Head and Neck Diseases by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis: 05/15/18

Τρίτη 15 Μαΐου 2018

Non-cell Autonomous OTX2 Homeoprotein Regulates Visual Cortex Plasticity Through Gadd45b/g

Abstract

The non-cell autonomous transfer of OTX2 homeoprotein transcription factor into juvenile mouse cerebral cortex regulates parvalbumin interneuron maturation and critical period timing. By analyzing gene expression in primary visual cortex of wild-type and Otx2^+/GFP mice at plastic and nonplastic ages, we identified several putative genes implicated in Otx2-dependent visual cortex plasticity for ocular dominance. Cortical OTX2 infusion in juvenile mice induced Gadd45b/g expression through direct regulation of transcription. Intriguingly, a reverse effect was found in the adult, where reducing cortical OTX2 resulted in Gadd45b/g upregulation. Viral expression of Gadd45b in adult visual cortex directly induced ocular dominance plasticity with concomitant changes in MeCP2 foci within parvalbumin interneurons and in methylation states of several plasticity gene promoters, suggesting epigenetic regulation. This interaction provides a molecular mechanism for OTX2 to trigger critical period plasticity yet suppress adult plasticity.

https://ift.tt/2jZ0WoL

Term or Preterm Cesarean Section Delivery Does Not Lead to Long-term Detrimental Consequences in Mice

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have provided contradictory data on the deleterious sequels of cesarean section (C-section) delivery and their links with developmental brain disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorders. To gain better insight on these issues, we have now compared physiological, morphological, and behavioral parameters in vaginal, term, and preterm C-section delivered mice. We report that C-section delivery does not lead to long-term behavioral alterations though preterm C-section delivery modifies communicative behaviors in pups. Moreover, C-section delivery neither alters the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) developmental excitatory to inhibitory shift nor the frequency or amplitude of glutamatergic and GABAergic postsynaptic currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. However, these neurons present an underdeveloped dendritic arbor at birth in pups born by C-section delivery, but this difference disappears 1 day later suggesting an accelerated growth after birth. Therefore, C-section delivery, with prematurity as an aggravating factor, induces transient developmental delays but neither impacts the GABA developmental sequence nor leads to long-term consequences in mice. The deleterious sequels of C-section delivery described in epidemiological studies might be due to a perinatal insult that could be aggravated by C-section delivery.

https://ift.tt/2wIxD2Z

Sex Differences in the Adult Human Brain: Evidence from 5216 UK Biobank Participants

Abstract

Sex differences in the human brain are of interest for many reasons: for example, there are sex differences in the observed prevalence of psychiatric disorders and in some psychological traits that brain differences might help to explain. We report the largest single-sample study of structural and functional sex differences in the human brain (2750 female, 2466 male participants; mean age 61.7 years, range 44–77 years). Males had higher raw volumes, raw surface areas, and white matter fractional anisotropy; females had higher raw cortical thickness and higher white matter tract complexity. There was considerable distributional overlap between the sexes. Subregional differences were not fully attributable to differences in total volume, total surface area, mean cortical thickness, or height. There was generally greater male variance across the raw structural measures. Functional connectome organization showed stronger connectivity for males in unimodal sensorimotor cortices, and stronger connectivity for females in the default mode network. This large-scale study provides a foundation for attempts to understand the causes and consequences of sex differences in adult brain structure and function.

https://ift.tt/2IKNnHv

Local Cortical Gyrification is Increased in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders, but Decreases Rapidly in Adolescents

Abstract

Extensive MRI evidence indicates early brain overgrowth in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Local gyrification may reflect the distribution and timing of aberrant cortical expansion in ASDs. We examined MRI data from (Study 1) 64 individuals with ASD and 64 typically developing (TD) controls (7–19 years), and from (Study 2) an independent sample from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (n = 31/group). Local Gyrification Index (lGI), cortical thickness (CT), and surface area (SA) were measured. In Study 1, differences in lGI (ASD > TD) were found in left parietal and temporal and right frontal and temporal regions. lGI decreased bilaterally with age, but more steeply in ASD in left precentral, right lateral occipital, and middle frontal clusters. CT differed between groups in right perisylvian cortex (TD > ASD), but no differences were found for SA. Partial correlations between lGI and CT were generally negative, but associations were weaker in ASD in several clusters. Study 2 results were consistent, though less extensive. Altered gyrification may reflect unique information about the trajectory of cortical development in ASDs. While early overgrowth tends to be undetectable in later childhood in ASDs, findings may indicate that a trace of this developmental abnormality could remain in a disorder-specific pattern of gyrification.

https://ift.tt/2wHp4W0

Multiple Regions of a Cortical Network Commonly Encode the Meaning of Words in Multiple Grammatical Positions of Read Sentences

Abstract

Deciphering how sentence meaning is represented in the brain remains a major challenge to science. Semantically related neural activity has recently been shown to arise concurrently in distributed brain regions as successive words in a sentence are read. However, what semantic content is represented by different regions, what is common across them, and how this relates to words in different grammatical positions of sentences is weakly understood. To address these questions, we apply a semantic model of word meaning to interpret brain activation patterns elicited in sentence reading. The model is based on human ratings of 65 sensory/motor/emotional and cognitive features of experience with words (and their referents). Through a process of mapping functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging activation back into model space we test: which brain regions semantically encode content words in different grammatical positions (e.g., subject/verb/object); and what semantic features are encoded by different regions. In left temporal, inferior parietal, and inferior/superior frontal regions we detect the semantic encoding of words in all grammatical positions tested and reveal multiple common components of semantic representation. This suggests that sentence comprehension involves a common core representation of multiple words' meaning being encoded in a network of regions distributed across the brain.

https://ift.tt/2L6naS3

Primary cutaneous aspergillosis at the site of cyanoacrylate skin adhesive in a neonate

Pediatric Dermatology, EarlyView.

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Impact of steroid hormones E2 and P on the NLRP3/ASC/Casp1 axis in primary mouse astroglia and BV-2 cells after in vitro hypoxia

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Author(s): Alexander Slowik, Leoni Lammerding, Adib Zendedel, Pardes Habib, Cordian Beyer
Clinical and animal model studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in different disease models of the central nervous system (CNS) including ischemic stroke. Inflammasomes are involved in the interleukin-1 beta (IL1beta) maturation, in particular, NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and the active caspase-1 (Casp1) form. Recently, we showed that administration of E2 or P selectively regulated these components after experimental ischemic stroke in rats. Therefore, we investigated the impact of E2 and P on the NLRP3/ASC/Casp1 axis in the murine microglia-like cell line BV-2 cells and primary astrocytes after short-term in vitro hypoxia.The inflammatory cytokine IL1beta but not IL18 was increased after short-term hypoxia in astroglia and BV-2 cells. The same applied to NLPR3 and ASC. Casp1 activity was also elevated in astroglia and BV-2 cells after hypoxia. The administration of E2 or P selectively dampened IL1beta, ASC and NLRP3 expression mainly in BV-2 cells. Both steroid hormones failed to reduce Casp1 activity after hypoxia.We conclude that E2- and P-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms occur upstream of Casp1 through the regulation of NLRP3 and its adaptor ASC.

https://ift.tt/2rKOhcx

EURAPS Editorial: BIA-ALCL, a brief overview

The history of breast implants includes important technological breakthroughs, but also safety controversies such as the 1992 FDA moratorium against silicone, the 2010 PIP implant scandal, and the 2015 Silimed ban.1–3 Nevertheless, the popularity of breast augmentation continues to grow, and millions of patients receive breast implants each year.4

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A Common Variation in the Caveolin 1 Gene Is Associated with High Serum Triglycerides and Metabolic Syndrome in an Admixed Latin American Population

Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, Ahead of Print.

https://ift.tt/2InuB5v

Intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma: two case reports and a review of the literature.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):73-77

Authors: Simone M, Vesperini E, Viti C, Camaioni A, Lepanto L, Raso F

Abstract
SUMMARY: Schwannomas are rare benign tumours that arise from Schwann cells. The most known and studied is the intracranial vestibular schwannoma, even if it is not the most frequent. More often schwannomas arise from peripheral sensitive nerves, and the vagous is most involved among the cranial nerves. Intraparotid schwannomas account for just 10% of all facial involvement, so they are an extremely rare localisation. At present, there are less than 100 cases described in the literature. We performed a retrospective analysis of parotidectomy in two Italian hospitals and present two cases of intraparotid schwannoma and a review of the literature. In the first case, we performed a parotidectomy with a stripping of tumour from the nerve. In the other case, a hypoglossal-facial neurorrhaphy was performed. Follow-up was 24 months in the first (House-Brackmann II degree in temporal-ocular and III in facial-cervical branches) and 30 months in the second case (House-Brackmann III degree in both temporal-ocular and facial-cervical branches). Preoperative diagnosis of facial nerve schwannoma is a challenge; however, it is extremely important since post-operative palsy is common and often higher grade. Unfortunately, schwannoma has similar radiologic finding as more common pleomorphic adenoma and often FNAC is not helpful. Due to its rarity and benign nature, there is debate in the literature on the need for surgical removal. Wait-and-see is a valid option, but may could give problems in secondary surgery. Stripping or near-total removal can be useful in cases of limited involvement of the nerve. Neurorrhaphy can provide good functional results when facial sacrifice is needed.

PMID: 29756618 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2Ihr9xn

Is it possible to define the ideal lips?

Is it possible to define the ideal lips?

