Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Herbo-mineral based Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes: Synthesis, characterization, catalytic potential and biological applications

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Abdul Kareem, Laxmi, Mohammad Arshad, Shahab A.A. Nami, Nahid Nishat
Schiff base ligand, (L), derived from condensation reaction of 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, (curcumin), with pyridine-3-carboxamide, (nicotinamide), and its complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions, containing 1,10-phenanthroline as auxiliary ligand were synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. From the micro analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes 1:1 (metal: ligand) was ascertained. The Co(II) and Cu(II) forms octahedral complexes, while the geometric structure around Ni(II) atom can be described as square planar. The catalytic potential of the metal complexes have been evaluated by recording the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The results reveal that the percent decomposition of H2O2increases with time and the highest value (50.50%) was recorded for Co(II) complex. The ligand and its complexes were also screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The relative order of antibacterial activity against S. Pyogenes, S. aureus and E. coli is Cu(II)>Ni(II)>Co(II)>(L); while with P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae the order of activity is Cu(II)>Co(II)>Ni(II)>(L). The anthelmintic screening was performed using Pheretima posthuma. The order of anthelmintic activity of ligand and its complexes is [(Phen)CuLCl2]>[(Phen)CoLCl2]>[(Phen)NiL]Cl2>(L).

Graphical abstract

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Molecular assessment of bacterial vaginosis by Lactobacillus abundance and species diversity

To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to co...

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Evaluation of miRNA-expression and clinical tumour parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

Publication date: Available online 22 April 2016 Source:Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Author(s): J. Moratin, S. Hartmann, R. Brands, M. Brisam, G. Mutzbauer, C. Scholz, A. Seher, U. Müller-Richter, A.C. Kübler, C. Linz Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. The past decades have not led to substantial improvement in diagnosis and therapy. Analysis of miRNA expression may help to determine the progression profiles and outcomes of many different diseases, including HNSCC. Therefore, in this investigation, 43 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma were micro-dissected, analysed for expression of 30 miRNAs and were compared with non-tumorous tissue. Furthermore, correl...

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Potential Role of TRAIL in Metastasis of Mutant KRAS Expressing Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, TNFSF10) is an important cytokine in the tumor microenvironment and plays a major role in the balance of cell survival/death pathways. Bioinformatic analyses of 839 adenocarcinoma (AC) and 356 squamous cell lung carcinoma patient data (SCC) by cBioPortal (genomic analyses) shows that TRAIL expression leads to differential outcomes of disease free survival in AC and SCC. Oncomine datamining (transcript analyses) reveal that TRAIL is upregulated in 167 SCC as compared to 350 AC patients from six data sets. Genomic analyses using cBioPortal revealed high rates of KRAS mutation in AC accompanied by higher incidence of metastasis and increased amplifications of TRAIL gene in SCC. Bioinformatic anal...

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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Benzochloroporphyrin derivative photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for Ewing sarcoma

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Mengxiong Sun, Chenghao Zhou, Hui Zeng, Fei Yin, Zhuoying Wang, Jianzhong Yao, Yingqi Hua, Zhengdong Cai
In this study, we evaluated the photodynamic efficacy of a new photosensitizer, benzochloroporphyrin derivative 18 (BCPD-18), in Ewing sarcoma. We found that BCPD-18 decreased the viability of TC-71 cells irradiated by 670nm laser in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed cells undergoing apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase after BCPD–18-mediated photodynamic therapy (BCPD-PDT). In addition, in vivo study (subcutaneous and orthotopic models) showed that BCPD-PDT reduced tumor size, tumor weight and tumor-bearing leg weight. After PDT, apoptosis was shown in vivo. Bax expression was increased, and Bcl-2 expression was decreased. This study provides evidence that BCPD-18 could probably be a useful photosensitizer in PDT for Ewing sarcoma.

