Peculiar extensibility of swollen statistical hydrogels with structural nanoheterogeneities

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Ryosuke Mishima, Ayuka Nakao, Shinichi Sakurai, Kenji Urayama
An inherent structural nanoheterogeneity in statistical hydrogels leads to a peculiarity in macroscopic tensile properties. Some types of statistical hydrogels with considerable degrees of non-uniform distribution of cross-link, which are formed via free radical copolymerization of mono- and bi-functional monomers, are unusually extensible: The elongation at break before and after equilibrium swelling remains almost unchanged, although the gels undergo a significant increase in volume by swelling, i.e., a finite degree of pre-stretching of network strands. This peculiar extensibility emerges exclusively in uniaxial stretching whereas it is not observed in biaxial stretching including equi-biaxial and planar extension. The concentration ranges of the mono- and bi-functional monomers which result in the gels with the peculiar extensibility are revealed. The two-dimensional SAXS patterns of the uniaxially stretched swollen gels with marked extensibility show the presence of a spatially long-range structure of ca. 50 nm which results from the significantly non-affine deformation of the networks composed of densely and loosely cross-linked regions.

Graphical abstract

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Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends: The effect of ACN content on morphology, compatibility and mechanical properties

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Mahshid Maroufkhani, AliAsghar Katbab, Wangcheng Liu, Jinwen Zhang
In this study, attempts have been put to prepare toughened polylactide (PLA) through melt blending with acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) via melt mixing process. The influences of acrylonitrile (ACN) content on the compatibility, microstructure, tensile properties and impact resistance have been investigated. A matrix-dispersed droplet morphology was noted for all blend samples, and the rubber particle size decreased with decreasing ACN content of NBR. This droplet size, impact strength and elongation all corresponded well to the interfacial interaction that was evidenced by surface tension analysis and melt rheology. It was noted that the interfacial tension decreased with decrease in ACN content, accordingly, the results from both Cole-Cole curves and Han plots indicated high homogeneity of the PLA blend with NBR containing lower ACN contents. On the other hand, all blends exhibited very similar glass transition temperatures and crystallinity. It is concluded that extent of thermodynamic compatibility of PLA and NBR determines the improvement of toughness. Incorporation of only 10 wt% NBR resulted in dramatic improvements of elongation at break and impact strength of PLA and largely retained the high tensile strength of neat PLA.

Graphical abstract

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Symmetric and uniform coalescence of ink-jetting printed polyfluorene ink drops by controlling the droplet spacing distance and ink surface tension/viscosity ratio

Publication date: 21 April 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 115
Author(s): Zhonghui Du, Rubo Xing, Xinxiu Cao, Xinhong Yu, Yanchun Han
The film quality is the core to produce long-life and efficient organic light emitting devices by ink-jetting printing technology which is deeply related to the ink droplet coalescence process, especially the coalescence bead morphology and thickness. However, the fluid flow from impacted drop to the previously deposited drops (drop to bead flow) usually leads to an asymmetry and heterogeneity of coalescence beads during droplets coalescence process in the substrate. Here we reduce the spreading speed of impacted drops to achieve a symmetric and homogeneous coalescence effect, by controlling the drops to deposit firstly and then coalescence. A uniform linear line morphology with a smooth straight edge and symmetric ends was obtained at drop distance 1.35 ≤ y ≤ 1.60. Via adjusting the chloride benzene (CB)/cyclohexylbenzene (ChB) proportion of ink formula, when the γ/η value decreases to 4.73 m/s, the h1/h2 value is nearly 1.04, homogeneous bead obtained. Uniform and homogeneous bead was formed for 80/20 CB/ChB sample with a 4.73 m/s surface tension/viscosity ratio. The appropriate matching of the relationships of the spreading and coalescence speed of impacted drops plays a critical role for the final bead morphology during the droplet coalescence. The spreading and coalescence speed have a finite matching for the 80/20 CB/ChB sample with a 4.73 γ/η value, forming uniform beads.

Graphical abstract

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Mutations in C19orf12 and intronic repeat expansions in C9orf72 not observed in Iranian Parkinson’s disease patients

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging
Author(s): Afagh Alavi, Maryam Malakouti Nejad, Gholamali Shahidi, Elahe Elahi
Various neurodegenerative disorders share some clinical features that sometimes renders differential diagnosis challenging. Genetic based classification also has limitations as mutations in the same gene are sometimes associated with different clinically based diagnoses. In this light, we screened the C19orf12 neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) causing gene and the C9orf72 intronic expansion mutation that is cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 186 Iranian Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. C19orf12 has previously been screened in PD patients in only one study, and to the best of our knowledge neither gene has ever been screened in a PD cohort from a Middle East population. The study was justified because mutations in C19orf12 had previously been shown to be common in Iranian NBIA patients and all the patients with mutations in this gene had exhibited Parkinsonism features. The C9orf72 intronic expansion mutation was screened because the mother of an Iranian ALS patient with the expansion who had been diagnosed with PD also harbored the expansion. The screenings did not identify disease causing variations in either of the genes among the PD patients screened.



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Sources of Disconnection in Neurocognitive Aging: Cerebral White Matter Integrity, Resting-state Functional Connectivity, and White Matter Hyperintensity Volume

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging
Author(s): David J. Madden, Emily L. Parks, Catherine W. Tallman, Maria A. Boylan, David A. Hoagey, Sally B. Cocjin, Lauren E. Packard, Micah A. Johnson, Ying-hui Chou, Guy G. Potter, Nan-kuei Chen, Rachel E. Siciliano, Zachary A. Monge, Jesse A. Honig, Michele T. Diaz
Age-related decline in fluid cognition can be characterized as a disconnection among specific brain structures, leading to a decline in functional efficiency. The potential sources of disconnection, however, are unclear. We investigated imaging measures of cerebral white matter integrity, resting-state functional connectivity, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume as mediators of the relation between age and fluid cognition, in 145 healthy, community-dwelling adults 19-79 years of age. At a general level of analysis, with a single composite measure of fluid cognition and single measures of each of the three imaging modalities, age exhibited an independent influence on the cognitive and imaging measures, and the imaging variables did not mediate the age-cognition relation. At a more specific level of analysis, resting-state functional connectivity of sensorimotor networks was a significant mediator of the age-related decline in executive function. These findings suggest that different levels of analysis lead to different models of neurocognitive disconnection, and that resting-state functional connectivity, in particular, may contribute to age-related decline in executive function.