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):67-72

Authors: Kar M, Muluk NB, Bafaqeeh SA, Cingi C

Abstract
SUMMARY: The lips are an essential component of the symmetry and aesthetics of the face. Cosmetic surgery to modify the lips has recently gained in popularity, but the results are in some cases disasterous. In this review, we describe the features of the ideal lips for an individual's face. The features of the ideal lips with respect to facial anatomy, important anatomical landmarks of the face, the facial proportions of the lips and ethnic and sexual differences are described. The projection and relative sizes of the upper and lower lips are as significant to lip aesthetics as the proportion of the lips to the rest of the facial structure. Robust, pouty lips are considered to be sexually attractive by both males and females. Horizontal thirds and the golden ratio describe the proportions that contribute to the beauty and attractiveness of the lips. In young Caucasians, the ideal ratio of the vertical height of the upper lip to that of the lower lip is 1:1.6. Blacks, genetically, have a greater lip volume. The shape and volume of a person's lips are of great importance in the perception of beauty by humans. The appearance of the lips in part determines the attractiveness of a person's face. In females, fuller lips in relation to facial width as well as greater vermilion height are considered to be attractive.

PMID: 29756617 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2IM0h8b

Treatment of cholesteatoma with intact ossicular chain: anatomic and functional results.

Treatment of cholesteatoma with intact ossicular chain: anatomic and functional results.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):61-66

Authors: Pontillo V, Barbara F, DE Robertis V, Quaranta N

Abstract
SUMMARY: In case of cholesteatoma with intact ossicular chain, the primary aims of surgery are complete removal of the cholesteatoma matrix and reconstruction of a dry and safe middle ear; if possible, ossicular chain continuity and therefore the preoperative hearing must be preserved. The aim of this retrospective study is to present the experience of the U.O.C. Otorinolaringoiatria Universitaria of University of Bari "Aldo Moro" in treatment of intact ossicular chain cholesteatoma with Bondy modified radical mastoidectomy (BMRM) and canal wall up tympanoplasty (CWUT). The study group was composed of 65 subjects affected by cholesteatoma with intact ossicular chain. Mean age was 40.7 years (range 6-79), with 42 males and 23 females. 30 patients were treated by a BMRM and 35 by CWUT, in 22 cases without mastoidectomy and in 13 cases with mastoidectomy. Mean follow-up was 24.25 months. In the BMRM group, no cases of residual cholesteatoma located in the middle ear space were detected; at follow-up, 1 patient developed a retraction pocket (3.33%), 1 patient showed a small epidermal cysts of the tympanic membrane (3.33%) and 3 patients (10%) experienced otorrhoea. In CWUT, residual cholesteatoma was detected in 2 cases (5.7%); at follow-up, 3 patients presented recurrent cholesteatoma (8.57%; 2, 6 and 8 years after surgery), 3 cases a retraction pocket (8.57%) and one case otorrhoea (2.86%). Statistical analysis showed a significant higher number of residual cholesteatoma in CWUT (p 0.005) and differences in terms of long-term complications. No significant changes in hearing occurred post-operatively or at 1 year follow-up in either group. The current trend in our centre is to perform BMRM when indicated and CWUT preferably without mastoidectomy in case of mesotympanic cholesteatoma with normal OC.

PMID: 29756616 [PubMed - in process]

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Correlation between musical aptitude and learning foreign languages: an epidemiological study in secondary school Italian students.

Correlation between musical aptitude and learning foreign languages: an epidemiological study in secondary school Italian students.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):51-55

Authors: Picciotti PM, Bussu F, Calò L, Gallus R, Scarano E, DI Cintio G, Cassarà F, D'Alatri L

Abstract
SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to assess if a correlation exists between language learning skills and musical aptitude through the analysis of scholarly outcomes concerning the study of foreign languages and music. We enrolled 502 students from a secondary Italian school (10-14 years old), attending both traditional courses (2 hours/week of music classes scheduled) and special courses (six hours). For statistical analysis, we considered grades in English, French and Music. Our results showed a significant correlation between grades in the two foreign languages and in music, both in the traditional courses and in special courses, and better results in French than for special courses. These results are discussed and interpreted through the literature about neuroanatomical and physiological mechanisms of foreign language learning and music perception.

PMID: 29756615 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2Il4aO4

Transoral glossoepiglottopexy in the treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea: a surgical approach.

Transoral glossoepiglottopexy in the treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea: a surgical approach.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):38-44

Authors: Roustan V, Barbieri M, Incandela F, Missale F, Camera H, Braido F, Mora R, Peretti G

Abstract
SUMMARY: The treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is still a matter of debate; among the different therapeutic alternatives, both surgical and conservative, treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered the "gold standard". The recent scientific literature reports that even if CPAP represents an effective solution for sleep apnoeas, 12% of patients do not benefit from its use. In most cases, primary collapse of the epiglottis is responsible for failure. We developed a surgical technique that provides a stable support to the epiglottis without influencing its function during swallowing while preserving laryngeal anatomy and physiology. The procedure we propose is based on that conceived by Monnier for children affected by laryngomalacia. We analysed a group of 20 patients who underwent glossoepiglottopexy between January 2015 and September 2016 and compared data (AHI, ODI, t90, ESS, EAT10, etc.) collected before and 6 months after surgery to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our glossoepiglottopexy (GEP). The results allow us to consider GEP as a valid choice to treat adults who suffer from sleep apnoeas.

PMID: 29756614 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2IHFbrI

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor for pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor for pharyngocutaneous fistula after total laryngectomy.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):31-37

Authors: Aires FT, Dedivitis RA, Kulcsar MAV, Ramos DM, Cernea CR

Abstract
SUMMARY: The role of systemic inflammatory response as a prognostic factor has been proposed in a variety of cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) in patients who underwent total laryngectomy. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 141 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of larynx who underwent total laryngectomy from 2009 to 2015. The incidence of PCF was 49.6%. A higher risk of 23% was observed among patients with NLR > 2.5 for the occurrence of PCF (p = 0.007). Patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma who present elevated values in the ration > LR> (> 2.5) presented a higher risk of developing pharyngocutaneous fistula in the postoperative setting of total laryngectomy.

PMID: 29756613 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2Gi0NFx

Cancer of the head and neck: a set of indicators based on register and administrative data.

Cancer of the head and neck: a set of indicators based on register and administrative data.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):13-23

Authors: Andreano A, Ansarin M, Alterio D, Bruschini R, Valsecchi MG, Russo AG

Abstract
SUMMARY: Head and neck (H&N) tumours are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with 5-year relative survival ranging from about 25% for the hypopharynx to 60% for the larynx in Europe. To improve survival rates, along with therapeutic improvements, it is important to standardise and optimise care received by patients with H&N tumours across different healthcare providers. To reach this goal, it is necessary to evaluate adherence to standards of received care at a population level. Published guidelines can serve as the basis to develop indicators, which can be computed from administrative health databases, measuring the adherence to specific recommendations at the individual level in unselected H&N cancer patients, identified from a population cancer register. We developed a set of indicators and calculated them in a cohort of 2007-2012 incident cases of H&N tumours in the cancer register of the Milan province (n = 1441 cases). The study cohort was mainly composed of men (77%) and patients older than 50 years (89%). Surgery was the most frequently employed treatment (66%). Ten percent of patients had no recorded treatment. Timing between cyto-histological assessment and first therapy for those having a recorded microscopic verification procedure was ≤ 60 days for 90.4% of patients undergoing surgery, 86.3% of those undergoing radiotherapy, and 90.7% of patients receiving chemotherapy. Eighty-three percent of patients underwent cyto-histological assessment in the 180 days before the first treatment. Evaluation by a pain therapist, opioid therapy or hospitalisation for palliative therapy in the 90 days before death was performed in 51% of patients who eventually died of cancer. This is the first Italian study defining and calculating quality indicators to monitor adherence to standards of care received by H&N cancer patients at a population level.

PMID: 29756612 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2rHKvl3

Cochlear obliteration following a translabyrinthine approach and its implications in cochlear implantation.

Cochlear obliteration following a translabyrinthine approach and its implications in cochlear implantation.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):56-60

Authors: Delgado-Vargas B, Medina M, Polo R, Lloris A, Vaca M, Pérez C, Cordero A, Cobeta I

Abstract
SUMMARY: The most frequent sequelae following a translabyrinthine approach for vestibular schwannoma resection is complete hearing loss on the affected side. Such patients could beneﬁt from a cochlear implant, provided that two essential requisites are met before surgery: a preserved cochlear nerve and a patent cochlea to accommodate the electrode array. The goal of our study is to determine the prevalence and extent of cochlear ossiﬁcation following a translabyrinthine approach. Postoperative MRI of 41 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classiﬁed according to the degree of cochlear obliteration into three groups (patent cochlea, partially obliterated cochlea and totally obliterated cochlea). The interval between surgery and the ﬁrst MRI was studied as well as its relationship with the rate of cochlear ossiﬁcation. At ﬁrst postoperative MRI (mean interval of 20 months), 78% of patients showed some degree of cochlear ossiﬁcation. Differences were found in the time interval between surgery and ﬁrst MRI for each group, showing a smaller interval of time the patent cochlea group (p > 0.05). When MRI was performed before the ﬁrst year after surgery, a larger rate of patent cochlea was found (p > 0.05). The present study suggests that cochlear ossiﬁcation is a time-depending process, whose grounds are still to be deﬁned.

PMID: 29756611 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2IoQH7G

The hump columellar strut: a reliable technique for correction of nasal tip underprojection.