Graphical abstract

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Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Łukasz Lamch, Julita Kulbacka, Jadwiga Pietkiewicz, Joanna Rossowska, Magda Dubińska-Magiera, Anna Choromańska, Kazimiera A. Wilk
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (mPEG-b-PLLA) micelles were fabricated and applied as a new biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarrier for solubilization of hydrophobic zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The nanocarrier demonstrated a good colloidal stability and its in vitro sustained cargo release profile was assessed. Photobleaching of ZnPc, both in its native form and encapsulated in the obtained polymeric micelles, was studied by means of spectroscopic measurements. The photodynamic reaction (PDR) protocol for cyto- and photocytotoxicity was performed on metastatic melanoma cells (Me45), normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) being used for comparison. The intracellular accumulation of free and encapsulated ZnPc was visualized at various time periods (1, 3 and 24h). The proapoptotic potential of the encapsulated phthalocyanine was evaluated by monitoring DNA double strand break damage fragmentation (TUNEL assay) and caspase 3/7 activity. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted by determining hemolytic activity of Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles and their lack of cytotoxicity against macrophages (P388/D1) and endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C). Our results suggest that the PDR using Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles can be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth and apoptosis induction with higher responses, observed for Me45 cells. Additionally, the ZnPc-loaded micelles appear to be hemato-biocompatible and safe for normal keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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Interactive effects on CO2, drought, and ultraviolet-B radiation on maize growth and development

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Chathurika Wijewardana, W. Brien Henry, Wei Gao, K. Raja Reddy
Crop growth and development are highly responsive to global climate change components such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), drought, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plant tolerance to these environmental stresses comprises its genetic potential, physiological changes, metabolism, and signaling pathways. An inclusive understanding of morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to these abiotic stresses is imperative for the development of stress tolerant varieties for future environments. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in vegetative and physiological traits in maize hybrids in their response to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750μmolmol⁻¹ (+(CO2)], irrigation treatments based evapotranspiration (ET) [100 and 50% (−ET)], and UV-B radiation [0 and 10kJm⁻²d⁻¹ (+UV-B)] and to identify the multiple stress tolerant hybrids aid in mitigating projected climate change for shaping future agriculture. Six maize hybrids (P1498, DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, P1319, DKC 66–97, and N77P-3111) with known drought tolerance variability were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers in which control treatment consisted of 400μmolmol⁻¹ [CO2], 100% ET-based irrigation, and 0kJ UV-B. Plants grown at +UV-B alone or combination with 50% ET produced shorter plants and smaller leaf area while elevated CO2 treatments ameliorated the damaging effects of drought and higher UV-B levels on maize hybrids. Plant height, leaf area, total dry matter chlorophyll, carotenoids, and net photosynthesis measured were increased in response to CO2 enrichment. Total stress response index (TSRI) for each hybrid, developed from the cumulative sum of response indices of vegetative and physiological parameters, varied among the maize hybrids. The hybrids were classified as tolerant (P1498), intermediate (DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, N77P-3111) and sensitive (P1319 and DKC 66–97) to multiple environmental stresses. The positive correlation between TSRI and vegetative and physiological index developed in this study demonstrates that a combination of vegetative and physiological traits is an effective screening tool to identify germplasm best suited to cope with future changing climates. Furthermore, the tolerant hybrids identified in this study indicate that the possibility of cultivar selection for enhanced agronomic performance and stability in a water limited environment with higher UV-B, anticipated to occur in future climates.



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Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Molecular assessment of bacterial vaginosis by Lactobacillus abundance and species diversity

To date, women are most often diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV) using microscopy based Nugent scoring or Amsel criteria. However, the accuracy is less than optimal. The aim of the present study was to co...

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Evaluation of miRNA-expression and clinical tumour parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

Publication date: Available online 22 April 2016 Source:Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Author(s): J. Moratin, S. Hartmann, R. Brands, M. Brisam, G. Mutzbauer, C. Scholz, A. Seher, U. Müller-Richter, A.C. Kübler, C. Linz Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. The past decades have not led to substantial improvement in diagnosis and therapy. Analysis of miRNA expression may help to determine the progression profiles and outcomes of many different diseases, including HNSCC. Therefore, in this investigation, 43 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma were micro-dissected, analysed for expression of 30 miRNAs and were compared with non-tumorous tissue. Furthermore, correl...