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Periorbital melasma: Hierarchical cluster analysis of clinical features in Asian patients

Background

Studies have shown melasma lesions to be distributed across the face in centrofacial, malar, and mandibular patterns. Meanwhile, however, melasma lesions of the periorbital area have yet to be thoroughly described.

Methods

We analyzed normal and ultraviolet light-exposed photographs of patients with melasma. The periorbital melasma lesions were measured according to anatomical reference points and a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed.

Results

The periorbital melasma lesions showed clinical features of fine and homogenous melasma pigmentation, involving both the upper and lower eyelids that extended to other anatomical sites with a darker and coarser appearance. The hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that patients with periorbital melasma can be categorized into two clusters according to the surface anatomy of the face. Significant differences between cluster 1 and cluster 2 were found in lateral distance and inferolateral distance, but not in medial distance and superior distance. Comparing the two clusters, patients in cluster 2 were found to be significantly older and more commonly accompanied by melasma lesions of the temple and medial cheek.

Conclusion

Our hierarchical cluster analysis of periorbital melasma lesions demonstrated that Asian patients with periorbital melasma can be categorized into two clusters according to the surface anatomy of the face.

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Clinical features and in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy of an atypical presentation of Herpesvirus-2 and Cytomegalovirus co-infection of the intergluteal sulcus

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Deciphering the role of ectosomes in cancer development and progression: focus on the proteome

Abstract

Ectosomes are small heterogeneous membrane vesicles generated by budding from the plasma membrane in a variety of cell types and, more frequently, in tumor cells. They are shed into the extracellular space and are proposed as a novel form of intracellular communication in which information is transmitted from the originating cell to recipient cells without direct cell-to-cell contact. This review focuses on a single population of extracellular vesicles—ectosomes. We summarize recent studies of tumor-derived ectosomes which examine their biogenesis and protein cargo, and their influence on different aspects of cancer progression. We discuss possible clinical implications involving ectosomes as potential biomarkers, diagnostic tools and treatment targets in oncology. The unique composition of the molecules (cargo) that ectosomes carry, and their functional role, depends largely on the state of their originating cell. Through horizontal transfer of a variety of biologically active molecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) between donor and recipient cells, tumor-derived ectosomes may play functional roles in oncogenic transformation, tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis promotion, escape from immune surveillance, and drug resistance, thereby facilitating disease progression. The presence of tumor-derived ectosomes in body fluids such as the blood and urine of cancer patients makes them potentially useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Tumor-derived ectosomes also offer possible targets for multiple therapeutic strategies.

http://ift.tt/2mjz9Ty

Effects of laser-arc distance on corrosion behavior of single-pass hybrid welded stainless clad steel plate

Publication date: 5 June 2017
Source:Materials & Design, Volume 123
Author(s): Kai Kang, Yosuke Kawahito, Ming Gao, Xiaoyan Zeng
Single pass laser-arc hybrid welding of stainless clad steel plate was first carried out to develop alternatives to multi-pass welding with low efficient or single pass welding with poor corrosion resistance. The results demonstrated that the weld corrosion resistance increased with the increase of laser-arc distance (DLA), and the corrosion morphologies changed from big and deep 'nail' pits to small and shallow hemispherical pits. The weld with nearly equal corrosion resistance to the base metal (BM) could be obtained at the DLA of 9mm, where the charge transfer resistance increased to 89% of the BM and the corrosion current density decreased by ten times to close to the BM, only 0.13μA·cm⁻² lower. The corrosion resistance improvement had a good agreement with the microstructure homogenization and the increase of Cr content. The microstructure formation was discussed by the molten pool behavior and the laser-arc interaction. The corrosion resistance improvement was explained by the formation and damage mechanism of the passive film.

Graphical abstract

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Tribute

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Treatment of Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis with CO2 laser

Summary

Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) is an uncommon lesion characterized by ectopic adipose tissue in the dermis and can be generalized or localized. It presents as a soft skin colored to yellowish papules or cerebriform plaques occurring usually on the buttock or thigh in a segment distribution. We report a case of NLCS in 38-year-old female, which was treated using the ultrapulse mode CO₂ Laser. We describe the scientific logic and clinical results of using the ultrapulse mode in relation to the pathology of NLCS.

http://ift.tt/2mKU7qE

Treatment of Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis with CO2 laser

Summary

Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis (NLCS) is an uncommon lesion characterized by ectopic adipose tissue in the dermis and can be generalized or localized. It presents as a soft skin colored to yellowish papules or cerebriform plaques occurring usually on the buttock or thigh in a segment distribution. We report a case of NLCS in 38-year-old female, which was treated using the ultrapulse mode CO₂ Laser. We describe the scientific logic and clinical results of using the ultrapulse mode in relation to the pathology of NLCS.

http://ift.tt/2mKU7qE

A Giant Cavernous Hemangioma of the Left Atrioventricular Groove

A 10-year-old Chinese female diagnosed with an asymptomatic giant cardiac cavernous hemangioma was reported. The patient originally tended to observation because this unusual cardiac tumoral mass was discovered incidentally during routine health examination of transthoracic echocardiography. Over 5 years of follow-up, the mass had enlarged obviously, and the patient visited our outpatient clinic and was prone to excision. Subsequently, a total resection surgery of the tumor was performed, and the tumor was found to be located on the left atrioventricular groove with complete packing membrane. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 4 and remains asymptomatic on last follow-up.