The hump columellar strut: a reliable technique for correction of nasal tip underprojection.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):45-50

Authors: Giacomini PG, Mocella S, DI Girolamo S, DE Berardinis R, Boccieri A

Abstract
SUMMARY: Nasal tip under projection is often found in rhinoplasty cases both for congenital or post-traumatic deformity. Nasal trauma may result in alteration of the external and internal nasal structures with following aesthetic impairment and difficulties in breathing. Post-traumatic surgery is frequent, but restoration of pre-traumatic form and function remains a challenge. The present paper describes a new method to increase tip projection by a columellar strut harvested from the autologous nasal bone and cartilage of the resected hump. A total of 15 cases (11 women/4 men, mean age 32.6 ± 12.3 years) of major tip projection/misalignment abnormalities to be corrected by increased nasal tip projection were drawn, and all underwent closed or open rhinoplasty with the placement of a bony columellar strut harvested from the resected hump of the patient. Short and long-term advantages of this procedure are to be underlined. Harvesting is routinely performed during dorsal resection and preparation of the graft is easy. Differently from bone of the vomer or the inferior turbinate, this is cortical bone straight in shape and rigid in framework, and therefore ideal to gain reliable tip support overtime. No additional harvesting areas are needed. Placement of this bony strut is carried out in the standard fashion without additional dissection or further procedures. Long-term follow-up shows maintained projection over time. This graft can be combined with various grafting or suturing techniques usually applied according to each surgeon's experience and the needs of each patient.

PMID: 29756610 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2jX3vrg

Impact of resection margin status on oncological outcomes after CO2 laser cordectomy.

Impact of resection margin status on oncological outcomes after CO2 laser cordectomy.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):24-30

Authors: Aluffi Valletti P, Taranto F, Chiesa A, Pia F, Valente G

Abstract
SUMMARY: The management of positive resection margins in micro-endoscopic glottic laser surgery remains a controversial and critical point. This study aims to assess the impact of margin status after transoral laser surgery on local control, survival and organ preservation rates; the decision-making process and treatment options in cases with positive margins are also discussed. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and histological records of 308 consecutive patients with primary early glottic carcinoma (T1a, T1b, selected T2) and treated with endoscopic laser cordectomy. Recurrence rates and survival related to margin status were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Local relapses and disease-free-survival rates were significantly related to excision margin status (p < 0.001). In the T1a category (n = 228) no significant differences were observed in disease-free-survival (p = 0.889) and overall survival (p = 0.426) between patients submitted to further treatment (revision endoscopic surgery or radiotherapy) for positive excision margins and patients who were left untreated. In 20 of 24 (83%) patients with positive margins that were surgically re-excised, no residual carcinoma was detected. Margin status (mainly multifocal and deep positive margins) at first surgery was significantly related to the final organ preservation rate (p < 0.001). Margin status during laser cordectomy in early glottic cancer has a prognostic impact on local control of disease without compromising survival. Patients with multifocal and deep positive borders should be surgically retreated and strictly monitored to increase the organ preservation rates. Careful preparation and mapping of the surgical specimen enhances the accuracy of pathological examination by reducing the risk of overestimate positive margins.

PMID: 29756609 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2IlDVqt

Nerve and vein preserving neck dissections for oral cancers: a prospective evaluation of spinal accessory nerve function and internal jugular vein patency following treatment.

Nerve and vein preserving neck dissections for oral cancers: a prospective evaluation of spinal accessory nerve function and internal jugular vein patency following treatment.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):7-12

Authors: Kumar Reddy GR, Hulikal N, Lakshmi AY, Vengamma B

Abstract
SUMMARY: Nerve and vein preserving modification of the radical neck dissection is commonly used in the management of oral squamous cell cancers. There is limited literature addressing nerve function and vein patency following treatment. We prospectively analysed 65 patients with nerve conduction study using surface electromyography at baseline, 1 month and 6 months post-surgery and colour Doppler of the internal jugular vein at baseline and 1 month post-surgery. We also studied functional outcomes of nerve sparing with arm abduction test and Neck Dissection Quality of Life questionnaire. There was a statistically significant increase in mean latency of motor action potential and decrease in the mean amplitude of the motor action potential following surgery, suggesting nerve dysfunction. Following surgery, there was a significant decrease in the diameter of the vein as well as an increase in the velocity of blood flow; there was partial thrombus in 5% of individuals. In conclusion, even though nerve dysfunction compromised shoulder abduction, vein dysfunction rarely resulted in any significant clinical impact.

PMID: 29756608 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2jXH2dG

Anterior palatoplasty in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea - a systemic review.

Anterior palatoplasty in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea - a systemic review.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2018 Feb;38(1):1-6

Authors: Pang KP, Pang EB, Pang KA, Rotenberg B

Abstract
SUMMARY: This study seeks to determine the objective and subjective success rates of anterior palatoplasty and its variants for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). A systematic review with two independent searches of Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Evidence Based Medicine Reviews was performed to identify publications relevant to OSA and anterior palatoplasty. All relevant studies published before 30 June 2015 were included. Six studies were included in the systematic review. The numbers of patients in each paper ranged from 13 to 77 (total = 240), and mean age ranged from 21 to 51 years. Substantial and consistent improvement in polysomnography (PSG) outcomes were observed in patients after the anterior palatoplasty, with or without multilevel surgery. The results showed that the anterior palatoplasty technique provides significantly improvement in the post-operative Apnoea-Hypopnea Index. The mean pre-operative AHI (in the 6 papers) improved from 16.3 to 7.1, the snore visual analogue scale improved from 7.5 to 3.1 and the Epworth score reduced from 11.3 to 7.3 post-operatively. The overall pro-rated pooled success rate for all the patients was 72.5%, with a mean follow-up of 17.3 months. Anterior palatoplasty is an effective option in the management of patients with mild to moderate OSA.

PMID: 29756607 [PubMed - in process]

https://ift.tt/2IlBrsf

The oxen of Oxon Hill Manor: Pathological analyses and cattle husbandry in eighteenth‐century Maryland

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, EarlyView.

https://ift.tt/2IjdlCt

Periodontitis in the historical population of Radom (Poland) from the 11th to 19th centuries

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, EarlyView.

https://ift.tt/2jZWeqX

Multidisciplinary management of periocular tumour excision repair

Australasian Journal of Dermatology, EarlyView.

https://ift.tt/2IGmZOX

Multidisciplinary management of periocular tumour excision repair

Australasian Journal of Dermatology, EarlyView.

https://ift.tt/2IGmZOX

Prominent nose, its modalities and their treatment

Abstract

Background

Size of the nose varies in the different parts of the world, and perception of what is the aesthetically acceptable nose shows large differences depending on the ethnic background, type of the society, gender and age. Nose which is generally larger than the average nose in a given society, particularly regarding the height of its nasal bridge, could be defined as a prominent nose.

Methods

Photographs of the 414 consecutive patients who underwent rhinoplasty by the author during the years 2014 and 2015 were reviewed. Attention was directed to the following outer features: overall length, height and width of the nose, nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle, nose-lip and nose-chin relations, shape and position of the chin and the evaluation of the respiratory function. Among determinants was formula of Goode, which delineates the approximate relationship between tip projection and nasal length.

Results

A total of 144 patients, 112 females and 31 males, who fulfilled criteria of prominent nose were selected for the further analysis. A total of 70% of the patients were of Middle-Eastern origin. The following four types of prominent nose were recognised: (1) short prominent nose, or tension nose was present in 38 patients. It has overprojecting dorsum, which usually forms a hump. Nasolabial angle is obtuse, and nasal spina is frequently overgrown. The rate of functional problems is quite high due to the overdevelopment and subsequent deviation of the septal cartilage. (2) Long prominent nose, present in 96 patients, usually has an arched dorsum, sharp NL angle and drooping tip. (3) Long nose depending on the height of the dorsum in the lateral projection can be the low long nose and it was seen in four patients, or when the nose is both long and the tip is overprojecting, it is called Pinocchio nose and it was present in eight patients. (4) Rhinomegaly is the term describing nose which is very large in all dimensions, the height, length and width and was also seen in eight patients.

Conclusions

Prominent nose has several modalities and each of them requires different techniques applied during the surgical intervention. Both aesthetic and functional topics are frequently present, and multiple nasal structures, both external and internal, are commonly involved. In the aesthetically pleasing Caucasian nose, Goode's ratio should equal 0.55 to 0.60. If there is before operation unrecognised deviation from this norm, which is also persistent after the rhinoplasty, the final result will be substandard.

Level of Evidence IV, risk / prognostic study.

https://ift.tt/2Kqj5XF

When the Gut Gets Tough, the Enterocytes Get Going

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Grischa Y. Chen, Janelle S. Ayres
It is assumed that collateral damage from the immune system drives intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) expulsion during enteric infections. In this issue of Immunity, Zhai et al. (2018) describe how Drosophila's canonical immune deficiency (Imd) pathway programs IEC delamination in the gut.

Teaser

It is assumed that collateral damage from the immune system drives intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) expulsion during enteric infections. In this issue of Immunity, Zhai et al. (2018) describe how Drosophila's canonical immune deficiency (Imd) pathway programs IEC delamination in the gut.

https://ift.tt/2jXBujA

A Worm’s Gut Feelings: Neuronal Muscarinic and Epithelial Canonical Wnt Pathways Promote Antimicrobial Defense

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Romana R. Gerner, Manuela Raffatellu
Molecular mechanisms connecting the gut-brain axis to immunity remain elusive. In this issue of Immunity, Labed et al. (2018) demonstrate that two evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms, the neuronal muscarinic and the epithelial Wnt pathways, together induce antimicrobial peptide expression that protects Caenorhabditis elegans against intestinal infection.