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Potential Role of TRAIL in Metastasis of Mutant KRAS Expressing Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, TNFSF10) is an important cytokine in the tumor microenvironment and plays a major role in the balance of cell survival/death pathways. Bioinformatic analyses of 839 adenocarcinoma (AC) and 356 squamous cell lung carcinoma patient data (SCC) by cBioPortal (genomic analyses) shows that TRAIL expression leads to differential outcomes of disease free survival in AC and SCC. Oncomine datamining (transcript analyses) reveal that TRAIL is upregulated in 167 SCC as compared to 350 AC patients from six data sets. Genomic analyses using cBioPortal revealed high rates of KRAS mutation in AC accompanied by higher incidence of metastasis and increased amplifications of TRAIL gene in SCC. Bioinformatic anal...

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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Benzochloroporphyrin derivative photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for Ewing sarcoma

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Mengxiong Sun, Chenghao Zhou, Hui Zeng, Fei Yin, Zhuoying Wang, Jianzhong Yao, Yingqi Hua, Zhengdong Cai
In this study, we evaluated the photodynamic efficacy of a new photosensitizer, benzochloroporphyrin derivative 18 (BCPD-18), in Ewing sarcoma. We found that BCPD-18 decreased the viability of TC-71 cells irradiated by 670nm laser in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed cells undergoing apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase after BCPD–18-mediated photodynamic therapy (BCPD-PDT). In addition, in vivo study (subcutaneous and orthotopic models) showed that BCPD-PDT reduced tumor size, tumor weight and tumor-bearing leg weight. After PDT, apoptosis was shown in vivo. Bax expression was increased, and Bcl-2 expression was decreased. This study provides evidence that BCPD-18 could probably be a useful photosensitizer in PDT for Ewing sarcoma.

Graphical abstract

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Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Łukasz Lamch, Julita Kulbacka, Jadwiga Pietkiewicz, Joanna Rossowska, Magda Dubińska-Magiera, Anna Choromańska, Kazimiera A. Wilk
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (mPEG-b-PLLA) micelles were fabricated and applied as a new biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarrier for solubilization of hydrophobic zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The nanocarrier demonstrated a good colloidal stability and its in vitro sustained cargo release profile was assessed. Photobleaching of ZnPc, both in its native form and encapsulated in the obtained polymeric micelles, was studied by means of spectroscopic measurements. The photodynamic reaction (PDR) protocol for cyto- and photocytotoxicity was performed on metastatic melanoma cells (Me45), normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) being used for comparison. The intracellular accumulation of free and encapsulated ZnPc was visualized at various time periods (1, 3 and 24h). The proapoptotic potential of the encapsulated phthalocyanine was evaluated by monitoring DNA double strand break damage fragmentation (TUNEL assay) and caspase 3/7 activity. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted by determining hemolytic activity of Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles and their lack of cytotoxicity against macrophages (P388/D1) and endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C). Our results suggest that the PDR using Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles can be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth and apoptosis induction with higher responses, observed for Me45 cells. Additionally, the ZnPc-loaded micelles appear to be hemato-biocompatible and safe for normal keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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Interactive effects on CO2, drought, and ultraviolet-B radiation on maize growth and development