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Reconstruction of Wassel Type VI Radial Polydactyly with Triphalangeal Thumb Using an On-top Osteotomy

Background: The purpose of this study was to present a novel surgical technique using an on-top osteotomy and to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes for the triphalangeal Wassel type VI thumb duplication patients. Methods: The surgical technique involves ablation of the radial thumb at distal one-third of the metacarpal, corresponding metacarpal osteotomy of the ulnar thumb, with amalgamation of 2 metacarpals and reconstruction of the ulnar thumb by a series of soft tissue procedures. Clinical and radiologic outcomes were evaluated by using the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand evaluation form at a minimum of 30 months. The size of the metacarpal was measured and compared to the opposite one to assess the growth of the thumb. Results: Five patients, including 4 males and 1 female, were observed for an average of 37 months. All amalgamated metacarpal showed bone union in 6 weeks after surgery and revealed growth with the age. The average length of the metacarpal was 86% of the opposite one at the final follow-up. Motion at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints showed no restriction after surgery, and they reached excellent function for gripping and pinching. According to the JHHS scoring system, the results were excellent in 3 cases, good in 2. Conclusions: This novel surgical technique for the reconstruction of Wassel type VI radial polydactyly with triphalangeal shows encouraging results in both clinical and radiologic evaluations; meanwhile long-term results are under evaluation.

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Obesity-related Risk Factors in Implant-based Breast Reconstruction Using AlloDerm

With a population in which 70% of the patients were overweight or obese, we reviewed retrospectively 135 breasts of 70 consecutive patients who underwent implant-based immediate breast reconstruction using freeze-dried AlloDerm as the acellular dermal matrix. Several obesity-related parameters were evaluated to determine their possible correlation to early postoperative complications. We found that breast width and surface area of AlloDerm usage correlated with the development of infection and mastectomy skin flap necrosis. Increased breast width and size of AlloDerm matrix implanted were correlated with higher rates of both minor and significant skin necrosis and of cellulitis. Body mass index was correlated with the development of cellulitis and minor and major skin necrosis but not with seroma or reconstruction failure. Preexisting breast cup size correlated with the development of seroma but not the other complications. We observed no statistically significant association between reconstruction failure and any of the parameters reviewed, but this is likely due to the small number of failures in our data set (n = 10).

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A simple ImageJ macro tool for analyzing mitochondrial network morphology in mammalian cell culture

Publication date: Available online 15 March 2017
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Andrew J. Valente, Lucas A. Maddalena, Ellen L. Robb, Fereshteh Moradi, Jeffrey A. Stuart
Mitochondria exist in a dynamic cycle of fusion and fission whose balance directly influences the morphology of the 'mitochondrial network', a term that encompasses the branched, reticular structure of fused mitochondria as well as the separate, punctate individual organelles within a eukaryotic cell. Over the past decade, the significance of the mitochondrial network has been increasingly appreciated, motivating the development of various approaches to analyze it. Here, we describe the Mitochondrial Network Analysis (MiNA) toolset, a relatively simple pair of macros making use of existing ImageJ plug-ins, allowing for semi-automated analysis of mitochondrial networks in cultured mammalian cells. MiNA is freely available at http://ift.tt/2nUekdO. The tool incorporates optional preprocessing steps to enhance the quality of images before converting the images to binary and producing a morphological skeleton for calculating nine parameters to quantitatively capture the morphology of the mitochondrial network. The efficacy of the macro toolset is demonstrated using a sample set of images from SH-SY5Y, C2C12, and mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cell cultures treated under different conditions and exhibiting hyperfused, fused, and fragmented mitochondrial network morphologies.



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Increased nuclear localization of substance P in human gastric tumor cells

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Miguel Muñoz, Marisa Rosso, Andrés Carranza, Rafael Coveñas
Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive disease that remains the fourth most common type of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Treatment of advanced or metastatic GC has seen little progress and median overall survival in this group remains <1 year. It is urgent to investigate new mechanisms to understand GC progression. It is known that substance P (SP), after binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, elicits GC proliferation; that GC cells and samples express NK-1 receptors; that NK-1 receptor antagonists, in a concentration dependent manner, inhibit the proliferation of GC cells and that these cells die by apoptosis. However, the presence of SP in GC and normal gastric cells is unknown. In order to know more on the involvement of the SP/NK-1 receptor system in GC, we studied in thirty human GC and normal gastric samples the immunolocalization of SP after using an immunohistochemical technique. SP was observed in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of GC and normal gastric cells. The nuclear expression of SP was higher in GC cells than in normal cells. No significant difference was observed when the cytoplasmatic expression of SP in normal and GC cells was compared. The findings suggest that SP plays an important role in both nuclear function and GC.



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Lanthanide-integrated supramolecular polymeric nanoassembly with multiple regulation characteristics for multidrug-resistant cancer therapy

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 129
Author(s): Weihong Jin, Qiwen Wang, Min Wu, Yang Li, Guping Tang, Yuan Ping, Paul K. Chu
Cancer treatment can in principle be enhanced by the synergistic effects of chemo- and nucleic acid-based combination therapies but the lack of efficient drug nanocarriers and occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) are major obstacles adversely affecting the effectiveness. Herein, a lanthanide-integrated supramolecular polymeric nanoassembly that delivers anticancer drugs and siRNA for more effective cancer therapy is described. This nanotherapeutic system is prepared by loading adamantane-modified doxorubicin (Dox) into polyethylenimine-crosslinked-γ-cyclodextrin (PC) through the supramolecular assembly to form the interior Dox-loaded PC (PCD) followed by electrostatically driven self-assembly of siRNA and PCD to produce the PCD/siRNA nanocomplexes. The PCD/siRNA nanocomplex is further decorated with the exterior neodymium (Nd)-integrated PC (Nd-PC) layer to obtain the PCD/siRNA/Nd-PC nanoassembly in which the interior PC serves as an efficient carrier for simultaneous delivery of Dox and siRNA to the human breast cancer cell line, Dox-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/ADR) both in vitro and in vivo. The exterior Nd-PC layer improves the drug sensitivity to the MCF-7/ADR cells as a result of the improved nanoassembly uptake, reduced drug efflux, and enhanced apoptosis, as evidenced by multiple regulation of a series of intracellular proteins related to MDR. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of the PCD/siRNA/Nd-PC nanoassembly is demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in the mouse model with MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografts as a result of reduced angiogenesis and increased necrosis at the tumor site. This study reveals a simple and universal strategy to transform polymer-based nanoassemblies into advanced organic-inorganic nanotherapeutics suitable for cancer MDR therapy.