Teaser

Molecular mechanisms connecting the gut-brain axis to immunity remain elusive. In this issue of Immunity, Labed et al. (2018) demonstrate that two evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms, the neuronal muscarinic and the epithelial Wnt pathways, together induce antimicrobial peptide expression that protects Caenorhabditis elegans against intestinal infection.

https://ift.tt/2Io9JLH

TREMendous 2 Be Social

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Narghes Calcagno, Caroline Baufeld, Charlotte Madore, Oleg Butovsky
TREM2 is known for its role in microglial phagocytosis and in neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Immunity, Filipello et al. (2018) show that microglial TREM2 is required for synaptic pruning in early development. TREM2-deficient mice show altered social behavior in adulthood, linking TREM2 to neurodevelopmental disease.

Teaser

TREM2 is known for its role in microglial phagocytosis and in neurodegenerative diseases. In this issue of Immunity, Filipello et al. (2018) show that microglial TREM2 is required for synaptic pruning in early development. TREM2-deficient mice show altered social behavior in adulthood, linking TREM2 to neurodevelopmental disease.

https://ift.tt/2IGkNab

A Little Fiber Goes a Long Way

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Patricia A.C. Castillo, Timothy W. Hand
In this issue of Immunity, Trompette et al. (2018) show that dietary fiber and short chain fatty acids reduce influenza A virus-associated immunopathology by enhancing CD8⁺ T cell effector function and by promoting the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages.

Teaser

In this issue of Immunity, Trompette et al. (2018) show that dietary fiber and short chain fatty acids reduce influenza A virus-associated immunopathology by enhancing CD8⁺ T cell effector function and by promoting the differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages.

https://ift.tt/2IpYfr4

Getting DAMP(s) Wets the Whistle for Neutrophil Recruitment

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Emily R. Watts, Sarah R. Walmsley
Neutrophil recruitment in response to pathogen invasion is mediated through "self" tissue damage signals (DAMPs) and pathogen associated signals (PAMPs). In this issue of Immunity, Huang and Niethammer, (2018) demonstrate that DAMP signaling is a prerequisite for neutrophil recruitment.

Teaser

Neutrophil recruitment in response to pathogen invasion is mediated through "self" tissue damage signals (DAMPs) and pathogen associated signals (PAMPs). In this issue of Immunity, Huang and Niethammer, (2018) demonstrate that DAMP signaling is a prerequisite for neutrophil recruitment.

https://ift.tt/2jY2ZJL

Conditional Gene-Targeting in Mice: Problems and Solutions

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Burkhard Becher, Ari Waisman, Li-Fan Lu

https://ift.tt/2IpljGi

Trained Microglia Trigger Memory Loss

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Iva Lelios, Melanie Greter
Innate immune training is a recently described mechanism that allows innate cells to recollect a previous inflammatory episode. In a recent issue of Nature, Wendeln et al. (2018) show that peripheral inflammation can alter long-term microglia function, influencing neuropathology later in life.

Teaser

Innate immune training is a recently described mechanism that allows innate cells to recollect a previous inflammatory episode. In a recent issue of Nature, Wendeln et al. (2018) show that peripheral inflammation can alter long-term microglia function, influencing neuropathology later in life.

https://ift.tt/2jXB4tw

Peek-Peak-Pique: Repeating Motifs of Subtle Variance Are Targets for Potent Malaria Antibodies

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Stephen W. Scally, Jean-Philippe Julien
Biomedical interventions to curb malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infections are critically needed. Two studies in Nature Medicine,Kisalu et al. (2018) and Tan et al. (2018), report the isolation of potent human antibodies that target a new epitope on Pf sporozoites and mediate effective parasite inhibition in pre-clinical models.

Teaser

Biomedical interventions to curb malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infections are critically needed. Two studies in Nature Medicine,Kisalu et al. (2018) and Tan et al. (2018), report the isolation of potent human antibodies that target a new epitope on Pf sporozoites and mediate effective parasite inhibition in pre-clinical models.

https://ift.tt/2Im67cZ

HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola
HIV-1 vaccine development has been stymied by an inability to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies to the envelope (Env) trimer, the sole viral antigen on the virion surface. Antibodies isolated from HIV-1-infected donors, however, have been shown to recognize all major exposed regions of the prefusion-closed Env trimer, and an emerging understanding of the immunological and structural characteristics of these antibodies and the epitopes they recognize is enabling new approaches to vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design creates immunogens that activate the naive ancestor-B cell of a target antibody lineage and that mature intermediate-B cells toward effective neutralization, with proof of principle achieved with select HIV-1-neutralizing antibody lineages in human-gene knock-in mouse models. Epitope-based vaccine design involves the engineering of sites of Env vulnerability as defined by the recognition of broadly neutralizing antibodies, with cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies elicited in animal models. Both epitope-based and antibody lineage-based HIV-1 vaccine approaches are being readied for human clinical trials.

Teaser

Kwong and Mascola review vaccine approaches to overcome the formidable challenge of eliciting effective antibodies against HIV-1. The structural and immunological information provided by analysis of infection-elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies provides a framework for antibody-to-vaccine approaches of vaccine design.

https://ift.tt/2IFgEmW

Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Srona Sengupta, Robert F. Siliciano
Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within weeks of treatment interruption. The major barrier to a cure is a small pool of resting memory CD4⁺ T cells that harbor latent HIV-1 proviruses. This latent reservoir is now the focus of an intense international research effort. We describe how the reservoir is established, challenges involved in eliminating it, and pharmacologic and immunologic strategies for targeting this reservoir. The development of a successful cure strategy will most likely require understanding the mechanisms that maintain HIV-1 proviruses in a latent state and pathways that drive the proliferation of infected cells, which slows reservoir decay. In addition, a cure will require the development of effective immunologic approaches to eliminating infected cells. There is renewed optimism about the prospect of a cure, and the interventions discussed here could pave the way.

Teaser

Developing a cure for HIV-1 requires understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in the latent reservoir. In this review, we discuss historical and recent paradigms in the HIV-1 persistence field as well as novel immunologic and pharmacologic strategies for eliminating this reservoir.

https://ift.tt/2Is7eIl

The Chaperone UNC93B1 Regulates Toll-like Receptor Stability Independently of Endosomal TLR Transport

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Karin Pelka, Damien Bertheloot, Elisa Reimer, Kshiti Phulphagar, Susanne V. Schmidt, Anette Christ, Rainer Stahl, Nicki Watson, Kensuke Miyake, Nir Hacohen, Albert Haas, Melanie M. Brinkmann, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Felix Meissner, Eicke Latz
Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) is a key regulator of nucleic acid (NA)-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Loss of NA-sensing TLR responses in UNC93B1-deficient patients facilitates Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. UNC93B1 is thought to guide NA-sensing TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to their respective endosomal signaling compartments and to guide the flagellin receptor TLR5 to the cell surface, raising the question of how UNC93B1 mediates differential TLR trafficking. Here, we report that UNC93B1 regulates a step upstream of the differential TLR trafficking process. We discovered that UNC93B1 deficiency resulted in near-complete loss of TLR3 and TLR7 proteins in primary splenic mouse dendritic cells and macrophages, showing that UNC93B1 is critical for maintaining TLR expression. Notably, expression of an ER-retained UNC93B1 version was sufficient to stabilize TLRs and largely restore endosomal TLR trafficking and activity. These data are critical for an understanding of how UNC93B1 can regulate the function of a broad subset of TLRs.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

UNC93B1 is known as a trafficking chaperone for both endosomal TLRs and cell-surface TLR5, but how UNC93B1 transports its client TLRs to different compartments remains to be determined. Pelka and colleagues show that, in fact, UNC93B1 functions upstream of differential trafficking pathways and is crucial for stabilizing UNC93B1-dependent TLRs.

https://ift.tt/2k0ZulS

Expression of the DNA-Binding Factor TOX Promotes the Encephalitogenic Potential of Microbe-Induced Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Nicolas Page, Bogna Klimek, Mathias De Roo, Karin Steinbach, Hadrien Soldati, Sylvain Lemeille, Ingrid Wagner, Mario Kreutzfeldt, Giovanni Di Liberto, Ilena Vincenti, Thomas Lingner, Gabriela Salinas, Wolfgang Brück, Mikael Simons, Rabih Murr, Jonathan Kaye, Dietmar Zehn, Daniel D. Pinschewer, Doron Merkler
Infections are thought to trigger CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses during autoimmunity. However, the transcriptional programs governing the tissue-destructive potential of CTLs remain poorly defined. In a model of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, we found that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but not Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), drove autoimmunity. The DNA-binding factor TOX was induced in CTLs during LCMV infection and was essential for their encephalitogenic properties, and its expression was inhibited by interleukin-12 during Lm infection. TOX repressed the activity of several transcription factors (including Id2, TCF-1, and Notch) that are known to drive CTL differentiation. TOX also reduced immune checkpoint sensitivity by restraining the expression of the inhibitory checkpoint receptor CD244 on the surface of CTLs, leading to increased CTL-mediated damage in the CNS. Our results identify TOX as a transcriptional regulator of tissue-destructive CTLs in autoimmunity, offering a potential mechanistic link to microbial triggers.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Little is known about the transcriptional programs that drive the tissue destructive capacity of effector CD8⁺ T cells during autoimmunity. In an animal model of CNS inflammation, Page et al. demonstrate that expression of the DNA-binding factor TOX promotes the encephalitogenic potential of pathogen-primed CD8⁺ T cells and that TOX expression is determined by the microbial context of CTL priming.

https://ift.tt/2Ip9ZtV

Trained Memory of Human Uterine NK Cells Enhances Their Function in Subsequent Pregnancies