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Chathurika Wijewardana, W. Brien Henry, Wei Gao, K. Raja Reddy
Crop growth and development are highly responsive to global climate change components such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), drought, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plant tolerance to these environmental stresses comprises its genetic potential, physiological changes, metabolism, and signaling pathways. An inclusive understanding of morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to these abiotic stresses is imperative for the development of stress tolerant varieties for future environments. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in vegetative and physiological traits in maize hybrids in their response to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750μmolmol⁻¹ (+(CO2)], irrigation treatments based evapotranspiration (ET) [100 and 50% (−ET)], and UV-B radiation [0 and 10kJm⁻²d⁻¹ (+UV-B)] and to identify the multiple stress tolerant hybrids aid in mitigating projected climate change for shaping future agriculture. Six maize hybrids (P1498, DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, P1319, DKC 66–97, and N77P-3111) with known drought tolerance variability were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers in which control treatment consisted of 400μmolmol⁻¹ [CO2], 100% ET-based irrigation, and 0kJ UV-B. Plants grown at +UV-B alone or combination with 50% ET produced shorter plants and smaller leaf area while elevated CO2 treatments ameliorated the damaging effects of drought and higher UV-B levels on maize hybrids. Plant height, leaf area, total dry matter chlorophyll, carotenoids, and net photosynthesis measured were increased in response to CO2 enrichment. Total stress response index (TSRI) for each hybrid, developed from the cumulative sum of response indices of vegetative and physiological parameters, varied among the maize hybrids. The hybrids were classified as tolerant (P1498), intermediate (DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, N77P-3111) and sensitive (P1319 and DKC 66–97) to multiple environmental stresses. The positive correlation between TSRI and vegetative and physiological index developed in this study demonstrates that a combination of vegetative and physiological traits is an effective screening tool to identify germplasm best suited to cope with future changing climates. Furthermore, the tolerant hybrids identified in this study indicate that the possibility of cultivar selection for enhanced agronomic performance and stability in a water limited environment with higher UV-B, anticipated to occur in future climates.



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Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Potential Role of TRAIL in Metastasis of Mutant KRAS Expressing Lung Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, TNFSF10) is an important cytokine in the tumor microenvironment and plays a major role in the balance of cell survival/death pathways. Bioinformatic analyses of 839 adenocarcinoma (AC) and 356 squamous cell lung carcinoma patient data (SCC) by cBioPortal (genomic analyses) shows that TRAIL expression leads to differential outcomes of disease free survival in AC and SCC. Oncomine datamining (transcript analyses) reveal that TRAIL is upregulated in 167 SCC as compared to 350 AC patients from six data sets. Genomic analyses using cBioPortal revealed high rates of KRAS mutation in AC accompanied by higher incidence of metastasis and increased amplifications of TRAIL gene in SCC. Bioinformatic anal...

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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Benzochloroporphyrin derivative photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for Ewing sarcoma

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Mengxiong Sun, Chenghao Zhou, Hui Zeng, Fei Yin, Zhuoying Wang, Jianzhong Yao, Yingqi Hua, Zhengdong Cai
In this study, we evaluated the photodynamic efficacy of a new photosensitizer, benzochloroporphyrin derivative 18 (BCPD-18), in Ewing sarcoma. We found that BCPD-18 decreased the viability of TC-71 cells irradiated by 670nm laser in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed cells undergoing apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase after BCPD–18-mediated photodynamic therapy (BCPD-PDT). In addition, in vivo study (subcutaneous and orthotopic models) showed that BCPD-PDT reduced tumor size, tumor weight and tumor-bearing leg weight. After PDT, apoptosis was shown in vivo. Bax expression was increased, and Bcl-2 expression was decreased. This study provides evidence that BCPD-18 could probably be a useful photosensitizer in PDT for Ewing sarcoma.

Graphical abstract

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Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Łukasz Lamch, Julita Kulbacka, Jadwiga Pietkiewicz, Joanna Rossowska, Magda Dubińska-Magiera, Anna Choromańska, Kazimiera A. Wilk
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (mPEG-b-PLLA) micelles were fabricated and applied as a new biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarrier for solubilization of hydrophobic zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The nanocarrier demonstrated a good colloidal stability and its in vitro sustained cargo release profile was assessed. Photobleaching of ZnPc, both in its native form and encapsulated in the obtained polymeric micelles, was studied by means of spectroscopic measurements. The photodynamic reaction (PDR) protocol for cyto- and photocytotoxicity was performed on metastatic melanoma cells (Me45), normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) being used for comparison. The intracellular accumulation of free and encapsulated ZnPc was visualized at various time periods (1, 3 and 24h). The proapoptotic potential of the encapsulated phthalocyanine was evaluated by monitoring DNA double strand break damage fragmentation (TUNEL assay) and caspase 3/7 activity. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted by determining hemolytic activity of Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles and their lack of cytotoxicity against macrophages (P388/D1) and endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C). Our results suggest that the PDR using Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles can be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth and apoptosis induction with higher responses, observed for Me45 cells. Additionally, the ZnPc-loaded micelles appear to be hemato-biocompatible and safe for normal keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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Interactive effects on CO2, drought, and ultraviolet-B radiation on maize growth and development