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Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations

Abstract

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent disease with significant impact on physical health and quality of life. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been directly correlated to disease severity, and may also be a contributing causal factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The primary aim of the present study was to assess differences in S. aureus colonization in AD patients with and without filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations. Secondarily, to assess disease severity in relation to S. aureus colonization. Exploratory analyses were performed to investigate S. aureus genetic lineages in relation to FLG mutations and disease severity (SCORAD).

Methods

101 adult AD patients were included in the study. Bacterial swabs were taken from lesional skin, non-lesional skin and nose. Swabs positive for S. aureus were characterized by spa and the respective clonal complex (CC) type assigned. Patients were characterized with respect to disease severity (SCORAD) and FLG mutations (n=88). Fischer's exact test was used to analyze differences in S. aureus colonization in relation to FLG mutations.

Results

Of the 101 patients included, 74 patients (73%) were colonized with S. aureus. Of the colonized patients, 70 patients (95%) carried only one CC type in all three different sampling sites. In lesional skin S. aureus was found in 24 patients with FLG mutations (n=31), versus 24 wild-type patients (n=54) (p=0.0004). S. aureus CC1 clonal lineage was more prevalent in patients with FLG mutations (n=10) than in wild-type patients (n=2) (p=0.003). No specific bacterial lineage was linked to disease severity.

Conclusion

Increased S. aureus colonization in AD patients with FLG mutations, and increased prevalence of CC1 in patients with FLG mutations, suggest that host-microbe interactions and clonal differences in S. aureus are important for colonization of AD skin.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2mGrl9R

Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic eczema and its association with filaggrin gene mutations

Abstract

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent disease with significant impact on physical health and quality of life. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been directly correlated to disease severity, and may also be a contributing causal factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The primary aim of the present study was to assess differences in S. aureus colonization in AD patients with and without filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations. Secondarily, to assess disease severity in relation to S. aureus colonization. Exploratory analyses were performed to investigate S. aureus genetic lineages in relation to FLG mutations and disease severity (SCORAD).

Methods

101 adult AD patients were included in the study. Bacterial swabs were taken from lesional skin, non-lesional skin and nose. Swabs positive for S. aureus were characterized by spa and the respective clonal complex (CC) type assigned. Patients were characterized with respect to disease severity (SCORAD) and FLG mutations (n=88). Fischer's exact test was used to analyze differences in S. aureus colonization in relation to FLG mutations.

Results

Of the 101 patients included, 74 patients (73%) were colonized with S. aureus. Of the colonized patients, 70 patients (95%) carried only one CC type in all three different sampling sites. In lesional skin S. aureus was found in 24 patients with FLG mutations (n=31), versus 24 wild-type patients (n=54) (p=0.0004). S. aureus CC1 clonal lineage was more prevalent in patients with FLG mutations (n=10) than in wild-type patients (n=2) (p=0.003). No specific bacterial lineage was linked to disease severity.

Conclusion

Increased S. aureus colonization in AD patients with FLG mutations, and increased prevalence of CC1 in patients with FLG mutations, suggest that host-microbe interactions and clonal differences in S. aureus are important for colonization of AD skin.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Unmet Primary Physicians' Needs for Allergic Rhinitis Care in Korea.

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Unmet Primary Physicians' Needs for Allergic Rhinitis Care in Korea.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):265-271

Authors: Yang HJ, Kim YH, Lee B, Kong DY, Kim DK, Kim MA, Kim BS, Kim WY, Kim JH, Park Y, Park SY, Bae WY, Song K, Yang MS, Lee SM, Lee YM, Lee HJ, Cho JH, Jee HM, Choi JH, Yoo Y, Koh YI, Work Group for Rhinitis, the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic allergic respiratory diseases worldwide. Various practical guidelines for AR have been developed and updated to improve the care of AR patients; however, up to 40% patients remain symptomatic. The unmet need for AR care is one of the greatest public health problems in the world. The gaps between guideline and real-world practice, and differences according to the region, culture, and medical environments may be the causes of unmet needs for AR care. Because there is no evidence-based AR practical guideline reflecting the Korean particularity, various needs are increasing. The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether existing guidelines are sufficient for AR patient management in real practice and whether development of regional guidelines to reflect regional differences is needed in Korea. A total of 99 primary physicians comprising internists, pediatricians, and otolaryngologists (n=33 for each) were surveyed by a questionnaire relating to unmet needs for AR care between June 2 and June 16 of 2014. Among 39 question items, participants strongly agreed on 15 items that existing guidelines were highly insufficient and needed new guidelines. However, there was some disagreement according to specialties for another 24 items. In conclusion, the survey results demonstrated that many physicians did not agree with the current AR guideline, and a new guideline reflecting Korean particularity was needed.

PMID: 28293933 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2npUo5M

A Case of Cycloserine-Induced Lichenoid Drug Eruption Supported by the Lymphocyte Transformation Test.

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A Case of Cycloserine-Induced Lichenoid Drug Eruption Supported by the Lymphocyte Transformation Test.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):281-284

Authors: Kim J, Park S, Jung CM, Oh CW, Kwon JW

Abstract
Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE) is a rare form of delayed-type drug eruption. Among anti-tuberculosis (Tb) agents, cycloserine (CS) has been reported as a rare cause of LDE. Positive results on the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) have not been reported in patients with LDE. In the present case, we performed LTT and a patch test, and successfully proved CS as the offending drug in this patient, who had been treated with multiple anti-Tb drugs. These observations suggest that CS should be considered a possible cause of LDE and that LTT can be an option for the diagnosis of LDE.