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Moriya Gamliel, Debra Goldman-Wohl, Batya Isaacson, Chamutal Gur, Natan Stein, Rachel Yamin, Michael Berger, Myriam Grunewald, Eli Keshet, Yoach Rais, Chamutal Bornstein, Eyal David, Adam Jelinski, Iris Eisenberg, Caryn Greenfield, Arbel Ben-David, Tal Imbar, Ronit Gilad, Ronit Haimov-Kochman, David Mankuta, Matan Elami-Suzin, Ido Amit, Jacob H. Hanna, Simcha Yagel, Ofer Mandelboim
Natural killer cells (NKs) are abundant in the human decidua, regulating trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis. Several diseases of poor placental development are associated with first pregnancies, so we thus looked to characterize differences in decidual NKs (dNKs) in first versus repeated pregnancies. We discovered a population found in repeated pregnancies, which has a unique transcriptome and epigenetic signature, and is characterized by high expression of the receptors NKG2C and LILRB1. We named these cells Pregnancy Trained decidual NK cells (PTdNKs). PTdNKs have open chromatin around the enhancers of IFNG and VEGFA. Activation of PTdNKs led to increased production and secretion of IFN-γ and VEGFα, with the latter supporting vascular sprouting and tumor growth. The precursors of PTdNKs seem to be found in the endometrium. Because repeated pregnancies are associated with improved placentation, we propose that PTdNKs, which are present primarily in repeated pregnancies, might be involved in proper placentation.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Natural killer cells are present in the human decidua, regulating trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis. Here, Gamliel et al. report on a special subset of human decidual natural killer cells, which "remember" pregnancy and better support subsequent pregnancies. This might explain why first pregnancies are at increased risk of developing diseases of poor placentation.

https://ift.tt/2IP740K

Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c− Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and CD8+ T Cell Metabolism

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Aurélien Trompette, Eva S. Gollwitzer, Céline Pattaroni, Isabel C. Lopez-Mejia, Erika Riva, Julie Pernot, Niki Ubags, Lluis Fajas, Laurent P. Nicod, Benjamin J. Marsland
Dietary fiber protects against chronic inflammatory diseases by dampening immune responses through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here we examined the effect of dietary fiber in viral infection, where the anti-inflammatory properties of SCFAs in principle could prevent protective immunity. Instead, we found that fermentable dietary fiber increased survival of influenza-infected mice through two complementary mechanisms. High-fiber diet (HFD)-fed mice exhibited altered bone marrow hematopoiesis, characterized by enhanced generation of Ly6c⁻ patrolling monocytes, which led to increased numbers of alternatively activated macrophages with a limited capacity to produce the chemokine CXCL1 in the airways. Blunted CXCL1 production reduced neutrophil recruitment to the airways, thus limiting tissue immunopathology during infection. In parallel, diet-derived SCFAs boosted CD8⁺ T cell effector function by enhancing cellular metabolism. Hence, dietary fermentable fiber and SCFAs set an immune equilibrium, balancing innate and adaptive immunity so as to promote the resolution of influenza infection while preventing immune-associated pathology.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Trompette et al. report that a diet rich in the fermentable fiber inulin and the associated metabolites—short-chain fatty acids—improve the response of mice to influenza infection by dampening deleterious immunopathology caused by neutrophils while enhancing anti-viral CD8⁺ T cell responses through a boost in T cell metabolism.

https://ift.tt/2IP6P5Q

Tissue Damage Signaling Is a Prerequisite for Protective Neutrophil Recruitment to Microbial Infection in Zebrafish

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Cong Huang, Philipp Niethammer
Tissue damage and infection are deemed likewise triggers of innate immune responses. But whereas neutrophil responses to microbes are generally protective, neutrophil recruitment into damaged tissues without infection is deleterious. Why neutrophils respond to tissue damage and not just to microbes is unknown. Is it a flaw of the innate immune system that persists because evolution did not select against it, or does it provide a selective advantage? Here we dissect the contribution of tissue damage signaling to antimicrobial immune responses in a live vertebrate. By intravital imaging of zebrafish larvae, a powerful model for innate immunity, we show that prevention of tissue damage signaling upon microbial ear infection abrogates leukocyte chemotaxis and reduces animal survival, at least in part, through suppression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPla2), which integrates tissue damage- and microbe-derived cues. Thus, microbial cues are insufficient, and damage signaling is essential for antimicrobial neutrophil responses in zebrafish.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Tissue damage signaling in the absence of pathogens causes harmful neutrophil infiltration into damaged organs with no obvious benefit for the host. By intravital imaging of zebrafish larvae, Huang and Niethammer reveal a beneficial role for tissue damage signaling as prerequisite for rapid neutrophil recruitment to microbial infection sites.

https://ift.tt/2Im5hgf

Epigenomic-Guided Mass Cytometry Profiling Reveals Disease-Specific Features of Exhausted CD8 T Cells

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Bertram Bengsch, Takuya Ohtani, Omar Khan, Manu Setty, Sasikanth Manne, Shaun O'Brien, Pier Federico Gherardini, Ramin Sedaghat Herati, Alexander C. Huang, Kyong-Mi Chang, Evan W. Newell, Niels Bovenschen, Dana Pe'er, Steven M. Albelda, E. John Wherry
Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are immunotherapy targets in chronic infection and cancer, but a comprehensive assessment of Tex cell diversity in human disease is lacking. Here, we developed a transcriptomic- and epigenetic-guided mass cytometry approach to define core exhaustion-specific genes and disease-induced changes in Tex cells in HIV and human cancer. Single-cell proteomic profiling identified 9 distinct Tex cell clusters using phenotypic, functional, transcription factor, and inhibitory receptor co-expression patterns. An exhaustion severity metric was developed and integrated with high-dimensional phenotypes to define Tex cell clusters that were present in healthy subjects, common across chronic infection and cancer or enriched in either disease, linked to disease severity, and changed with HIV therapy. Combinatorial patterns of immunotherapy targets on different Tex cell clusters were also defined. This approach and associated datasets present a resource for investigating human Tex cell biology, with implications for immune monitoring and immunomodulation in chronic infections, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Graphical abstract

Teaser

Exhausted T (Tex) cells have poor function in chronic infections and cancer but can be therapeutically re-invigorated. Bengsch et al. use genes modified epigenetically during exhaustion and high-dimensional CyTOF profiling to define Tex cell heterogeneity in humans with HIV or lung cancer and link Tex cell features to disease progression and response to immunotherapy.

https://ift.tt/2IJrIzy

Human Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets Possess Tissue-Type Based Heterogeneity in Phenotype and Frequency

Publication date: 15 May 2018
Source:Immunity, Volume 48, Issue 5
Author(s): Yannick Simoni, Michael Fehlings, Henrik N. Kløverpris, Naomi McGovern, Si-Lin Koo, Chiew Yee Loh, Shawn Lim, Ayako Kurioka, Joannah R. Fergusson, Choong-Leong Tang, Ming Hian Kam, Koh Dennis, Tony Kiat Hon Lim, Alexander Chung Yaw Fui, Chan Weng Hoong, Jerry Kok Yen Chan, Maria Curotto de Lafaille, Sriram Narayanan, Sonia Baig, Muhammad Shabeer, Sue-Anne Ee Shiow Toh, Henry Kun Kiaang Tan, Rosslyn Anicete, Eng-Huat Tan, Angela Takano, Paul Klenerman, Alasdair Leslie, Daniel S.W. Tan, Iain Beehuat Tan, Florent Ginhoux, Evan W. Newell

https://ift.tt/2IplMrS

High burden of atopy in immigrant families in substandard apartments in Sweden – on the contribution of bad housing to poor health in vulnerable populations

Atopic disorders are a global concern. Studies in migrant populations can illuminate the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Exposures related to bad housing (indoor dampness, mould growth, crowdin...

https://ift.tt/2IMS045

MicroRNA-21 up-regulates metalloprotease by down-regulating TIMP3 during cumulus cell-oocyte complex in vitro maturation

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
Author(s): Bo PanJulang Li
Cumulus cells and the remodeling of their extracellular matrix around oocytes are essential for oocyte maturation and ovulation in the ovary. An important extracellular metalloprotease, ADAMTS1, and its partner VERSICAN, mediate essential cumulus-oocyte-complex (COC) structural remodeling. However, how the expression of these proteinases is regulated during oocyte maturation is unclear. Here we report that both ADAMTS1 and VERSICAN significantly increased in porcine cumulus cells during COC in vitro maturation (IVM). Interestingly, one of the tissue inhibitors of the metalloproteinase family member, TIMP3, was found to be significantly decreased in cumulus cells during this process. Down-regulation of TIMP3 using specific small interfering RNA decreased TIMP3 expression, while increased the levels of ADAMTS1 and VERSICAN, suggesting an inverse relationship between TIMP3, the metalloprotease, and the breakdown product of its substrate. MiR-21 significantly increased in cumulus cells during COC maturation. Knockdown of miR-21 in cumulus cells during COC maturation resulted in increased TIMP3 and decreased ADAMTS1 and VERSICAN expression, which is accompanied by a decrease in cumulus cell expansion and the ratio of oocytes that reached MII stage. In contrast, over-expression of miR-21 decreased TIMP3 and increased ADAMTS1, and enhanced cumulus cell expansion and oocyte maturation. Moreover, in silico prediction revealed that a miR-21 binding site is present at the 3-untranslated region (3-UTR) of the TIMP3 mRNA, which was further confirmed to be the target site of miR-21 by luciferase gene reporter assays. Our findings revealed that miR-21 promotes cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation via down-regulating TIMP3, and subsequent increase of ADAMTS1 and VERSICAN during in vitro COC maturation.