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Chathurika Wijewardana, W. Brien Henry, Wei Gao, K. Raja Reddy
Crop growth and development are highly responsive to global climate change components such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), drought, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plant tolerance to these environmental stresses comprises its genetic potential, physiological changes, metabolism, and signaling pathways. An inclusive understanding of morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to these abiotic stresses is imperative for the development of stress tolerant varieties for future environments. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in vegetative and physiological traits in maize hybrids in their response to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750μmolmol⁻¹ (+(CO2)], irrigation treatments based evapotranspiration (ET) [100 and 50% (−ET)], and UV-B radiation [0 and 10kJm⁻²d⁻¹ (+UV-B)] and to identify the multiple stress tolerant hybrids aid in mitigating projected climate change for shaping future agriculture. Six maize hybrids (P1498, DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, P1319, DKC 66–97, and N77P-3111) with known drought tolerance variability were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers in which control treatment consisted of 400μmolmol⁻¹ [CO2], 100% ET-based irrigation, and 0kJ UV-B. Plants grown at +UV-B alone or combination with 50% ET produced shorter plants and smaller leaf area while elevated CO2 treatments ameliorated the damaging effects of drought and higher UV-B levels on maize hybrids. Plant height, leaf area, total dry matter chlorophyll, carotenoids, and net photosynthesis measured were increased in response to CO2 enrichment. Total stress response index (TSRI) for each hybrid, developed from the cumulative sum of response indices of vegetative and physiological parameters, varied among the maize hybrids. The hybrids were classified as tolerant (P1498), intermediate (DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, N77P-3111) and sensitive (P1319 and DKC 66–97) to multiple environmental stresses. The positive correlation between TSRI and vegetative and physiological index developed in this study demonstrates that a combination of vegetative and physiological traits is an effective screening tool to identify germplasm best suited to cope with future changing climates. Furthermore, the tolerant hybrids identified in this study indicate that the possibility of cultivar selection for enhanced agronomic performance and stability in a water limited environment with higher UV-B, anticipated to occur in future climates.



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Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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Benzochloroporphyrin derivative photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for Ewing sarcoma

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Mengxiong Sun, Chenghao Zhou, Hui Zeng, Fei Yin, Zhuoying Wang, Jianzhong Yao, Yingqi Hua, Zhengdong Cai
In this study, we evaluated the photodynamic efficacy of a new photosensitizer, benzochloroporphyrin derivative 18 (BCPD-18), in Ewing sarcoma. We found that BCPD-18 decreased the viability of TC-71 cells irradiated by 670nm laser in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed cells undergoing apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase after BCPD–18-mediated photodynamic therapy (BCPD-PDT). In addition, in vivo study (subcutaneous and orthotopic models) showed that BCPD-PDT reduced tumor size, tumor weight and tumor-bearing leg weight. After PDT, apoptosis was shown in vivo. Bax expression was increased, and Bcl-2 expression was decreased. This study provides evidence that BCPD-18 could probably be a useful photosensitizer in PDT for Ewing sarcoma.