PMID: 28293936 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTQUFv

Effect of TiO₂ Nanoparticles on Inflammasome-Mediated Airway Inflammation and Responsiveness.

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Effect of TiO₂ Nanoparticles on Inflammasome-Mediated Airway Inflammation and Responsiveness.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):257-264

Authors: Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Park MK, Jang AS

Abstract
PURPOSE: Nanoparticles (NPs) may cause cell and tissue damage, leading to local and systemic inflammatory responses and adverse effects on health due to the inhalation of particulate matter. The inflammasome is a major regulator of inflammation through its activation of pro-caspase-1, which cleaves pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) into its mature form and may induce acute and chronic immune responses to NPs. However, little is known about the response of the inflammasome to NP exposure via the airways in asthma. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs on inflammasome in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
METHODS: Mice were treated with ovalbumin (OVA) or TiO₂ NPs. IL-1β, IL-18, NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, TP-2 (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and caspase-1 were assessed by Western blotting. Caspase-1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-as markers of oxidative damage-and the mediators 8-isoprostane and carbonyl were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation were increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice, and these responses were exacerbated by exposure to TiO₂ NPs. NP treatment increased IL-1β and IL-18 expression in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. NPs augmented the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1, leading to production of active caspase-1 in the lung. Caspase-1 expression was increased and exacerbated by TiO₂ NP exposure in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. ROS levels tended to be increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged and OVA-sensitized/challenged-plus-TiO₂ NP-exposed mice.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that inflammasome activation occured in asthmatic lungs following NP exposure, suggesting that targeting the inflammasome may assist in controling NP-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.

PMID: 28293932 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTPr22

A Pilot Study of Intralymphatic Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite, Cat, and Dog Allergies.

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A Pilot Study of Intralymphatic Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite, Cat, and Dog Allergies.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):272-277

Authors: Lee SP, Choi SJ, Joe E, Lee SM, Lee MW, Shim JW, Kim YJ, Kyung SY, Park JW, Jeong SH, Jung JH

Abstract
Several recent clinical trials reported that intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) for some allergens, such as cat dander and pollen, induce tolerance more rapidly than conventional subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy, have a comparable duration of effect after only 3 injections, and do not provoke serious local or systemic reactions. However, the efficacy and safety of ILIT are using Dermatophagoides farinae (Df), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and dog, which are indoor allergens that are commonly found globally, need to be evaluated. Furthermore, use of multiple allergens in ILIT should be investigated. We assessed the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of ILIT using aqueous Df, Dp, dog, and cat allergens or mixtures thereof in patients with allergic rhinitis. A total of 11 subjects with AR sensitized to Df, Dp, cat, and/or dog allergens received 3 intralymphatic inguinal injections of sensitized allergen extract (HollisterStier, New Orleans, LA, USA). Clinical parameters were assessed before ILIT, and 4 months and 1 year after the first injection. Rhinitis symptoms were alleviated and quality of life was improved 4 months after ILIT (P=0.012 and P=0.007, respectively), and these improvements lasted for 1 year after ILIT (P=0.047 and P=0.009, respectively). However, we observed 2 cases of anaphylaxis, one case of a moderate-to-severe systemic hypersensitivity reaction and the other case of a severe local reaction at the injection site after ILIT. In conclusion, ILIT can rapidly improve allergy symptoms and quality of life, and this effect lasts for 1 year. In hypersensitized patients, however, ILIT can provoke severe systemic and/or local hypersensitivity reactions when performed using aqueous allergen extracts.

PMID: 28293934 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTQEpY

Prevalence and Causes of Childhood Urticaria.

Related Articles

Prevalence and Causes of Childhood Urticaria.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):189-190

Authors: Shin M, Lee S

PMID: 28293924 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTVMu8

Levodropropizine-Induced Anaphylaxis: Case Series and Literature Review.

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Levodropropizine-Induced Anaphylaxis: Case Series and Literature Review.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):278-280

Authors: Song JW, Jang YS, Jung MC, Kim JH, Choi JH, Park S, Hwang YI, Jang SH, Jung KS

Abstract
Levodropropizine is commonly used as an antitussive drug for acute and chronic cough. It is a non-opioid agent with peripheral antitussive action via the modulation of sensory neuropeptide levels in the airways. Thus, levodropropizine has a more tolerable profile than opioid antitussives. However, we experienced 3 cases of levodropropizine-induced anaphylaxis. Three patients commonly presented with generalized urticaria, dyspnea, and collapse after taking cold medication including levodropropizine. To find out the culprit drug, we performed skin tests, oral provocation tests (OPTs), and basophil activation tests (BATs). Two patients were confirmed as having levodropropizine-induced anaphylaxis by OPTs, and one of them showed positive to skin prick tests (SPTs). The other patient was confirmed by skin tests and BATs. When we analyzed pharmacovigilance data related to levodropropizine collected for 5 years, most cases (78.9%) had allergic reactions, such as rash, urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. Therefore, physicians should consider that levodropropizine can be a culprit drug, when anaphylaxis occurs after taking anti-cough or common cold medication.

PMID: 28293935 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2npZAXr

Investigation of the Possible Role of the Hippo/YAP1 Pathway in Asthma and Allergy.