https://ift.tt/2wKbDET

Fetal meningocele manqué

MH Shabina Banu, Rajeswaran Rangasami, Indrani Suresh

Neurology India 2018 66(3):879-881

https://ift.tt/2IrWPvS

Necklace body myopathy: A rare entity

Aditya Choudhary, Saurabh Bansal, Louis Gaspar Balan, Manoj Goyal, Manish Modi

Neurology India 2018 66(3):841-842

https://ift.tt/2k0VUbu

Backward glance o'er travel'd roads

K Rajasekharan Nair

Neurology India 2018 66(3):604-609

https://ift.tt/2IoPCNp

Department of Neurosurgery, Madurai Medical College and the development of neurosurgery in South Tamil Nadu

Subbiah Thiruppathy, Ramiah Manimaran, Gopalakrishnan M Niban, Natarajan Muthukumar

Neurology India 2018 66(3):807-814

The development of neurosurgery in South Tamil Nadu can be traced to the Department of Neurosurgery, Madurai Medical College and Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The hospital was established in the year 1940 and Madurai Medical College was started in 1954. Prof. M. Natarajan founded this department in September, 1963. This department has a Neurosurgery Residency Program that is 50 years old. The establishment of this department and its growth to its present stature is documented here.

https://ift.tt/2jYn5Ub

Founders of Indian Neurosciences: Professor Krishna Prasad Bhargava(5th October 1925- 16th August 1991)

Prakash N Tandon, Balram Bhargava

Neurology India 2018 66(3):610-612

https://ift.tt/2IpiWTV

Giant cell tumor at the clivus: Not an area 51

Ayusman Satapathy, Manjul Tripathi, Ravi B Chauhan, Jenil Gurnaani, Sandeep Mohindra

Neurology India 2018 66(3):861-864

https://ift.tt/2IFhxfr

Evolution of concepts in the management of craniopharyngiomas: Lessons learnt from Prof. S.N. Bhagwati's article published in 1993

Harjinder S Bhatoe

Neurology India 2018 66(3):613-636

https://ift.tt/2Ind0dX

Wilder Penfield. The second career with other essays and addresses.

Sunil Pandya

Neurology India 2018 66(3):896-897

https://ift.tt/2k1iVLs

Widening the circle of service: The gift of academic neurosurgery

Vedantam Rajshekhar

Neurology India 2018 66(3):637-641

https://ift.tt/2IncVHb

False localizing oculomotor nerve palsy after endovascular coiling of a posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Boby V Maramattom, Vijay Jayakrishnan, Dilip Panikar, S Shyam Sundar

Neurology India 2018 66(3):830-832

https://ift.tt/2jYTTMT

Telemedicine and neurosciences

Krishnan Ganapathy

Neurology India 2018 66(3):642-651

It is well documented that there is an acute shortage of neurologists and neurosurgeons in India and globally. Despite all efforts, it will be impossible to make available neurospecialists in all suburban and rural areas. Simultaneously, there has been an exponential increase in the growth and development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Plummeting costs and unbelievable sophistication in the availability of user-friendly mobile video conferencing devices is making distance meaningless. Geography has become History! Worldwide, the ultraconservative health care industry, in particular, the medical community, has been uniformly slow to adopt and embrace the use of ICT to extend their clinical reach. In the last decade, however, specialists in all branches of neurosciences are slowly accepting the inevitable that telemedicine must and will have to be incorporated into the core of the healthcare delivery system. This literature review summarizes the current use of telemedicine in different subspecialties of neurosciences. The author defines the growth and development of clinical telemedicine in India with special reference to Neurosciences and attempts to show the stellar role telemedicine has to play in enhancing the services provided by doctors. As clinicians regularly using technology, it should not be difficult for us to convince our patients that today a virtual remote consult and management can indeed effectively substitute for a physical face-to-face encounter.

https://ift.tt/2InUuSP

Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of cauda equina: A report and review of literature

A Ajaya Kumar, Shaikhali Barodawala

Neurology India 2018 66(3):850-852

https://ift.tt/2IGXoFI

Training residents and fellows in the procedure of diagnostic cervicocerebral angiography: Techniques to avoid complications

Xianli Lv, Wei Li, Youxiang Li

Neurology India 2018 66(3):652-656

We examine the problems arising when training residents/fellows (RFs) initiate the learning of diagnostic cervicocerebral angiography (DCCA) and describe the steps on how to facilitate the learning process while avoiding complications. The risk of permanent neurological deficit as a result of DCCA ranges from 0.3–0.5%. Factors that correlated with complications include the following: the history of cerebral infarction, infusion of a large amount of contrast medium, a prolonged fluoroscopic time (>80 min) and the efficiency of training received. These findings suggest that the neurological morbidity depends largely upon the technique of catheterization of the patient. In order to reduce the complications arising from the lack of training, a personalised mentorship with a careful supervision of trainees is necessary. To ensure a good patient outcome, a decreased procedural time, awareness of complications at every step of the procedure and their avoidance, as well as the provision of good quality images is necessary. A mentorship program with a close supervision of the RFs is also one of the prerequisites for obtaining a good result.

https://ift.tt/2IlrR8Y

Primary cerebellar agenesis in a normal man

Shah Omair, Wani Arif, Bashir Muiez, Suhail Jan, Dar Musaib, Gojwari Tariq

Neurology India 2018 66(3):871-873

https://ift.tt/2IGXgWK

Parent vessel occlusion and revascularization: A dying art?

Paritosh Pandey

Neurology India 2018 66(3):657-660

https://ift.tt/2IqGRCt

An unusual cause of combined cauda equina and conus medullaris syndrome

Suraj Sajeev, R Krishnakumar

Neurology India 2018 66(3):886-888

https://ift.tt/2k0kSI4

What is the current role of bypass surgery in the management of cerebral aneurysms?

Laligam N Sekhar, Chun-Yu Cheng, Harley Brito Da Silva, Zeeshan Qazi

Neurology India 2018 66(3):661-663

https://ift.tt/2IqGN5H

Craniovertebral junction evaluation by computed tomography in asymptomatic individuals in the Indian population

Chinmaya Dash, Raghav Singla, Mohit Agarwal, Ambuj Kumar, Hitesh Kumar, Shashwat Mishra, Bhawani S Sharma

Neurology India 2018 66(3):797-803

Background: The available literature on the anatomy and imaging of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) focusses on the osteometric indices described for the detection of abnormal relationships between the components of CVJ. However, a knowledge of the normal osteometry of this region in the Indian population is critically important for the operating surgeon as it may influence the surgical technique as well as the choice, size and configurations of the implants. It is also important to determine whether critical differences exist between the osteometric data of Indians and the rest of the world for this part of the anatomy. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to quantitate the osteometric indices for the anatomically normal CVJ in Indian subjects Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied the imaging data of 49 consecutive adult patients (31 males, 18 females) who underwent a computed tomographic (CT) angiogram for suspected vascular conditions unrelated to the craniovertebral junction. Several parameters related to the atlanto-dental relationship, foramen magnum, atlas and axis vertebrae were recorded, including the dimensions of the commonly instrumented bony regions and also the indices related to the CVJ bony relationships. The data was also compared between the two genders, statistically through the Student's t-test using the statistical program "R". Results: No patient had an atlanto dens interval >2.5 mm. The mean distance of the odontoid tip from the McRae line in this series was 5.11 mm and no patient had the odontoid tip above the McRae line. Female subjects had significantly smaller diameters of C1 lateral masses and odontoid screw trajectory length when compared to males. Additionally, in the Indian population, the length range of odontoid screw trajectory and the thickness of the narrowest part of the C2 pedicles was smaller with respect to similar data from other geographical regions. However, the rest of the parameters resembled the data from studies conducted on populations with other ethnicities. Conclusion: The osteometric parameters of the CVJ in the Indian population are largely similar to those described globally. However, there are some important differences too which can influence the design of surgical implants suited to the Indian population.

https://ift.tt/2ILzeK4

High time we focus on sleep in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis!

Garima Shukla, Anupama Gupta

Neurology India 2018 66(3):664-665

https://ift.tt/2IpqMgg

Methamphetamine-induced internal carotid artery vasospasm: A rapidly fatal stroke

Chen Fei Ng, Chia Yin Chong

Neurology India 2018 66(3):826-827

https://ift.tt/2IMPKd7

Adsorption performance and mechanism of magnetic reduced graphene oxide in glyphosate contaminated water

Abstract

In this study, the magnetic reduced graphene oxide (RGO/Fe₃O₄), with easy separation and high adsorption performance, was prepared and used to treat glyphosate (GLY) contaminated water. GLY adsorption performance of RGO/Fe₃O₄ was investigated, and influences of pH, adsorption time, temperature, contaminant concentration, and competing anions were analyzed. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was discussed in the light of several characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the RGO/Fe₃O₄ presented a significant GLY adsorption capacity and acid condition was beneficial for this adsorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model correlated satisfactorily to the experimental data, indicating that this process was controlled by chemical adsorption and monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of glyphosate onto RGO/Fe₃O₄ was spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible process. High temperatures were beneficial to GLY adsorption. The GLY adsorption mechanism of RGO/Fe₃O₄ was mainly attributed to hydrogen-bond interaction, electrostatic interaction, and coordination. Therefore, the RGO/Fe₃O₄ investigated in this research may offer an attractive adsorbent candidate for treatment of glyphosate contaminated water and warrant further study as a mechanism for glyphosate efficient removal.

https://ift.tt/2GkrRny

Effects of fouling on separation performance by forward osmosis: the role of specific organic foulants