Graphical abstract

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Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Łukasz Lamch, Julita Kulbacka, Jadwiga Pietkiewicz, Joanna Rossowska, Magda Dubińska-Magiera, Anna Choromańska, Kazimiera A. Wilk
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (mPEG-b-PLLA) micelles were fabricated and applied as a new biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarrier for solubilization of hydrophobic zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The nanocarrier demonstrated a good colloidal stability and its in vitro sustained cargo release profile was assessed. Photobleaching of ZnPc, both in its native form and encapsulated in the obtained polymeric micelles, was studied by means of spectroscopic measurements. The photodynamic reaction (PDR) protocol for cyto- and photocytotoxicity was performed on metastatic melanoma cells (Me45), normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) being used for comparison. The intracellular accumulation of free and encapsulated ZnPc was visualized at various time periods (1, 3 and 24h). The proapoptotic potential of the encapsulated phthalocyanine was evaluated by monitoring DNA double strand break damage fragmentation (TUNEL assay) and caspase 3/7 activity. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted by determining hemolytic activity of Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles and their lack of cytotoxicity against macrophages (P388/D1) and endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C). Our results suggest that the PDR using Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles can be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth and apoptosis induction with higher responses, observed for Me45 cells. Additionally, the ZnPc-loaded micelles appear to be hemato-biocompatible and safe for normal keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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Interactive effects on CO2, drought, and ultraviolet-B radiation on maize growth and development

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Chathurika Wijewardana, W. Brien Henry, Wei Gao, K. Raja Reddy
Crop growth and development are highly responsive to global climate change components such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), drought, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plant tolerance to these environmental stresses comprises its genetic potential, physiological changes, metabolism, and signaling pathways. An inclusive understanding of morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to these abiotic stresses is imperative for the development of stress tolerant varieties for future environments. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in vegetative and physiological traits in maize hybrids in their response to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750μmolmol⁻¹ (+(CO2)], irrigation treatments based evapotranspiration (ET) [100 and 50% (−ET)], and UV-B radiation [0 and 10kJm⁻²d⁻¹ (+UV-B)] and to identify the multiple stress tolerant hybrids aid in mitigating projected climate change for shaping future agriculture. Six maize hybrids (P1498, DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, P1319, DKC 66–97, and N77P-3111) with known drought tolerance variability were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers in which control treatment consisted of 400μmolmol⁻¹ [CO2], 100% ET-based irrigation, and 0kJ UV-B. Plants grown at +UV-B alone or combination with 50% ET produced shorter plants and smaller leaf area while elevated CO2 treatments ameliorated the damaging effects of drought and higher UV-B levels on maize hybrids. Plant height, leaf area, total dry matter chlorophyll, carotenoids, and net photosynthesis measured were increased in response to CO2 enrichment. Total stress response index (TSRI) for each hybrid, developed from the cumulative sum of response indices of vegetative and physiological parameters, varied among the maize hybrids. The hybrids were classified as tolerant (P1498), intermediate (DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, N77P-3111) and sensitive (P1319 and DKC 66–97) to multiple environmental stresses. The positive correlation between TSRI and vegetative and physiological index developed in this study demonstrates that a combination of vegetative and physiological traits is an effective screening tool to identify germplasm best suited to cope with future changing climates. Furthermore, the tolerant hybrids identified in this study indicate that the possibility of cultivar selection for enhanced agronomic performance and stability in a water limited environment with higher UV-B, anticipated to occur in future climates.



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Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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Benzochloroporphyrin derivative photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy for Ewing sarcoma

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Mengxiong Sun, Chenghao Zhou, Hui Zeng, Fei Yin, Zhuoying Wang, Jianzhong Yao, Yingqi Hua, Zhengdong Cai
In this study, we evaluated the photodynamic efficacy of a new photosensitizer, benzochloroporphyrin derivative 18 (BCPD-18), in Ewing sarcoma. We found that BCPD-18 decreased the viability of TC-71 cells irradiated by 670nm laser in a concentration dependent manner. We also observed cells undergoing apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase after BCPD–18-mediated photodynamic therapy (BCPD-PDT). In addition, in vivo study (subcutaneous and orthotopic models) showed that BCPD-PDT reduced tumor size, tumor weight and tumor-bearing leg weight. After PDT, apoptosis was shown in vivo. Bax expression was increased, and Bcl-2 expression was decreased. This study provides evidence that BCPD-18 could probably be a useful photosensitizer in PDT for Ewing sarcoma.