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Investigation of the Possible Role of the Hippo/YAP1 Pathway in Asthma and Allergy.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):247-256

Authors: Fodor LE, Gézsi A, Ungvári L, Semsei AF, Gál Z, Nagy A, Gálffy G, Tamási L, Kiss A, Antal P, Szalai C

Abstract
PURPOSE: Several lines of evidence indicate that the Hippo/Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) pathways might play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. To investigate the possible role of the Hippo/YAP1 pathway in the pathogenesis of asthma or its phenotypes.
METHODS: The levels of gene expressions of the members of the Hippo/YAP1 were compared. The presence of the proteins of the YAP1 and FRMD6 were analyzed with Western blot in induced sputum of 18 asthmatic subjects and 10 control subjects. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the YAP1 gene were genotyped in 522 asthmatic subjects and 711 healthy controls. The results were evaluated with traditional frequentist methods and with Bayesian network-based Bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance (BN-BMLA).
RESULTS: The mRNA of all the members of the Hippo/YAP1 pathway could be detected in the induced sputum of both controls and cases. A correlation was found between YAP1 mRNA levels and sputum bronchial epithelial cells (r=0.575, P=0.003). The signal for the FRMD6 protein could be detected in all sputum samples while the YAP1 protein could not be detected in the sputum samples, of the healthy controls and severe asthmatics, but it was detectable in mild asthmatics. The rs2846836 SNP of the YAP1 gene was significantly associated with exercise-induced asthma (odds ratio [OR]=2.1 [1.3-3.4]; P=0.004). The distribution of genotypes of rs11225138 and certain haplotypes of the YAP1 gene showed significant differences between different asthma severity statuses. With BN-BMLA, 2 SNPs, genetic variations in the FRMD6 gene proved to be the most relevant to exercise-induced asthma and allergic rhinitis. These 2 SNPs through allergic rhinitis and exercise-induced asthma were in epistatic interaction with each other.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided additional evidence that the FRMD6/Hippo/YAP1 pathway plays a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. If additional studies can confirm these findings, this pathway can be a potential novel therapeutic target in asthma and other inflammatory airway diseases.

PMID: 28293931 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2npShPK

Anti-Interleukin-9 Antibody Increases the Effect of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Murine Allergic Rhinitis.

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Anti-Interleukin-9 Antibody Increases the Effect of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Murine Allergic Rhinitis.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):237-246

Authors: Shin JH, Kim DH, Kim BY, Kim SW, Hwang SH, Lee J, Kim SW

Abstract
PURPOSE: Interleukin (IL)-9 induces allergic responses; however, the roles of anti-IL-9 antibody in the induction of tolerance remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of anti-IL-9 antibody on oral tolerance (OT) in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR).
METHODS: BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: the control, AR, OT, and OT with anti-IL-9 antibody (OT+IL9AB) groups. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used for sensitization and challenge. Mice in the OT and OT+IL9AB groups were fed OVA for immunotherapy. During immunotherapy, OT+IL9AB mice were injected with anti-IL-9 antibody. Allergic symptoms, tissue eosinophil counts, and serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured. The mRNA expressions of cytokines and transcription factors of T cells of nasal mucosa were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The protein levels of GATA3, ROR-γt, and Foxp3 in nasal mucosa were determined by Western blot. CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Administration of anti-IL-9 antibody decreased allergic symptoms, OVA-specific IgE levels, and eosinophil counts. In addition, it inhibited T-helper (Th) 2 responses, but had no effect on Th1 responses. Protein levels of ROR-γt and mRNA levels of PU.1 and ROR-γt were reduced by anti-IL-9 antibody. Anti-IL-9 antibody increased Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA expression, Foxp3 protein, and induction of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Anti-IL-9 antibody decreased allergic inflammation through suppression of Th2 and Th17 cells. Anti-IL-9 antibody enhanced the tolerogenic effects of regulatory T cells. These results suggest that anti-IL-9 antibody might represent a potential therapeutic agent for allergen immunotherapy in patients with uncontrolled allergic airway disease.

PMID: 28293930 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTIVrK

Is Performance of a Modified Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea Test in High Ventilation Athletes Reproducible?

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Is Performance of a Modified Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea Test in High Ventilation Athletes Reproducible?

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):229-236

Authors: Kennedy MD, Steinback CD, Skow R, Parent EC

Abstract
PURPOSE: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in "high ventilation" athletes, and the Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea (EVH) airway provocation test is the standard EIB screen. Although the EVH test is widely used, the in-test performance in high ventilation athletes as well as the reproducibility of that performance has not been determined. Reproducibility of pre- and post-test spirometry and self-reported atopy/cough was also examined.
METHODS: High ventilation athletes (competitive swimmers; n=11, 5 males) completed an atopy/cough questionnaire and EVH testing (operator controlled FiCO₂) on 2 consecutive days.
RESULTS: Swimmers achieved 85%±9% and 87%±9% of target FEV1 volume on days 1 and 2, respectively, (P=0.45; ICC 0.57 [0.00-0.86]) resulting in a total ventilation of 687 vs 684 L [P=0.89, ICC 0.89 (0.65-0.97]) equating to 83%±8% and 84%±9% of predicted total volume (ICC 0.54 [0.00-0.85]) between days 1 and 2. FiCO₂ required to maintain eucapnic conditions was 2.5%. Pre-test FEV1 was less on day 2 (P=0.04; ICC >0.90). Day 1 to 2 post-test FEV1 was not different, and 4 swimmers were EIB positive (>10% fall in pre-post FEV1) on day 1 (3 on day 2).
CONCLUSIONS: EVH in-test performance is reproducible however required less FiCO₂ than standard protocol and the swimmers under-ventilated by 125 and 139 L/min for days 1 and 2, respectively. How this affects EIB diagnosis remains to be determined; however, our results indicate a post-test FEV1 fall of ≥20% may be recommended as the most consistent diagnostic criterion.

PMID: 28293929 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nqcSTX

Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

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Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy for House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):220-228

Authors: Feng B, Xiang H, Jin H, Gao J, Huang S, Shi Y, Chen R, Chen B

Abstract
PURPOSE: Allergic rhinitis (AR) has become a global issue for a large part of the general population. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been used extensively to treat persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR). Although systematic reviews have confirmed the effectiveness of SLIT for the treatment of AR, a considerable number of studies using extracts of house dust mites (HDMs) for immunotherapy found no consensus on basic treatment parameters and questioned the efficacy of SLIT.
METHODS: In this study, we evaluated SLIT for PAR by a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library database searches were performed for RCTs on the treatment of PAR by SLIT that assessed clinical outcomes related to efficacy through May 2016. Descriptive and quantitative information was abstracted. An analysis was performed with standardized mean differences (SMDs) under a fixed or random effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² metric.
RESULTS: In total, 25 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis for symptom scores and 15 studies for medication scores. SLIT was significantly different from the controls for symptom scores (SMD=1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.74 to 0.73; P<0.001). For medication scores, significant differences for SLIT were also observed versus the controls (SMD=-1.39; 95% CI=-1.90 to -0.88; P<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis indicates that SLIT provided significant symptom relief and reduced the need for medications in PAR. In this study, significant evidence was obtained despite heterogeneity with regard to the use of mite extract. Specifically, the mite extract used was provided by the patients with PAR. Furthermore, to confirm both the objective outcomes and the effective doses of HDM allergen extracts, experimental data should be obtained from large high-quality population-based studies.