Abstract

In this study, forward osmosis (FO) membranes and fouling solutions were systematically characterized to elucidate the effects of organic fouling on the rejection of two pharmaceutically active compounds, namely, sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine. Municipal wastewater resulted in a more severe flux decline compared to humic acid and sodium alginate fouling solutions. This result is consistent with the molecular weight distribution of these foulant solutions. Liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection analysis shows that municipal wastewater consists of mostly low molecular weight acids and neutrals, which produce a more compact cake layer on the membrane surface. By contrast, humic acid and sodium alginate consist of large molecular weight humic substances and biopolymers, respectively. The results also show that membrane fouling can significantly alter the membrane surface charge and hydrophobicity as well as the reverse salt flux. In particular, the reverse salt flux of a fouled membrane was significantly higher than that under clean conditions. Although the rejection of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine by FO membrane was high, a discernible impact of fouling on their rejection could still be observed. The results show that size exclusion is a major rejection mechanism of both sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine. However, they respond to membrane fouling differently. Membrane fouling results in an increase in sulfamethoxazole rejection while carbamazepine rejection decreases due to membrane fouling.

https://ift.tt/2L0X0jw

Progesterone Receptor Regulation of Uterine Adaptation for Pregnancy

Publication date: Available online 25 April 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): San-Pin Wu, Rong Li, Francesco J. DeMayo
Progesterone acts through the progesterone receptor to direct physiological adaption of the uterus in preparation and completion of pregnancy. Genome-wide transcriptome and cistrome analyses have uncovered new members and novel modifiers of the progesterone signaling pathway. Genetically engineered mice allow functional assessment of newly identified genes in vivo and provide insights on the impact of progesterone receptor-dependent molecular mechanisms on pregnancy at the organ system level. Progesterone receptor isoforms collectively mediate progesterone signaling via their distinct and common downstream target genes, which makes the stoichiometry of isoforms relevant in modifying the progesterone activity. This review discusses recent advances on the discovery of the progesterone receptor network, with special focus on the endometrium at early pregnancy and myometrium during parturition.

https://ift.tt/2IkYRSO

Editorial Board and Contents

Publication date: June 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 29, Issue 6

https://ift.tt/2KnE6SX

Does This Schlank Make Me Look Fat?

Publication date: Available online 21 April 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Bhagirath Chaurasia, William L. Holland, Scott A. Summers
Chaurasia and colleagues discuss the provocative new finding that some enzymes in the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway have dual roles as transcriptional regulators.

https://ift.tt/2wHLZAP

Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Differentiation of Pituitary Somatotropes

Publication date: Available online 11 May 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Buffy S. Ellsworth, Caitlin E. Stallings
Pituitary somatotropes secrete growth hormone (GH), which is essential for normal growth and metabolism. Somatotrope defects result in GH deficiency (GHD), leading to short stature in childhood and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Current hormone replacement therapies fail to recapitulate normal pulsatile GH secretion. Stem cell therapies could overcome this problem but are dependent on a thorough understanding of somatotrope differentiation. Although several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and hormones that regulate this process have been identified, the mechanisms of action are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the known players in somatotrope differentiation while emphasizing the need to better understand these pathways to serve patients with GHD.

https://ift.tt/2wLfIIT

Atherosclerosis Is an Epigenetic Disease

Publication date: Available online 10 May 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Suowen Xu, Jaroslav Pelisek, Zheng Gen Jin
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and lipid-depository disease that eventually leads to acute cardiovascular events. Emerging evidence supports that epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs play an important role in plaque progression and vulnerability, highlighting the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs in cardiovascular therapeutics.

https://ift.tt/2IjPMcP

GABAergic Signaling Mediates Central Cardiovascular Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Effects

Publication date: Available online 5 May 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Laura Légat, Ilse Smolders, Alain G. Dupont

https://ift.tt/2wK0UKD

Fine-Tuning Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Reductive Carboxylation

Publication date: Available online 23 April 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Christopher J. Halbrook, Zeribe C. Nwosu, Costas A. Lyssiotis
Metabolic processes within cells are dynamically interconnected. If mitochondria become defective, cells must rewire their metabolism to survive. Here we highlight recent work by Gaude et al. that used a tunable model of mitochondrial dysfunction combined with metabolic tracing and in silico analyses to define these compensatory pathways.

https://ift.tt/2rKjHRj

Hippo Signaling: Key Emerging Pathway in Cellular and Whole-Body Metabolism

Publication date: Available online 5 May 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Amin Ardestani, Blaz Lupse, Kathrin Maedler
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway is a key regulator of organ size and tissue homeostasis. Its dysregulation is linked to multiple pathological disorders. In addition to regulating development and growth, recent studies show that Hippo pathway components such as MST1/2 and LATS1/2 kinases, as well as YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators, are regulated by metabolic pathways and that the Hippo pathway controls metabolic processes at the cellular and organismal levels in physiological and metabolic disease states such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. In this review we summarize the connection between key Hippo components and metabolism, and how this interplay regulates cellular metabolism and metabolic pathways. The emerging function of Hippo in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions is highlighted.

https://ift.tt/2KrivsZ

miR-33: A Metabolic Conundrum

Publication date: Available online 21 April 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Author(s): Anders M. Näär
The miR-33 microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cholesterol/lipids, and may represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. A recent report by Price et al. showed that miR-33 knockout (KO) mice exhibit obesity, insulin resistance, and increased food intake, suggesting that metabolic regulation by miR-33 is more complex than was previously known.

https://ift.tt/2IiInup

Editorial Board and Contents

Publication date: May 2018
Source:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 29, Issue 5

https://ift.tt/2KslAZs

Autologous Liquid Platelet Rich Fibrin: a novel drug delivery system

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Richard J Miron, Yufeng Zhang
There is currently widespread interest within the biomaterial field to locally deliver biomolecules for bone and cartilage regeneration. Substantial work to date has focused on the potential role of these biomolecules during the healing process, and the carrier system utilized is a key factor in their effectiveness. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) is a naturally derived fibrin scaffold that is easily obtained from peripheral blood following centrifugation. Slower centrifugation speeds have led to the commercialization of a liquid formulation (liquid-PRF) resulting in an upper plasma layer composed of liquid fibrinogen/thrombin prior to clot formation that remains in its liquid phase for approximately 15 minutes until injected into bodily tissues. Herein, we introduce the use of liquid PRF as an advanced local delivery system for small and large biomolecules. Potential target molecules including large (growth factors/cytokines and morphogenetic/angiogenic factors), as well as small (antibiotics, peptides, gene therapy and anti-osteoporotic) molecules are considered potential candidates for enhanced bone/cartilage tissue regeneration. Furthermore, liquid-PRF is introduced as a potential carrier system for various cell types and nano-sized particles that are capable of limiting/by-passing the immune system and minimizing potential foreign body reactions within host tissues following injection.statement of significanceThere is currently widespread interest within the biomaterial field to locally deliver biomolecules for bone and cartilage regeneration. This review article focuses on the use of a liquid version of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) composed of liquid fibrinogen/thrombin as a drug delivery system. Herein, we introduce the use of liquid PRF as an advanced local delivery system for small and large biomolecules including growth factors, cytokines and morphogenetic/angiogenic factors, as well as antibiotics, peptides, gene therapy and anti-osteoporotic molecules as potential candidates for enhanced bone/cartilage tissue regeneration.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2IlS4nF

An integrated biomanufacturing platform for the large-scale expansion and neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Gayathri Srinivasan, Daylin Morgan, Divya Varun, Nicholas Brookhouser, David A. Brafman
Human pluripotent stem cell derived neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) have the unique properties of long-term in vitro expansion as well as differentiation into the various neurons and supporting cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of these characteristics, hNPCs have tremendous potential in the modeling and treatment of various CNS diseases and disorders. However, expansion and neuronal differentiation of hNPCs in quantities necessary for these applications is not possible with current two dimensional (2-D) approaches. Here, we used a fully defined peptide substrate as the basis for a microcarrier (MC)-based suspension culture system. Several independently derived hNPC lines were cultured on MCs for multiple passages as well as efficiently differentiated to neurons. Finally, this MC-based system was used in conjunction with a low shear rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor for the integrated, large-scale expansion and neuronal differentiation of hNPCs. Overall, this fully defined and scalable biomanufacturing system will facilitate the generation of hNPCs and their neuronal derivatives in quantities necessary for basic and translational applications.Statement of significanceIn this work, we developed a microcarrier (MC)-based culture system that allows for the expansion and neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) under defined conditions. In turn, this MC approach was implemented in a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor for the large-scale expansion and neuronal differentiation of hNPCs. This work is of significance as it overcomes current limitations of conventional two dimensional (2-D) culture systems to enable the generation of hNPCs and their neuronal derivatives in quantities required for downstream applications in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2k0D5ow

Biosafety, stability, and osteogenic activity of novel implants made of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 bulk metallic glass for biomedical application

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Hiroto Ida, Masahiro Seiryu, Nobuo Takeshita, Masanari Iwasaki, Yoshihiko Yokoyama, Yusuke Tsutsumi, Etsuko Ikeda, Satoshi Sasaki, Shunro Miyashita, Shutaro Sasaki, Tomohiro Fukunaga, Toru Deguchi, Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
Superior mechanical and chemical properties of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 bulk metallic glass (BMG) demonstrate its promise as a novel biomaterial for fabrication of implants. The aim of the present study was to validate mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG through comparison with titanium (Ti). Our data indicated higher tensile strength, lower Young's modulus, and reduced metal ion release of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG compared with Ti. Biosafety of bone marrow mesenchymal cells on Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG was comparable to that of Ti. Next, screw-type implant prototypes made of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG were fabricated and inserted into rat long bones. Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG implants indicated a higher removal-torque value and lower Periotest value compared with Ti implants. In addition, higher amounts of new bone formation and osseointegration were observed around Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG implants compared with Ti implants. Moreover, gene expression analysis displayed higher expression of osteoblast- and osteoclast-associated genes in the Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG group compared with the Ti group. Importantly, loading to implants upregulated bone formation, as well as osteoblast- and osteoclast-associated gene expression in the peri-implant area. No significant difference in concentrations of Ni, Al, Cu, and Zr in various organs was shown between in the Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG and Ti groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG is suitable for fabricating novel implants with superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, stability, and biosafety compared with Ti.Statement of significanceTitanium is widely used to fabricate orthopedic and dental implants. However, Titanium has disadvantages for biomedical applications in regard to strength, elasticity, and biosafety. Recently, we developed a novel hypoeutectic Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG, which has superior mechanical and chemical properties. However, the validity of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG for biomedical application has not been cleared.The aim of the present study was to validate the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG for biomedical applications through comparison with Titanium. The present study clarifies that Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG has good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and osteogenic activity, which are necessary features for biomedical applications. The present study provides for the first time the superiority of Zr70Ni16Cu6Al8 BMG implants to Titanium implants for biomedical applications.