Graphical abstract

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Preparation and characterization of new zinc(II) phthalocyanine — Containing poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer micelles for photodynamic therapy

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Łukasz Lamch, Julita Kulbacka, Jadwiga Pietkiewicz, Joanna Rossowska, Magda Dubińska-Magiera, Anna Choromańska, Kazimiera A. Wilk
Poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (mPEG-b-PLLA) micelles were fabricated and applied as a new biodegradable and biocompatible nanocarrier for solubilization of hydrophobic zinc (II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc). The nanocarrier demonstrated a good colloidal stability and its in vitro sustained cargo release profile was assessed. Photobleaching of ZnPc, both in its native form and encapsulated in the obtained polymeric micelles, was studied by means of spectroscopic measurements. The photodynamic reaction (PDR) protocol for cyto- and photocytotoxicity was performed on metastatic melanoma cells (Me45), normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) being used for comparison. The intracellular accumulation of free and encapsulated ZnPc was visualized at various time periods (1, 3 and 24h). The proapoptotic potential of the encapsulated phthalocyanine was evaluated by monitoring DNA double strand break damage fragmentation (TUNEL assay) and caspase 3/7 activity. In addition, in vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted by determining hemolytic activity of Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles and their lack of cytotoxicity against macrophages (P388/D1) and endothelial cells (HUV-EC-C). Our results suggest that the PDR using Zn-Pc-loaded mPEG-b-PLLA micelles can be effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth and apoptosis induction with higher responses, observed for Me45 cells. Additionally, the ZnPc-loaded micelles appear to be hemato-biocompatible and safe for normal keratinocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells.

Graphical abstract

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Interactive effects on CO2, drought, and ultraviolet-B radiation on maize growth and development

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Chathurika Wijewardana, W. Brien Henry, Wei Gao, K. Raja Reddy
Crop growth and development are highly responsive to global climate change components such as elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), drought, and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Plant tolerance to these environmental stresses comprises its genetic potential, physiological changes, metabolism, and signaling pathways. An inclusive understanding of morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to these abiotic stresses is imperative for the development of stress tolerant varieties for future environments. The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes in vegetative and physiological traits in maize hybrids in their response to multiple environmental factors of (CO2) [400 and 750μmolmol⁻¹ (+(CO2)], irrigation treatments based evapotranspiration (ET) [100 and 50% (−ET)], and UV-B radiation [0 and 10kJm⁻²d⁻¹ (+UV-B)] and to identify the multiple stress tolerant hybrids aid in mitigating projected climate change for shaping future agriculture. Six maize hybrids (P1498, DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, P1319, DKC 66–97, and N77P-3111) with known drought tolerance variability were grown in eight sunlit, controlled environment chambers in which control treatment consisted of 400μmolmol⁻¹ [CO2], 100% ET-based irrigation, and 0kJ UV-B. Plants grown at +UV-B alone or combination with 50% ET produced shorter plants and smaller leaf area while elevated CO2 treatments ameliorated the damaging effects of drought and higher UV-B levels on maize hybrids. Plant height, leaf area, total dry matter chlorophyll, carotenoids, and net photosynthesis measured were increased in response to CO2 enrichment. Total stress response index (TSRI) for each hybrid, developed from the cumulative sum of response indices of vegetative and physiological parameters, varied among the maize hybrids. The hybrids were classified as tolerant (P1498), intermediate (DKC 65–81, N75H-GTA, N77P-3111) and sensitive (P1319 and DKC 66–97) to multiple environmental stresses. The positive correlation between TSRI and vegetative and physiological index developed in this study demonstrates that a combination of vegetative and physiological traits is an effective screening tool to identify germplasm best suited to cope with future changing climates. Furthermore, the tolerant hybrids identified in this study indicate that the possibility of cultivar selection for enhanced agronomic performance and stability in a water limited environment with higher UV-B, anticipated to occur in future climates.



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Caffeic acid-coated multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment and bimodal imaging of tumours

Publication date: July 2016
Source:Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Volume 160
Author(s): Jun Lee, Kyoung Sub Kim, Kun Na
Accurate theragnosis of tumour is essential for improving the life rate of tumour patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been used as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, their application is often limited because of a lack of water solubility, lack of cancer treatment efficacy, and ineffective targeting of tumour cells. In this report, a double ligand (caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–folic acid; FA–PEG–CA, caffeic acid–polyethylene glycol–pheophorbide-a; PheoA–PEG–CA) coated iron oxide nanoparticle has been fabricated that overcomes the limitations of conventional SPION. Photosensitizer and tumour targeting ligands were coated on SPION using a ligand-substitution method. We confirmed the successful substitution of oleic acid ligands with FA–PEG–CA and PheoA–PEG–CA ligands by FT-IR spectroscopy. The caffeic acid coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CAMNPs) also demonstrated high water solubility in an aqueous environment and folate-mediated active tumour targeting. The water solubility of CAMNPs was evaluated by DLS measurement and TEM images. The cytotoxicity of CAMNPs increased two-fold in MDA-MB-231 cells at a laser irradiation condition. The fabricated CAMNPs retained their ability to function as both MRI diagnostic and tumour-selective therapeutic agents. These results suggest that these efficient characteristics of CAMNPs can be incorporated into applications, thus enhancing the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment.



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Study on the radioactivity and soil-to-plant transfer factor of 226Ra, 234U and 238U radionuclides in irrigated farms from the northwestern Saudi Arabia

Publication date: August 2016
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 160
Author(s): Ibrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, N. Alkhomashi, Fahad I. Almasoud
The present study addresses the soil-to-plant transfer factors (TFs) of ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U for 13 types of vegetables and agricultural crops planted under semi-arid environment in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. Crop plants along with plant-growing soils were collected from selected farms, which are irrigated from the non-renewable Saq aquifer, and investigated for their radioactivity content by means of alpha spectrometry after applying a radiochemical separation procedure. Hence, TF data for plant roots, green parts (stem and leaves) and fruits were calculated and contrasted to those reported in the literature. Substantial differences were observed in the TFs of Ra and U radioisotopes among plant species. In crop fruits, eggplant exhibited the highest uptake of ²²⁶Ra (TF value of 0.11), while beans (0.16) have the highest TF for ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U. The geometric mean TF values indicated that the crop roots tend to accumulate Ra and U about four to six-folds higher than fruits. The relation between TF values and soil concentrations showed a weak correlation. Activity ratios between radionuclides in crop plants indicated the preferential translocation of U in fruits than Ra even though Ra is more available for root uptake. The fruit/root (F/R) ratios obtained for the investigated plants shown that pepper had the smallest F/R ratios (0.07 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.02 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively), while the highest F/R ratios were observed in potatoes (0.71 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.10 and 0.40 ± 0.08 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³⁴U and ²³⁸U, respectively). The TF and F/R ratios data of natural radionuclides in the study region can hopefully improve the scientific knowledge for future studies.

Graphical abstract

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Positive correlation of serum HDL cholesterol with blood mercury concentration in metabolic syndrome Korean men (analysis of KNANES 2008–2010, 2013)

Abstracts

Purpose

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is anti-inflammatory in the basal state and pro-inflammatory during the acute-phase response. Blood mercury also has an inflammatory property. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum HDLC and blood mercury concentration in relation with metabolic syndrome (MS).

Methods

The data of 7616 subjects (3713 men and 3903 women), over 20 years of age, from 2008 to 2013, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were selected for cross-sectional analyses. Correlation and regression of serum HDLC and blood mercury were initially done. We compared serum HDLC concentration according to blood mercury quartile after adjustment for relevant variables in subjects with MS.

Results

Mean blood mercury concentrations is 5.6 and 3.9 μg/dL in men and women, respectively. Blood mercury concentration in MS subjects was positively correlated with serum HDLC concentration, especially in men. In addition, HDLC concentration was significantly higher according to the higher blood mercury quartile.

Conclusion

Serum HDLC was positively associated with blood mercury concentration in MS Korean men. Therefore, elevated blood mercury may be a factor to increase serum HDLC concentration in MS men.

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