PMID: 28293928 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nTK6HN

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urticaria With a Focus on Chronic Urticaria in Children.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urticaria With a Focus on Chronic Urticaria in Children.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):212-219

Authors: Lee SJ, Ha EK, Jee HM, Lee KS, Lee SW, Kim MA, Kim DH, Jung YH, Sheen YH, Sung MS, Han MY

Abstract
PURPOSE: Limited data is available on the prevalence and risk factors of acute and chronic urticaria in children. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence and identify the risk factors of acute and chronic urticaria in Korean children.
METHODS: This population-based study examined 4,076 children (age 4 to 13 years) who were enrolled in the 2015 prospective Seongnam Atopy Project (SAP 2015) in Korea. The parents completed an urticaria questionnaire that included questions regarding the duration, severity, and triggering factors of urticaria. Blood sampling (n=464) was performed to measure vitamin D, total eosinophil count (TEC), and total IgE levels, and skin prick tests (n=503) were done.
RESULTS: The prevalences of the life-time, acute, and chronic urticaria were 22.5%, 13.9%, and 1.8% (chronic continuous urticaria, 0.7%; and chronic recurrent urticaria, 1.1%), respectively. Acute urticaria was significantly associated with allergic diseases and parental history of allergy (P<0.001), but chronic urticaria was not associated with these clinical factors. There was no significant difference in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D level between subjects with chronic urticaria and controls (P=0.124). Chronic continuous urticaria was associated with living in a new residence (aOR=2.38, 95% CI=1.02-5.54, P=0.044) and belonging to a family with a high income (aOR=4.24, 95% CI=1.24-14.56, P=0.022).
CONCLUSIONS: A total of 1.8% of children were found to have chronic urticaria. Living in a new residence and belonging to a family with a high income increased the risk of chronic continuous urticaria.

PMID: 28293927 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2nq1sj9

Prenatal Maternal Distress and Allergic Diseases in Offspring: Review of Evidence and Possible Pathways.

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Prenatal Maternal Distress and Allergic Diseases in Offspring: Review of Evidence and Possible Pathways.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):200-211

Authors: Suh DI, Chang HY, Lee E, Yang SI, Hong SJ

Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a close association between prenatal maternal distress and allergic diseases in the offspring. We selected relevant birth-cohort or national registry studies using a keyword search of the PubMed database and summarized current evidence on the impact of prenatal maternal distress on the development of offspring's allergic diseases. Moreover, we postulated possible pathways linking prenatal distress and allergic diseases based on relevant human and animal studies. Both dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased oxidative stress may cause structural (altered brain/lung development) and functional (skewed immune development) changes, which may predispose the fetus to developing allergic diseases during childhood. Although many facts are yet to be discovered, changes in the placental response and epigenetic modification are presumed to mediate the whole process from maternal distress to allergic diseases. Maternal prenatal distress can also interact with other physical or environmental factors, including familial or physical factors, indoor and outdoor pollutants, and early childhood psychological distress. The gut-microbiome-brain axis and the role of the microbiome as an immune modulator should be considered when investigating the stress-allergy relationship and exploring potential intervention modalities. Further research is needed, and particular attention should be given to defining the most vulnerable subjects and critical time periods. To this end, studies exploring relevant biomarkers are warranted, which can enable us to explore adequate intervention strategies.

PMID: 28293926 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2mwRMzw

Genetic Signatures of Asthma Exacerbation.

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Genetic Signatures of Asthma Exacerbation.

Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017 May;9(3):191-199

Authors: Park HW, Tantisira KG

Abstract
Asthma exacerbation (AE) usually denotes worsening of asthma symptoms that requires intense management to prevent further deterioration. AE has been reported to correlate with clinical and demographic factors, such as race, gender, and treatment compliance as well as environmental factors, such as viral infection, smoking, and air pollution. In addition, recent observations suggest that there are likely to be genetic factors specific to AE. Understanding genetic factors specific to AE is essential to develop therapy tailored for exacerbation-prone asthma. Here, we summarize the results of studies involving genetic risk factors for AE. To simplify and enhance understanding, we reviewed the studies according to the following categories: hypothesis-driven approaches, hypothesis-free approaches, gene-environment interactions, and pharmacogenetics.

PMID: 28293925 [PubMed]

http://ift.tt/2npUk62

Gastric blunt traumatic injuries: A computed tomography grading classification.

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Gastric blunt traumatic injuries: A computed tomography grading classification.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):85-90