Graphical abstract

https://ift.tt/2IqzA5D

Simultaneous Septal Perforation Repair with Septorhinoplasty: A 31-Year Experience

Facial plast Surg
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1654675

Septal perforation repair and septorhinoplasty (SRP) each present unique surgical challenges. However, in many instances, these procedures may be performed together successfully. In this study, the authors aim to determine the safety and effectiveness of combining primary or revision SRP and septal perforation repair via an open approach. A retrospective review was carried out of all consecutive patients who had SRP and septal perforation repair via an open approach between 1986 and 2017 in the senior author's practice. Perforation closure in surgery and at the patient's last follow-up, resolution of presenting symptoms, cosmetic results, and complications were analyzed. Records for 141 patients who had simultaneous septal perforation repair and SRP via an open approach, with a mean follow-up of 3.24 years, were reviewed. The mean anterior–posterior perforation dimension was 1.41 ± 0.89 cm, and the mean vertical perforation dimension was 1.16 ± 0.59 cm. The most common etiologies for septal perforation were previous SRP (35.4%) and septoplasty (24.1%). An overall 93.6%, perforation closure, 91.1% symptom relief, and 91.2% patient satisfaction with cosmetic results were achieved. Septal perforations under 1.5 cm in height were closed in 96.7% of patients as opposed to 71.4% of patients with perforations 1.5 cm or taller. Minor revision rhinoplasties were performed in 7.0% of patients. Postoperative infections were rare and noted in only two (1.4%) patients. In the largest study of its kind to date, the authors have shown that in experienced hands septal perforation repair may be performed simultaneously with primary or revision SRP via an open approach without compromising the perforation repair outcome. The vertical dimension of a septal perforation and presence of mucosa above and below a perforation are important considerations for the difficulty of a perforation closure, as septal mucosa is recruited from these locations in our technique of four-quadrant intranasal bipedicled mucosal advancement flap closure.
[...]

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Abstract | Full text

https://ift.tt/2Kt6TFH

Erratum: Intra-Arterial Thrombolytic Therapy Is Not a Therapeutic Option for Filler-Related Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Facial plast Surg
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1656550

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Article in Thieme eJournals:
Table of contents | Full text

https://ift.tt/2Kq4RpM

IgG4-Associated Adrenalis—a Case Report

Abstract

A 67-year-old man was adrenalectomized due to a tumor measuring 100 mm. Specimens revealed an inflammation with slight fibrosis and moderate infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasmacytes with immunoreactivity for IgG and IgG4 resulting in the diagnosis of an active IgG4-associated adrenalitis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported active adrenalitis of this type. It should be the precursor lesion of the adrenal calcifying fibrous tumor that was reported once before.

https://ift.tt/2KnA4dl

Prestimulus delta and theta contributions to equiprobable Go/NoGo processing in healthy ageing

Publication date: Available online 15 May 2018
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Frances M. De Blasio, Robert J. Barry
Ongoing EEG activity contributes to ERP outcomes of stimulus processing, and each of these measures is known to undergo (sometimes significant) age-related change. Variation in their relationship across the life-span may thus elucidate mechanisms of normal and pathological ageing. This study assessed the relationships between low-frequency EEG prestimulus brain states, the ERP, and behavioural outcomes in a simple equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo paradigm, comparing these for 20 young (Mage = 20.4 years) and 20 healthy older (Mage = 68.2 years) adults. Prestimulus delta and theta amplitudes were separately assessed; these were each dominant across the midline region, and reduced in the older adults. For each band, (within-subjects) trials were sorted into ten increasing prestimulus EEG levels for which separate ERPs were derived. The set of ten ERPs for each band-sort was then quantified by PCA, independently for each group (young, older adults). Four components were primarily assessed (P1, N1-1, P2/N2b complex, and P3), with each showing age-related change. Mean RT was comparable, but intra-individual RT variability increased in older adults. Prestimulus delta and theta each generally modulated component positivity, indicating broad influence on task processing. Prestimulus delta was primarily associated with the early sensory processes, and theta more with the later stimulus-specific processes; prestimulus theta also inversely modulated intra-individual RT variability across the groups. These prestimulus EEG–ERP dynamics were consistent between the young and older adults in each band for all components except the P2/N2b, suggesting that across the lifespan, Go/NoGo categorisation is differentially affected by prestimulus delta and theta.

https://ift.tt/2wGuVv2

A stepped approach for the management of symptomatic internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint

Internal derangement is the clinical and pathological condition of disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint. Management of these cases involve conservative and surgical treatment options. Minimally inv...

https://ift.tt/2wMaJrw

Improved symptomatic, functional, and fluoroscopic outcomes following serial “series of three” double-balloon dilation for cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction

Cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction (CPMD) is a common cause of dysphagia. We employ a progressive series of three double-balloon dilations separated by 4–6 weeks between procedures as a primary treatment optio...

https://ift.tt/2jZtvCD

Reporting quality of randomized controlled trials in otolaryngology: review of adherence to the CONSORT statement

Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard in medical and surgical research to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The reporting of these trials should be of high quality to allow readers...

https://ift.tt/2Ktz7QS

The role of heat shock protein 70 in oxidant stress and inflammatory injury in quail spleen induced by cold stress

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in the spleen of quails which were induced by cold stress. One hundred ninety-two 15-day-old male quails were randomly divided into 12 groups and kept at 12 ± 1 °C to examine acute and chronic cold stress. We first detected the changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes in the spleen tissue under acute and chronic cold stress. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) fluctuated in acute cold stress groups, while they were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after chronic cold stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO) content were decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both of the acute and chronic cold stress groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly increased (p < 0.05) under cold stress except the 0.5 h group of acute cold stress. Besides, histopathological analysis showed that quail's spleen tissue was inflammatory injured seriously in both the acute and chronic cold stress groups. Additionally, the inflammatory factors (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES), iNOS, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α)) and Hsp70 mRNA levels were increased in both of the acute and chronic cold stress groups compared with the control groups. These results suggest that oxidative stress and inflammatory injury could be induced by cold stress in spleen tissues of quails. Furthermore, the increased expression of Hsp70 may play a role in protecting the spleen against oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by cold stress.

https://ift.tt/2k0lMnP

Comparative study on adsorption of crude oil and spent engine oil from seawater and freshwater using algal biomass

Abstract

Efficiency of a biosorbent prepared from the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis biomass for decontamination of seawater and freshwater polluted by crude oil and engine spent oil was compared. The effect of different experimental conditions including contact time, pH, particle size, initial oil concentration, and biosorbent dose on the oil biosorption was studied in the batch method. The biosorbent was characterized by CHNOS, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The experimental data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Based on the obtained results, the adsorption of spent oil with higher viscosity was better than crude oil. The biosorption of oil hydrocarbons from seawater was more efficient than freshwater. The algal biomasses which are abundantly available could be effectively used as a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent for remediation of oil spill in the marine environments or in the water and wastewater treatment.

https://ift.tt/2wHtsEB

Dermatology education in internal medicine residency programs: A nationwide survey of program directors

https://ift.tt/2KpTuOz

Cl-initiated photo-oxidation reactions of methyl propionate in atmospheric condition

Abstract

Cl-initiated photo-oxidation reaction of methyl propionate was investigated experimentally using relative rate method. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC/infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR) were used as analytical tools to follow the concentrations of reactants and products during reaction. The gas-phase kinetics of methyl propionate with Cl atoms was measured over the temperature range of 263–363 K at 760 Torr in N₂ atmosphere using C₂H₆ and C₂H₄ as reference compounds. The temperature-dependent rate coefficient for the reaction of methyl propionate with Cl atom was obtained as k(T) = [(3.25 ± 1.23) × 10⁻¹⁶] T² exp [− (33 ± 4) / T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. Theoretical calculations were also performed at CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, and the rate coefficients for H abstraction reactions were evaluated using canonical variational transition state theory (CVT/SCT) with interpolated single point energy (ISPE) method over the temperature range of 200–400 K. The rate coefficients over the studied temperature range yielded the Arrhenius expression k(T) = (7.22 × 10⁻¹⁶) T^1.5 exp (466 / T) cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. The reaction mechanism based on product analysis, thermochemistry, branching ratios, atmospheric implications, degradation pathways, and cumulative lifetime of methyl propionate is also presented in this manuscript.

Graphical abstract

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https://ift.tt/2rJnQEN

Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

! # Ola via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader

Η λίστα ιστολογίων μου

Τρίτη 15 Μαΐου 2018

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Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου