-3p

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Sheng Wang, Ming Jiang
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in the occurrence and progression of multiple cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of the lncRNA DANCR in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First, we found that DANCR was markedly upregulated in NSCLC tumor tissues and cell lines compared with related normal controls. The ectopic expression of DANCR significantly increased the proliferation, migration and invasion of SPC-A1 and NCL-H1299 cells. Furthermore, we investigated whether DANCR regulates NSCLC tumor formation in vivo. Subsequently, we concluded that DANCR promotes NSCLC cell proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating the tumor suppressor miR-758-3p. These results indicated that the DANCR/miR-758-3p axis could be a potential target in the treatment of NSCLC.

Graphical abstract

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Hinokiflavone induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and impairs cell migration and invasion

Publication date: July 2018
Source:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103
Author(s): Shuping Yang, Yange Zhang, Yi Luo, Bocheng Xu, Yuqin Yao, Yuanle Deng, Fangfang Yang, Tinghong Ye, Gang Wang, Zhiqiang Cheng, Yu Zheng, Yongmei Xie
Melanoma, the highest degree of malignancy, is one of the most common skin tumors. However, there is no effective strategy to treat melanoma in current clinical practice. Therefore, it is urgent to find an efficient drug to overcome melanoma. Here, the in vitro anticancer effects of a natural product named hinokiflavone on three melanoma carcinoma cell lines (human melanoma A375 and CHL-1 cells, murine melanoma B16-F10 cells) and mechanisms of action were explored. The results of MTT assay revealed that hinokiflavone inhibited cell proliferation of these cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, hinokiflavone showed low toxicity to normal liver cells. Flow cytometry assay and EdU incorporation assay indicated that hinokiflavone affected A375 and B16 cells survival by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression at S phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, hinokiflavone enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential obviously. Furthermore, hinokiflavone effectively impaired A375 cells migration and invasion, and down-regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP2 and MMP9. The above-mentioned results demonstrated that hinokiflavone could be a novel chemotherapeutic agent in melanoma treatment by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arresting and blocking cell migration and invasion.



https://ift.tt/2H9bRJW

Comparison of thyroid transcription factor-1 expression by two monoclonal antibodies in Scotchwoman: the chosen clone matters—reply

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Human Pathology
Author(s): Dai-Zhong Wang, Li Yao, Xian-Bin Tang




https://ift.tt/2JwvfP9

The clinicopathological significance of micropapillary pattern in colorectal cancers

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Human Pathology
Author(s): Jung-Soo Pyo, Mee Ja Park, Dong-Wook Kang
The aim of the present study is to elucidate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic role of micropapillary pattern (MPP) in colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the correlation between the presence of MPP and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in 266 CRCs. In addition, the clinicopathological significance of MPP in mucin pools was investigated and compared to pure MPP, which is not associated with mucin pools. MPP, regardless of its proportion in the overall tumor, was found in 74 of 266 CRCs (27.8%). The rate of MPP in proportions ≥5% was 9.4% (25 of 266 cases). CRC with MPP showed higher rates of vascular and lymphatic invasion, higher metastatic lymph node ratio, and higher pT stage compared to CRC without MPP. In addition, increasing proportion of MPP in overall tumor showed more frequent vascular and lymphatic invasions (P=.002 and P=.008, respectively). Among 74 CRCs with MPP, 25 CRCs were found in mucin pools (33.8%). These cases were more right-sided and poorly differentiated with less frequent lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis, compared to CRCs with pure MPP. The presence of MPP significantly correlated with worse overall survival (P=.010). In 74 CRCs with MPP, overall survival significantly differed between pure MPP and MPP in mucin pools (P=.003). Taken together, our data suggest that the presence of MPP significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and worse survival in CRC. In addition, the clinicopathological significance of MPP in mucin pools differed from CRC with pure MPP.



https://ift.tt/2ICGgx5

MET amplification, expression, and exon 14 mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma

Publication date: Available online 8 April 2018
Source:Human Pathology
Author(s): Meng Zhang, Guichao Li, Xiangjie Sun, Shujuan Ni, Cong Tan, Midie Xu, Dan Huang, Fei Ren, Dawei Li, Ping Wei, Xiang Du
MET amplification, expression, and splice mutations at exon 14 result in dysregulation of the MET signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between MET amplification, protein or mRNA expression, and mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC). MET immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used for MET protein expression analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used for MET amplification detection. Both analyses were performed in tissue microarrays (TMA) containing 294 of colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and 131 samples of adjacent normal epithelial tissue. MET mRNA expression was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 72 fresh colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue samples and adjacent normal colon tissue. PCR sequencing was performed to screen for MET exon 14 splice mutations in 59 fresh CRC tissue samples. Our results showed that MET protein expression was higher in colorectal tumor tissue than in adjacent normal intestinal epithelium. Positive MET protein expression was associated with significantly poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Multivariate analysis revealed that positive MET protein expression was an independent risk factor for DFS, but not for OS. MET mRNA expression was upregulated in tumor tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. The incidence of MET amplification was 4.4%. None of the patients was positive for MET mutation. Collectively, MET was overexpressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma, and its positive protein expression predicted a poorer outcome in CRC patients. Furthermore, according to our results, MET amplification and 14 exon mutation are extremely rare events in colorectal adenocarcinoma.



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Clinical implication of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma in association with intratumoral heterogeneity, human papillomavirus, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Human Pathology
Author(s): Mi Jung Kwon, Young-Soo Rho, Eun Sook Nam, Seong Jin Cho, Hye-Rim Park, Soo Kee Min, Jinwon Seo, Ji-Young Choe, Eun Soo Kim, Bumjung Park, Mineui Hong, Kyueng-Whan Min
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), essential for immune evasion, is a potential candidate for pathogenesis and therapeutic target of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs). MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling and transcription factors involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) upregulate PD-L1, which can contribute to clinical outcome. Intratumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression is of clinical importance in selection bias due to false-negative patient enrollment. However, the clinicopathological features, prognostic value, and co-expressed molecules of PD-L1 remain unclear in TSCCs. PD-L1 expression was evaluated via immunohistochemistry using a specific monoclonal antibody (SP142) between whole tissue and tissue microarray (TMA) sections of 79 tumors (5% cutoff value with weak staining). Expressions of EMT markers (TWIST1, Snail, and SNIP1) and MET/HGF were also analyzed. Staining of the TMA sections showed 78.5% concordance rate to the whole section. PD-L1 positivity and its intratumoral heterogeneity were 29.1% and 15.2% of TSCCs by whole section, respectively. PD-L1 positivity was prevalent in females, HPV-positive tumors without base of tongue invasion, and SNIP1-overexpressed tumors. SNIP1 overexpression, unmethylated TWIST1, smoking, and poorly-differentiated tumors were predictive for PD-L1 overexpression. PD-L1 positivity was a favorable independent prognostic factor. Subgroup analyses according to the co-expression of PD-L1 with HPV, SNIP1, or unmethylated TWIST1 indicated the best clinical outcome than any other subgroups. In conclusion, intratumoral heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression was frequent, warranting a caution in punching TMA cores. A combined analysis of PD-L1 with EMT and HPV may define a characteristic subset of patients and prognostic group.



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Comparison of thyroid transcription factor-1 expression by two monoclonal antibodies in schwannomas: the chosen clone matters

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Human Pathology
Author(s): David Creytens, Mieke Van Bockstal, Liesbeth Ferdinande, Jo Van Dorpe




https://ift.tt/2JvEOxF

The association between experiences of exclusionary discipline and justice system contact: A systematic review

Publication date: Available online 8 April 2018
Source:Aggression and Violent Behavior
Author(s): Abigail Novak
The term "school-to-prison pipeline" is regularly used by policymakers and researchers alike to describe school-level policies pushing students from schools into the juvenile and adult justice systems. Though the term is widely used, its interpretation and specified components vary across disciplines. Research assessing the pipeline's existence paints a complex picture, leading to questions about the existence of a non-spurious association between exclusionary discipline and justice system contact. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess existing empirical evidence evaluating the association between experiences of exclusionary discipline and subsequent justice system involvement. This review is limited to studies using multivariate, inferential statistical techniques. A total of seven studies met specified qualifications and are included in the review. All studies found a significant association between experiences of exclusionary discipline and subsequent justice system contact, with odds ratios ranging from 1.72 to 5.17. Further research is needed to extend understanding of how this association differs according to age at first experience of exclusionary discipline and frequency of discipline. Additionally, future research should explore possible mediating and moderating factors influencing the relationship between exclusionary discipline and justice system contact.



https://ift.tt/2GNAmsk

Endoscope-assisted nasal dermoid excision with an open rhinoplasty approach

Publication date: June 2018
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 109
Author(s): Devon M. Livingstone, James Brookes, Warren K. Yunker
Congenital midline nasal masses have been traditionally excised through rhinotomies and bicoronal incisions. These approaches are disfiguring and potentially morbid, leading pediatric otolaryngologists to seek out less invasive, endoscopic-assisted approaches. Here we present a nasal dermoid excised with a minimally invasive, endoscopic assisted open rhinoplasty approach. The preoperative workup as well as perioperative steps for excision are documented, with the hope that this will assist other practitioners with this approach. An endoscopic open rhinoplasty technique affords excellent visualisation, with a superior cosmetic outcome. A preoperative MRI is essential to ensure the lesion is amenable to this approach.



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Re “Calcification of Thoracic and Abdominal Aneurysms is Associated with Mortality and Morbidity”. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Calcification: Are Biochemical Markers a Missing Piece of the Puzzle?

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Author(s): Emirena Garrafa, Stefano Bonardelli




https://ift.tt/2GLZcJc

Clinical Effect and Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Markov Model

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Author(s): Dominika Högberg, Kevin Mani, Anders Wanhainen, Sverker Svensjö
Objective/BackgroundThe cost-effectiveness of screening depends on the cost of screening, prevalence of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS), and the potential effect of medical intervention in reducing the risk of stroke. The aim of the study was to determine the threshold values for these parameters in order for screening for ACAS to be cost-effective.MethodsThe clinical effect and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound screening for ACAS with subsequent initiation of preventive therapy versus not screening was assessed in a Markov model with a lifetime perspective. Key parameters, including stroke risk, all cause mortality, and costs, were based on contemporary published data, population statistics, and data from an ongoing screening program in Uppsala county (population 300,000), Sweden. Prevalence of ACAS (2%) and the rate of best medical treatment (BMT; 40%) were based on data from a male Swedish population recently screened for ACAS. The required stroke risk reduction from BMT, incremental cost-efficiency ratio (ICER), absolute risk reduction for stroke (ARR), and number needed to screen (NNS) were calculated.ResultsScreening was cost-effective at an ICER of €5744 per incremental quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. ARR was 135 per 100,000 screened, NNS was 741, and QALYs gained were 6700 per 100,000 invited. At a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of €50,000 per QALY the minimum required stroke risk reduction from BMT was 22%. The assumed degree of stroke risk reduction was the most important determinant of cost-efficiency.ConclusionA moderate (22%) reduction in the risk of stroke was required for an ACAS screening strategy to be cost-effective at a WTP of €50,000/QALY. Targeting populations with a higher prevalence of ACAS could further improve cost-efficiency.



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Combined Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury on Long-term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Lower Limb Ischaemia

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Author(s): Petar Zlatanovic, Igor Koncar, Marko Dragas, Nikola Ilic, Milos Sladojevic, Perica Mutavdzic, Ivan Tomic, Dusan Kostic, Lazar Davidovic
IntroductionAcute lower limb ischaemia (ALI) is the sudden onset of decreased arterial perfusion with imminent threat to limb viability. Contrast induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is one of the complications that increases mortality in patients who undergo contrast imaging in coronary procedures. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CI-AKI on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ALI undergoing lower limb revascularisation.MethodsA total 1017 consecutive patients with acute lower limb ischaemia who were admitted between July 1, 2006, and January 1, 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had end stage renal disease, those who had end stage heart and malignant disease and died within 7 days of limb revascularisation, and those who did not undergo angiography were excluded. Thus 546 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients were classified as with or without CKD and were then subdivided according to the presence or absence of the development of CI-AKI, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL or by ≥25% from the baseline value within the first 72 h after contrast exposure. The primary end point was all cause mortality and secondary major adverse limb event (MALE).ResultsBoth CKD and CI-AKI were associated with the highest rate of all cause mortality (chi square = 55.77, d.f. = 1, p < .01, log rank test) and MALE (chi square = 79.07, d.f. = 1, p < .01, log rank test). The presence of CKD and CI-AKI were significant risk factors associated with long-term all cause mortality (HR = 2.61, p < .01) and MALE (HR = 2.87, p < .01).ConclusionIn patients with ALI undergoing lower limb revascularisation, both CKD and CI-AKI were significantly associated with poor long-term outcomes compared with either CKD or CI-AKI alone. Further studies are required to assess this association and to confirm the combined effect of CKD and CI-AKI on long-term clinical outcomes.



https://ift.tt/2EuI60D

Elective Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and the Risk of Colonic Ischaemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
Author(s): Jeremy S. Williamson, Graeme K. Ambler, Christopher P. Twine, Ian M. Williams, Gethin Ll. Williams
IntroductionColon ischaemia (CI) is a significant complication of open (OR) and endovascular (EVAR) repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). With a rapid increase in EVAR uptake, contemporary data demonstrating the differing rates and outcomes of CI between EVAR and OR, particularly in the elective setting, are lacking. The aim was to characterise the risk and consequences of CI in elective AAA repair comparing EVAR with OR.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was performed using the Cochrane collaboration protocol and reported according to the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, MedLine, and EMBASE were searched for studies reporting CI rates after elective AAA repair. Ruptured AAAs were excluded from analysis.ResultsThirteen studies reporting specific outcomes of CI after elective AAA repair, containing 162,750 evaluable patients (78,151 EVAR and 84,599 OR) were included. All studies found a higher risk of CI with OR than with EVAR. Three studies performed confounder adjustment with CI rates of 0.5–1% versus 2.1–3.6% (EVAR vs. OR) and combined odds ratio of 2.7 (2.0–3.5) for the development of CI with OR versus EVAR. The majority of cases of CI occurred within 30 days and were associated with variable mortality (0–73%) and re-intervention rates (27–54%). GRADE assessment of evidence strength was very low for all outcomes. There was a high degree of heterogeneity between studies both methodologically and in terms of CI rates, re-intervention, mortality, and time to development of CI.ConclusionsEVAR is associated with a reduced incidence of CI compared with OR.



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Additional physical therapy services reduce length of stay and improve health outcomes in people with acute and sub-acute conditions: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Author(s): Casey L. Peiris, Nora Shields, Natasha K. Brusco, Jennifer J. Watts, Nicholas F. Taylor
ObjectiveTo update a previous review on whether additional physical therapy services reduce length of stay, improve health outcomes, are safe and cost effective for patients with acute or sub-acute conditions.Data sourcesElectronic database (AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PEDro, PubMed) searches were updated from 2010 through June 2017.Study selectionRandomized controlled trials evaluating additional physical therapy services on patient health outcomes, length of stay or cost effectiveness were eligible. Searching identified 1524 potentially relevant articles, of which 11 new articles from 8 new randomized controlled trials with 1563 participants were selected. In total, 24 randomized controlled trials with 3262 participants are included in this review.Data extractionData were extracted using the form used in the original systematic review. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and The Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was applied to each meta-analysis.Data synthesisPost intervention data were pooled with an inverse variance, random effects model to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There is moderate quality evidence that additional physical therapy services reduced length of stay by 3 days in sub-acute settings (MD-2.8, 95%CI -4.6 to -0.9, I² 0%) and low quality evidence that it reduced length of stay by 0.6 days in acute settings (MD -0.6, 95%CI -1.1 to 0.0, I² 65%). Additional physical therapy led to small improvements in self-care (SMD 0.11, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.19, I² 0%), activities of daily living (SMD 0.13, 95%CI 0.02 to 0.25, I² 15%) and health-related quality of life (SMD 0.12, 95%CI 0.03 to 0.21, I² 0%), with no increases in adverse events. There was no significant change in walking ability. One trial reported that additional physical therapy was likely to be cost-effective in sub-acute rehabilitation.ConclusionsAdditional physical therapy services improve patient activity and participation outcomes, while reducing hospital length of stay for adults. These benefits are likely safe and there is preliminary evidence to suggest they may be cost effective.



https://ift.tt/2GI6zWl

Pertussis in Africa: Findings and recommendations of the Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI)

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Rudzani Muloiwa, Nicole Wolter, Ezekiel Mupere, Tina Tan, A.J. Chitkara, Kevin D. Forsyth, Carl-Heinz Wirsing von König, Gregory Hussey
Pertussis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in infants and young children, and despite the availability of vaccines and pertinent national and international guidelines. The disease burden is more severe in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially in the African continent. Pertussis is more prevalent among young infants in Africa. Poor or no pertussis surveillance, lack of disease awareness, diagnostic limitations, and competing health priorities are considered key contributory factors for this high pertussis burden in Africa. Most African countries use whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, but coverage with three primary doses of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccines falls short of the World Health Organization's recommended goal of >90%. The Global Pertussis Initiative (GPI) works toward developing recommendations through systematic evaluation and prioritization of strategies to prevent pertussis-related infant and child deaths, as well as reducing global disease burden to acceptable national, regional, and local levels. For countries using wP vaccines, the GPI recommends continuing to use wP to improve primary and toddler booster vaccination coverage. Vaccination during pregnancy is the next priority when acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines and other resources are available that directly protect newborns too young to be vaccinated, followed by, in order of priority, booster doses in older children, adolescents, healthcare workers and finally, all adults. Improved surveillance should be a high priority for African LMICs assessing true disease burden and vaccine effectiveness to inform policy. More research is warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of wP and aP vaccines and strategies, and to determine their optimal use.



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Immune mechanisms induced by an HSV-1 mutant strain: Discrepancy analysis of the immune system gene profile in comparison with a wild-type strain

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Xiaolong Zhang, Quanlong Jiang, Xingli Xu, Yongrong Wang, Lei Liu, Yaru Lian, Hao Li, Lichun Wang, Ying Zhang, Guorun Jiang, Jieyuan Zeng, Han Zhang, Jing-Dong Jackie Han, Qihan Li
Herpes simplex virus is a prevalent pathogen of humans of various age groups. The fact that no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine is currently available suggests a significant need to further investigate the immune mechanisms induced by the virus and various vaccine candidates. We previously generated an HSV-1 mutant strain, M3, with partial deletions in ul7, ul41 and LAT that produced an attenuated phenotype in mice. In the present study, we performed a comparative analysis to characterize the immune responses induced by M3 versus wild-type HSV-1 in a mouse model. Infection with wild-type HSV-1 triggered an inflammatory-dominated response and adaptive immunity suppression and was accompanied by severe pathological damage. In contrast, infection with M3 induced a systematic immune response involving full activation of both innate and adaptive immunity and was accompanied by no obvious pathological changes. Furthermore, the immune response induced by M3 protected mice from lethal challenge with wild-type strains of HSV-1 and restrained virus proliferation and impaired latency. These data are useful for further HSV-1 vaccine development using a mutant strain construction strategy.



https://ift.tt/2GG9Mpj

Delineating the serotype-specific neutralizing antibody response to a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Gregory D. Gromowski, Sandra Henein, Chandrika B. Kannadka, David A. Barvir, Stephen J. Thomas, Aravinda M. de Silva, Richard G. Jarman
The dengue virus (DENV) vaccines that are licensed or in clinical development consist of DENV serotype 1–4 tetravalent formulations given simultaneously and are not acquired sequentially like natural infections. It is unclear what effect this has on development of protective levels of immunity to all four serotypes. Serotype-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) is considered the most relevant correlate of protection from dengue disease. Here we assessed levels of serotype-specific and cross-reactive NAb in immune sera from 10 subjects vaccinated with a live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccine developed at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. The majority of subjects NAb responses to DENV-2 and DENV-4 were type-specific, while their NAb responses to DENV-1 and DENV-3 were primarily cross-reactive. Vaccine virus RNAemia has been most frequently detected for DENV-2 and DENV-4 in vaccinated subjects, strongly suggesting that replication is important for eliciting serotype-specific immunity.



https://ift.tt/2qdY6Pi

Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in Luxembourg – Implications of lowering and restricting target age groups

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Ardashel Latsuzbaia, Marc Arbyn, Steven Weyers, Joël Mossong
BackgroundIn Luxembourg, a national Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in 2008, targeting 12–17 year old girls offering a choice of bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine free of charge. In 2015, the programme was changed offering the bivalent vaccine only to 11–13 year old girls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the HPV vaccination coverage, to assess the impact of age target changes and compare vaccination coverage to other European countries.MethodsAnonymous HPV vaccination records consisting of individual vaccine doses obtained free of charge in pharmacies between 2008 and 2016 were extracted from the Luxembourgish Social Security database. Additional aggregate tables by nationality and municipality were analysed.ResultsOf the target cohort of 39,610 girls born between 1991 and 2003 residing in Luxembourg, 24,550 (62.0%) subjects obtained at least one dose, 22,082 (55.7%) obtained at least two doses, and 17,197 (43.4%) obtained three doses of HPV vaccine. The mean age at first dose was 13.7 years during 2008–14 and 12.7 years in 2016 after the age target change. Coverage varied significantly by nationality (p < 0.0001): Portuguese (80%), former Yugoslavs (74%), Luxembourgish (54%), Belgian (52%), German (47%), French (39%) and other nationalities (51%). Coverage varied also by geographical region, with lower rates (<50%) noted in some Northern and Central areas of Luxembourg (range: 38% to 78%).ConclusionOverall HPV vaccination coverage in Luxembourg is moderate and varied by nationality and region. The policy changes in 2015 did not have a substantial impact except lowering age at initiating vaccination. Options to improve coverage deserve further investigation.



https://ift.tt/2GJ3vJm

Poor knowledge of vaccination recommendations and negative attitudes towards vaccinations are independently associated with poor vaccination uptake among adults – Findings of a population-based panel study in Lower Saxony, Germany

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Manas K. Akmatov, Nicole Rübsamen, Igor V. Deyneko, André Karch, Rafael T. Mikolajczyk
ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to (a) assess knowledge of official vaccination recommendations and attitudes towards vaccinations among adults and (b) examine their association with vaccination uptake among adults.MethodsThis study was part of the HaBIDS study (Hygiene and Behaviour Infectious Diseases Survey), which is an online panel established in March 2014 in Lower Saxony, Germany with males and females aged between 15 and 69 years (n = 2379). Every few months, participants completed questionnaires on different aspects of infectious diseases. In September 2014, knowledge of vaccination recommendations, attitudes towards vaccinations and information on uptake of vaccinations in the last 10 years (practice) were collected using a knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) questionnaire. Multiple correspondence analysis was applied to identify underlying structures in each KAP domain and fractional polynomial regression analysis to examine the associations of knowledge and attitudes with vaccination uptake.ResultsOf the 2379 panel members, 1698 (71%) completed the KAP questionnaire on vaccinations. The majority of participants (80%) knew that the vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus should be administered every 10 years. Regarding other recommendations, the proportion of correct answers varied between 35% and 60%. 82% of participants agreed that adult vaccinations should be mandatory for selected groups such as health care workers and 40% stated that vaccinations should be mandatory for all adults. For the different vaccines, the odds of being unvaccinated were 1.5- to 5-times higher among participants with poor knowledge of vaccination recommendations compared to participants with good knowledge. Participants with negative attitudes towards vaccinations were also more likely to be unvaccinated.ConclusionsEfforts should be undertaken to improve knowledge of official vaccination recommendations in the general population and reduce common misconceptions about vaccinations. This information can be provided during general practitioner visits or through media campaigns.



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Editorial Board/Aims and Scope

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18





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A single vaccination with non-replicating MVA at birth induces both immediate and long-term protective immune responses

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Cédric Cheminay, Jana Körner, Constanze Bernig, Michael Brückel, Markus Feigl, Martin Schletz, Mark Suter, Paul Chaplin, Ariane Volkmann
Newborns are considered difficult to protect against infections shortly after birth, due to their ineffective immune system that shows quantitative and qualitative differences compared to adults. However, here we show that a single vaccination of mice at birth with a replication-deficient live vaccine Modified Vaccinia Ankara [MVA] efficiently induces antigen-specific B- and T-cells that fully protect against a lethal Ectromelia virus challenge. Protection was induced within 2 weeks and using genetically modified mice we show that this protection was mainly T-cell dependent. Persisting immunological T-cell memory and neutralizing antibodies were obtained with the single vaccination. Thus, MVA administered as early as at birth induced immediate and long-term protection against an otherwise fatal disease and appears attractive as a new generation smallpox vaccine that is effective also in children. Moreover, it may have the potential to serve as platform for childhood vaccines as indicated by measles specific T- and B-cell responses induced in newborn mice vaccinated with recombinant MVA expressing measles antigens.



https://ift.tt/2qdY7mk

Improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the EtMIC2 protein against Eimeria tenella infection through random mutagenesis

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Zhengtao Chen, Xiuzhen Wang, Ningning Zhao, Linzhen Han, Fangkun Wang, Hongmei Li, Yanshun Cui, Xiaomin Zhao
In recent years, directed evolution has emerged as an efficient tool to develop and identify novel protein variants. Eimeria tenella microneme-2 (EtMIC2) is a promising vaccine candidate for use against E. tenella infection; however, it only yields partial protection. The present study aimed to improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of EtMIC2 through random mutagenesis. Mutagenesis gene libraries of EtMIC2 were generated using error-prone polymerase chain reaction (epPCR), and the corresponding variant proteins were displayed on the yeast cell surface. Variant EtMIC2 proteins with high immunogenicity were screened through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) based on the affinity between polyclonal antibodies and antigens. Seven effective variant proteins were screened out and heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli as subunit vaccines. The protective efficacy of the variant proteins against E. tenella infections was then evaluated in chicken. Two variant proteins (1130 and 2119) displayed higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy than the wild-type EtMIC2 protein against E. tenella infections, increasing body weight gains and significantly decreasing lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding, and increasing sIgA antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation. These variants displayed potential for use in the development of subunit vaccines for coccidiosis in chickens. The present results also indicate that directed evolution technology is useful for improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of parasite antigens.



https://ift.tt/2GLkr20

Monitoring the efficacy of infant hepatitis B vaccination and revaccination in 0- to 8-year-old children: Protective anti-HBs levels and cellular immune responses

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Xuefen Li, Yumiao Xu, Yuejiao Dong, Xianzhi Yang, Bo Ye, Yiyin Wang, Yu Chen
Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of infant hepatitis B vaccination and revaccination in 0- to 8-year-old children in the context of protective anti-HBs levels and cellular immune responses. Using a random questionnaire survey, 1695 pre-school children were recruited as research subjects during January 2015 to June 2017. Blood samples were obtained to measure HBV serological markers as well as peripheral immunocytes. The children were divided into non-, low- and hyper- responsive groups (NR, LR, and HR) based on the vaccination efficacy. Additionally, the effect of revaccination on the NR group was evaluated at 1 month after completion of the vaccination course. Among a total of 1695 children, 1591 (93.86%) were infants who were followed while undergoing their primary course of hepatitis B vaccination at the 0-1-6 month schedule, and 1249 (79.30%) of them developed antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) titers greater than 10 IU/L. The results of immunocyte studies indicated that the CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺CD45RO⁺ T cells, CD8⁺CD45RA⁺ T cells, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells increased significantly in NR compared with HR. However, lymphocytes, CD4⁺ T cells, and CD4⁺CD45RA⁺ T cells in NR were lower than that in HR. 96 of the non-response cases showed seroprotection after revaccination among 103 cases. Therefore, most of the preschool children who received hepatitis B vaccine in infancy achieved significant seroprotection. Seroconversion rates of individuals revaccinated after initial vaccination failure were significantly higher than those after primary vaccination. Different vaccination efficacy groups showed significant changes in circulating immunocytes, which might be a factor affecting the recombinant HBV vaccine's immune effectiveness.



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Japanese encephalitis virus/yellow fever virus chimera is safe and confers full protection against yellow fever virus in intracerebrally challenged mice

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Huiqiang Yang, Huan Yang, Zhushi Li, Lina Liu, Wei Wang, Ting He, Fengming Fan, Yan Sun, Jie Liu, Yuhua Li, Xianwu Zeng
Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), which remains a potential threat to public health. The live-attenuated YF vaccine (17D strain) is a safe and highly effective measure against YF. However, increasing adverse events have been associated with YF vaccinations in recent years; thus, safer, alternative vaccines are needed. In this study, using the Japanese encephalitis live vaccine strain SA14-14–2 as a backbone, a novel chimeric virus was constructed by replacing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes with their YFV 17D counterparts.The chimeric virus exhibited a reduced growth rate and a much smaller plaque morphology than did either parental virus. Furthermore, the chimera was much less neurovirulent than was YF17D and protected mice that were challenged with a lethal dose of the YF virus. These results suggest that this chimera has potential as a novel attenuated YF vaccine.



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The effectiveness of influenza vaccination among nursery school children in China during the 2016/17 influenza season

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Yin Wang, Liling Chen, Jia Yu, Yuanyuan Pang, Jun Zhang, Tao Zhang, Genming Zhao
BackgroundThe effectiveness of influenza vaccine among nursery school children has not been systematically studied. We conducted a cohort study of children from 13 nursery schools in Suzhou, China, to estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza during 2016–17.MethodsChildren aged 36–72 months were chosen from 13 nursery schools from 3 District in Suzhou. The surveillance started 2 weeks after vaccination during October 2016–February 2017. Class teachers reported the names of students with ILI (influenza-like illness) to study clinicians on each school day. Further, local physicians collected the student's nasopharyngeal swab or throat swab, either at a study clinic or at the child's home. The swabs were sent to the National Influenza Network Laboratory in Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention for influenza testing by RT-PCR.ResultA total of 4614 children were enrolled, of which 15 children (vaccinated: 2; unvaccinated: 13) were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 4599 children, 558 swabs were collected. Among these swabs, 70 samples tested positive for influenza virus; 17 in the vaccinated group (B Victoria: 2; H3N2: 15) and 53 in the unvaccinated group (B Victoria: 14; A(H1N1)pdm09: 1; H3N2: 38). The overall influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) during the influenza season of 2016–2017 was 20.6%. The incidence of developing ILI symptoms and healthcare seeking behavior through clinical visits was significantly lower in vaccinated children than in the unvaccinated group.ConclusionInfluenza vaccine protection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children showed no statistical difference and the VE percentage varied for different virus subtypes. However, the incidence rate of developing ILI and healthcare seeking behavior was significant lower in the vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated children. Larger studies are required to estimate the VE according to the influenza type, subtype, and lineage during influenza seasons in China in the future.



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Sequential pulmonary immunization with heterologous recombinant influenza A virus tuberculosis vaccines protects against murine M. tuberculosis infection

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): H. Muflihah, M. Flórido, L.C.W. Lin, Y. Xia, J.A. Triccas, J. Stambas, W.J. Britton
Tuberculosis (TB) infection affects a quarter of the global population resulting in a large burden of TB disease and mortality. The long-term control of TB requires vaccines with greater efficacy and durability than the current Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Pulmonary immunization may increase and prolong immunity at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We have investigated recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) expressing the p25 CD4⁺ T cell epitope of M. tuberculosis Ag85B240–254 for single and sequential immunization against M. tuberculosis infection. Intranasal immunization with single dose of rIAV X31 (H3N2 strain) expressing the p25 epitope (X31-p25), induced p25-specific CD4⁺ T cells and conferred protection against aerosol delivery of M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs. To enhance this effect, prime-boost immunization with hetero-subtypic rIAVs was examined. Sequential immunization with X31-p25 and a second rIAV, PR8 (H1N1 strain) expressing the same epitope (PR8-p25), increased the frequency of p25-specific IFN-γ T cell responses and polyfunctional CD4⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF, compared to immunization with each rIAV alone. This combination resulted in protection against M. tuberculosis in both the lungs and spleen. Therefore, our study revealed that rIAV is not only an efficient vector to induce protective immunity in the lungs, but also has a potential use for sequential immunization with heterologous rIAV to boost the immunogenicity and improve the protection against M. tuberculosis.



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Intranasal but not subcutaneous vaccination with LaAg allows rapid expansion of protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Izabella Pereira Silva Bezerra, Marina Amaral Abib, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
Mucosal but not parenteral vaccination with whole Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes antigens (LaAg) is known to increase host resistance to infection by an as yet unknown immune mechanism. Since early immune responses are critical for infection establishment, in the present study the differential responses elicited by subcutaneous (s.c.) and intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with LaAg were investigated during the initial stages of infection. For that, BALB/c mice were given two LaAg doses by i.n. or s.c. route prior to L. amazonensis infection in the footpad. It was found that mucosal vaccination prevented both T helper (Th) 2-associated cutaneous hypersensitivity and local interleukin (IL)-4 production in the first days after parasite challenge in the footpad. That was accompanied by increased Th1 (T-bet and IL-12) and Treg (Foxp3 and IL-10) transcription factor and cytokine expression in the lesion draining lymph nodes. In contrast, s.c. LaAg predominantly led to higher Th2 (GATA3) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression. Prior i.n. vaccination was able to prevent the disease-exacerbating effect of s.c. vaccination. Although both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were transiently increased in the cervical lymph nodes (cLN), the numbers of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells decreased within 48 h of i.n. vaccination as compared to non-vaccinated mice. Adoptive transfer of such cLN cells conferred increased resistance to infected mice, mimicking the effect of i.n. vaccination. Altogether, these data indicate that i.n. vaccination with LaAg may prevent early peripheral expansion of detrimental cells normally elicited by active infection or s.c. vaccination, thus allowing full expansion of protective responses.



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Evaluation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) ts-304 vaccine as a live attenuated vaccine in turkeys

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Anna Kanci, Dinidu S. Wijesurendra, Nadeeka K. Wawegama, Gregory J. Underwood, Amir H. Noormohammadi, Philip F. Markham, Glenn F. Browning
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important pathogen of poultry worldwide that causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys. Vaxsafe MG (strain ts-11) is a live attenuated temperature sensitive vaccine that has been proven to be effective in controlling CRD in chickens, but it is not efficacious in turkeys. The gapA gene, which encodes a mature cytadhesin protein with a molecular weight of approximately 105 kDa, is not expressed in strain ts-11 because a 20 base pair reiterated sequence introduces a frame shift and causes premature truncation of the translated peptide. A GapA positive clone, MG ts-304, isolated from strain ts-11 has been shown to have enhanced efficacy in chickens. Here we describe studies we conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of the MG ts-304 vaccine candidate in turkeys. We found that MG ts-304 was able to colonise the trachea of 3-week-old turkeys and was safe, even at a tenfold overdose, inducing no adverse clinical signs of respiratory disease or significant gross lesions in the respiratory tract (air sacs or trachea), and was poorly transmissible to in-contact birds. We also showed that it was efficacious when administered to 3-week-old turkeys, inducing protective immunity against challenge with the M.gallisepticum wild-type strain Ap3AS. MG ts-304 is therefore a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate for use in turkeys.



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Cancer-salient messaging for Human Papillomavirus vaccine uptake: A randomized controlled trial

Publication date: 25 April 2018
Source:Vaccine, Volume 36, Issue 18
Author(s): Rachael M. Porter, Avnika B. Amin, Robert A. Bednarczyk, Saad B. Omer
Background and objectivesVaccination with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for 11–12 years-old, but uptake is suboptimal. Current messaging focuses on HPV infection transmission and prevention. Parents and providers are often uncomfortable discussing sexual practices of adolescents, contributing to the delay/refusal of vaccine. We created a cervical cancer-salient message encouraging HPV vaccination, emphasizing disease salience and disease threat, while promoting self-efficacy. We hypothesized this message would have greater effects on vaccine confidence and intent to vaccinate compared to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and non-vaccine control messages.MethodsA 3-arm randomized trial was conducted. Parents of girls aged 9–17 were eligible for the study. We measured participants' vaccine confidence and intent to vaccinate at baseline and post intervention message. Recruitment and surveys were administered online through Amazon Mechanical Turk.Results762 participants completed both surveys. We saw modest increases in vaccine confidence when comparing cervical cancer arm and control arm, and CDC arm and control arm; estimates were not statistically significant. The odds of reporting intent to vaccinate among the cervical cancer message arm were 1.13 times the odds of reporting intent to vaccinate in the control arm (95% CI: 0.30. 4.29). Intent to vaccinate was also not statistically significantly different between CDC message arm and control arm (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 0.66, 2.37).ConclusionNeither message had effect on intent to vaccinate, highlighting need for research to identify successful messaging strategies for HPV. Exploratory analyses suggest among parents with 'Low' vaccine confidence at baseline, the cervical cancer framed message may be more effective in changing intention than the CDC message or non-vaccine control. Future work should target groups with 'Low' or 'Medium' vaccine confidence at baseline - they may be more amenable to change, and more receptive to disease-salient messaging.Clinical Trial Registration:Clinicaltrials.gov, Reference #: NCT03002324.



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Obstrucción de la vena cava superior por seminoma testicular con metástasis en el mediastino. Imagen de vías colaterales durante la gammagrafía por hemorragia intestinal con hematíes marcados con 99mTc

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): V. Valotassiou, S. Alexiou, A. Manolakis, F. Tsiopoulos, S. Potamianos, P. Georgoulias




https://ift.tt/2ICJu3Q

Valor de la PET/TC con 68Ga-DOTATOC en la detección de recidiva de un tumor fibroso solitario de la pleura

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): F. Lococo, C. Rapicetta, A. Filice, M.C. Mengoli, T. Ricchetti, R. Borrelli, M. Paci




https://ift.tt/2H5f5xJ

Utilidad de la gammagrafía con hematíes desnaturalizados por calor marcados con 99mTc en el diagnóstico de una esplenosis intramuscular

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): E. Noriega, J. Suils, M.T. Bajén, A. Benítez, J. Rodríguez-Rubio, J. Mora Salvadó




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Linfoma de Burkitt etmoidal y extranodal en un niño con lesiones renales bilaterales de linfoma de Burkitt detectadas por 18F-FDG PET/TC

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular
Author(s): M. Bonacina, M. Bertoli, D. Albano, F. Bertagna, F. Laffranchi, R. Giubbini




https://ift.tt/2H522MV

RNAi-mediated SYT14 knockdown inhibits the growth of human glioma cell line U87MG

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Brain Research Bulletin
Author(s): Bin Sheng, Yuxin Jiang, Degang Wu, Niansheng Lai, Zhennan Ye, Bingbing Zhang, Xinggen Fang, Shanshui Xu
SYT14 (Synaptotagmin 14) participates in pathomechanical neurodegeneration and contributes to abnormal neurodevelopment. However, the functional mechanism of SYT14 in human glioma tumorigenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we measured the expression levels of SYT14 mRNA in human glioma cell lines, U373MG, U178, and U87MG and neural stem cells (NSC) cell line by RT-PCR, and used lentivirus-mediated small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to knock down SYT14 expression in U87MG cells. Changes in SYT14 expression were determined by real-time PCR. Cell proliferation and colony formation assays were used to analyze the role of SYT14 in U87MG cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. SYT14 mRNA expression was detected in the three glioma cell lines, and was highest in the U87MG cell line. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of SYT14 significantly decreased cell proliferation and colony formation in U87MG cells, and caused a moderate increase in apoptosis. Fewer S phase cells and more G2/M phase cells were observed. These data indicate that SYT14 is highly expressed in glioma cells, and may participate in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and colony formation.



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New mechanistic insights into memory processes

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Brain Research Bulletin
Author(s): K.P. Giese, S. Kida




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Journal Article Tag Suite Conference (JATS-Con) Proceedings 2018 [Internet].

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What you should not miss from the systematic reviews and meta-analyses on allergen-specific immunotherapy in 2017

Purpose of review Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a well recognized and extensively studied therapeutic intervention for some allergic diseases. Every year new systematic reviews and meta-analysis provide the most powerful source of evidence to orient decision making on prevention or efficacy of AIT. We here discuss systematic reviews and meta-analyses on AIT (published January 2017 to February 2018). Recent findings We identified 4 systematic reviews and 10 meta-analyses. Subcutaneous and sublingual AIT (SCIT/SLIT) significantly reduced the development of asthma in children–adolescents with moderate/severe allergic rhinitis, but evidence for a short-term, preventive effect for new allergic sensitizations was nonconclusive. SCIT/SLIT proved to significantly improve symptom and medication scores versus placebo or active comparators in respiratory allergy, with various effect sizes. Oral immunotherapy for IgE-mediated food allergy resulted in substantial benefit in desensitization rates. Data on venom AIT and latex AIT, although limited in quantity and quality, respectively, suggest a large and discrete beneficial effect. Summary Although current evidence extracted from meta-analyses and systematic reviews support AIT as an effective, relatively safe, and well tolerated alternative for some allergic diseases, heterogeneity and some methodological inconsistencies represent matters of concern as they may affect the validity and applicability of their results, especially in the context of individual, real-life settings. Correspondence to Désirée Larenas-Linnemann, MD, Hospital Medica Sur, Torre 2-602, Colonia Toriello-Guerra, Delegación Tlalpan, 14050 Mexico city, Mexico. Tel: +52 1 55 85095950; fax: +52 55 51712248; e-mail: marlar1@prodigy.net.mx Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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How to actively treat food allergy

Purpose of review In the last years, food allergy treatment is moving away from food avoidance to interventional treatments. We review here the recent developments on immunotherapy with food allergens. Recent findings Oral immunotherapy remains the best studied form of food immunotherapy. In 2017, further evidence has been added to its efficacy. Its mechanisms of action are under scrutiny. To reduce its side effects, studies have been dedicated to the simultaneous use of biologics, in particular omalizumab. Among the other forms of food immunotherapy that are being developed, the epicutaneous application of food allergens is promising. Summary The immunologic trajectories of the development of food tolerance may be intercepted by different forms of food immunotherapy. Research efforts aim to make these therapies feasible at the clinical level. Correspondence to Valentina Pecora, MD, PhD, Allergy Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù – Piazza di Sant'Onofrio 4, Vatican City, Rome 00100, Italy. Tel: +39 46 6859 4777; fax: +39 46 6859 2020; e-mail: valentina.pecora@opbg.net Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

https://ift.tt/2EuhLQ4

How to manage food dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA)

Purpose of review In recent years, the number of reports on food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) has been increasing. This review aims to describe the standard management of FDEIA including provocation tests and identify the issues that remain unclear. Recent findings Provocation tests with aspirin for FDEIA enable us to confirm the definitive diagnosis and to make differential diagnosis. In some cases, FDEIA symptoms can be induced by aspirin and the causative food without exercise. Exercise may only be an augmenting factor of FDEIA, similar to aspirin or alcohol. Summary The mechanisms of FDEIA development remain unclear. It has been suggested that in FDEIA, exercise lowers the threshold of a food allergy. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of FDEIA and to establish strategies for effective disease management. Correspondence to Tomoyuki Asaumi, Department of Pediatrics, Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1, Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0392, Japan. Tel: +81 42 742 8311; fax: +81 42 742 5314; e-mail: ocean19oranges@yahoo.co.jp Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The NET-effect of combining rituximab with belimumab in severe systemic lupus erythematosus

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Journal of Autoimmunity
Author(s): Tineke Kraaij, Sylvia W.A. Kamerling, Esther N.M. de Rooij, Paul L.A. van Daele, Obbo W. Bredewold, Jaap A. Bakker, Ingeborg M. Bajema, Hans U. Scherer, Rene E.M. Toes, Tom J.W. Huizinga, Ton J. Rabelink, Cees van Kooten, Y.K. Onno Teng
ObjectiveIn systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is observed and their degradation is impaired. In vitro, immune complexes (ICx) trigger NET formation while NET-derived DNA is a postulated autoantigen for anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANAs), found in SLE. Based on these self-perpetuating mechanisms in SLE, this study investigates whether interfering with ICx formation using a combination of rituximab (RTX) and belimumab (BLM) could decrease NET formation and ameliorate disease.MethodsA phase 2A, open-label, single arm proof-of-concept study was performed wherein 16 SLE patients with severe, refractory disease were treated with a combination of CD20-mediated B-cell depletion with rituximab and sustained inhibition of B-cell activating factor BlyS with belimumab. Besides safety, the study's endpoints were chosen to address the concept of autoantibodies in relation to excessive NET formation.ResultsWe demonstrated a surge of BlyS levels upon RTX-mediated B-cell depletion which was abrogated by subsequent BLM treatment. As such, therapeutic intervention with RTX + BLM led to specific reductions in ANAs and regression of excessive NET formation. RTX + BLM appeared to be safe and achieved clinically significant responses: low lupus disease activity state was achieved in 10 patients, renal responses in 11 patients and concomitant immunosuppressive medication was tapered in 14 out of the 16 patients.ConclusionsThis study provides novel insights into clinical beneficence of reducing excessive NET formation in SLE by therapeutic targeting ANA production with RTX + BLM. Altogether putting forward a new treatment concept that specifically ameliorates underlying SLE pathophysiology.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02284984.



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Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on common bean by native lipopeptide-producer Bacillus strains

Publication date: Available online 7 April 2018
Source:Microbiological Research
Author(s): Daniela C. Sabaté, Carolina Pérez Brandan, Gabriela Petroselli, Rosa Erra-Balsells, M.Carina Audisio
Bacillus sp. B19, Bacillus sp. P12 and B. amyloliquefaciens B14 were isolated from soils of Salta province, and PGPR properties on the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Alubia and antagonistic activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were studied.It was determined that B19 and P12 increased crop germination potential (GP) from the common bean by 14.5% compared to control seeds; these strains also increased root length (10.4 and 15%, respectively) and stem length (20.2 and 30%, respectively) compared to the control; however, as for the B14 strain, no increases in growth parameters were detected. In addition, all the treatments that combined two bacilli: B14 + B19, B14 + P12 and B19 + P12, generated beneficial effects on GP and seedling growth compared to control seeds, but not compared to a single inoculant. B19 and P12 strains synthesized auxins at concentrations of 5.71 and 4.90 mg/mL, respectively, and it was qualitatively determined that they synthesize siderophores. In addition, previous studies have determined that B14 produces auxins in a concentration of 10.10 mg/ml, and qualitatively synthesizes siderophores.The phytosanitary state of the white bean cv. Alubia control seeds revealed bacterial contamination in 87% of all the evaluated seeds and different fungi such as Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus sp. Bean seeds treated with B14, B19 or P12 showed no growth of contaminating bacteria or of pathogenic fungi; in fact, bacilli inoculum development was observed in all seeds. Additionally, B19, P12 and B14 strains inhibited in vitro the development of 9 native S. sclerotiorum strains isolated from the Salta region, with FI ranging between 60 and 100%. The three Bacillus strains synthesized different isoforms of the lipopeptides: surfactin, iturin, and fengycin in the presence of S. sclerotiorum, as determined by MALDI-TOF.In the in vivo trials, when common bean seeds were grown in soils contaminated with S. sclerotiorum, an incidence of 100% was determined when the seeds were not treated with any Bacillus. Seeds treated with the chemical fungicide and sown in S. sclerotiorum-infested soil did not produce seed emergence, while the inoculation of the seeds with B14 + P12, B14 + B19 or B19 + P12 reduced the effect of the pathogen by 46, 43 and 25%, respectively. Disease progression in B14 + P12 and B14 + B19 treatments was significantly lower than in the remaining treatments, with an AUDPC of 873.75 and 1071, respectively.



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