Authors: Solazzo A, Lassandro G, Lassandro F

Abstract
AIM: To produce a radiological grading of gastric traumatic injuries.
METHODS: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed 32 cases of blunt gastric traumatic injuries and compared computed tomography (CT) data with patients' surgical or medical development. In all cases, a basal phase was acquired, and an intravenous contrast material was administered via an antecubital venous catheter with acquisition in the venous phase (70-90 s). In addition, a further set of delayed scans was performed 4-5 min after the first scanning session, without supplementary intravenous contrast material, to identify or better define areas of active bleeding. All CT examinations were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists, with more than 5 years of experience in emergency radiology, to detect signs of gastric injuries and/or associated abdominal lesions according to literature data. Specific CT findings for gastric rupture include luminal content extravasation and discontinuity of the gastric wall, while CT findings suggestive of injury consisted of free peritoneal fluid, extraluminal air, pneumatosis, and thickening and hematoma of gastric wall.
RESULTS: We found 32 gastric traumatic injuries. In 22 patients (68.8%), the diagnosis was based on the surgical findings; in the other 10 patients (31.2%), the diagnosis was based on the clinical and CT radiological data. We observed discontinuity of the gastric wall and luminal content extravasation in 1 patient (3.1%); in 10 patients (31.2%), there was extra-luminal air in the peritoneum. In 28 patients (87.5%), there was peritoneal fluid, which was blood in 14 patients (hematoma in 11 patients and contrast material extravasation from active bleeding in 3 patients). In 15 patients (46.9%), there was gastric wall thickening. In 3 patients, it was possible to identify a prevalent involvement of the external layer of the gastric wall, whereas, in 2 patients, the inner side of the gastric wall presented with major involvement. In 3 patients (9.4%), pneumatosis of the gastric wall was detected. In 19 (59.4%) patients, the stomach was full. The fundus was the most frequently damaged part of the stomach because it was involved in 17 patients (53.1%). Based on the observed data, we identified four grades of gastric lesions.
CONCLUSION: A radiologic score is helpful for guiding the diagnosis and management (surgical or conservative) of gastric blunt traumatic injuries and stratify patients according to short-term outcomes.

PMID: 28298969 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKsqym

Feasibility of imaging superficial palmar arch using micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging.

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Feasibility of imaging superficial palmar arch using micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):79-84

Authors: Pruzan AN, Kaufman AE, Calcagno C, Zhou Y, Fayad ZA, Mani V

Abstract
AIM: To demonstrate feasibility of vessel wall imaging of the superficial palmar arch using high frequency micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS: Four subjects (ages 22-50 years) were scanned on a micro-ultrasound system with a 45-MHz transducer (Vevo 2100, VisualSonics). Subjects' hands were then imaged on a 3T clinical MR scanner (Siemens Biograph MMR) using an 8-channel special purpose phased array carotid coil. Lastly, subjects' hands were imaged on a 7T clinical MR scanner (Siemens Magnetom 7T Whole Body Scanner) using a custom built 8-channel transmit receive carotid coil. All three imaging modalities were subjectively analyzed for image quality and visualization of the vessel wall.
RESULTS: Results of this very preliminary study indicated that vessel wall imaging of the superficial palmar arch was feasible with a whole body 7T and 3T MRI in comparison with micro-ultrasound. Subjective analysis of image quality (1-5 scale, 1: poorest, 5: best) from B mode, ultrasound, 3T SPACE MRI and 7T SPACE MRI indicated that the image quality obtained at 7T was superior to both 3T MRI and micro-ultrasound. The 3D SPACE sequence at both 7T and 3T MRI with isotropic voxels allowed for multi-planar reformatting of images and allowed for less operator dependent results as compared to high frequency micro-ultrasound imaging. Although quantitative analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the three methods, the 7T Tesla trended to have better visibility of the vessel and its wall.
CONCLUSION: Imaging of smaller arteries at the 7T is feasible for evaluating atherosclerosis burden and may be of clinical relevance in multiple diseases.

PMID: 28298968 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKIDDo

Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of brain involvement in alcoholic and nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.

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Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of brain involvement in alcoholic and nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):72-78

Authors: Sparacia G, Anastasi A, Speciale C, Agnello F, Banco A

Abstract
AIM: To present the typical and atypical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.
METHODS: This study included 7 patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy (2 men, 5 women; mean age, 52.3 years) that underwent brain MR examination between January 2012 and March 2016 in a single institution. Three patients were alcoholics and 4 patients were non-alcoholics. MR protocol included a T2-weighted sequence, a fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, a diffusion-weighted sequence (b = 0 and 1000 s/mm(2)), and a contrast-enhanced MR sequence. All MR images were retrospectively reviewed at baseline and follow-up by two radiologists.
RESULTS: All patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had bilateral areas showing high signal intensity on both T2-weighted and FLAIR MR images in the typical sites (i.e., the periaqueductal region and the tectal plate). Signal intensity abnormalities in the atypical sites (i.e., the cerebellum and the cerebellar vermis) were seen in 4 patients, all of which had no history of alcohol abuse. Six patients had areas with restricted diffusion in the typical and atypical sites. Four patients had areas showing contrast-enhancement in the typical and atypical sites. Follow-up MR imaging within 6 mo after therapy (intravenous administration of thiamine) was performed in 4 patients, and demonstrated a complete resolution of all the signal intensities abnormalities previously seen in all patients.
CONCLUSION: MR imaging is valuable in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy particularly in patients presenting with atypical clinical symptoms, or with no history of alcohol abuse.

PMID: 28298967 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nc5gUB

Radiation dose enhancement in skin therapy with nanoparticle addition: A Monte Carlo study on kilovoltage photon and megavoltage electron beams.

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Radiation dose enhancement in skin therapy with nanoparticle addition: A Monte Carlo study on kilovoltage photon and megavoltage electron beams.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):63-71

Authors: Zheng XJ, Chow JC

Abstract
AIM: To investigated the dose enhancement due to the incorporation of nanoparticles in skin therapy using the kilovoltage (kV) photon and megavoltage (MV) electron beams. Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict the dose enhancement when different types and concentrations of nanoparticles were added to skin target layers of varying thickness.
METHODS: Clinical kV photon beams (105 and 220 kVp) and MV electron beams (4 and 6 MeV), produced by a Gulmay D3225 orthovoltage unit and a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator, were simulated using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. Doses at skin target layers with thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm for the photon beams and 0.5 to 10 mm for the electron beams were determined. The skin target layer was added with the Au, Pt, I, Ag and Fe2O3 nanoparticles with concentrations ranging from 3 to 40 mg/mL. The dose enhancement ratio (DER), defined as the dose at the target layer with nanoparticle addition divided by the dose at the layer without nanoparticle addition, was calculated for each nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration and target layer thickness.
RESULTS: It was found that among all nanoparticles, Au had the highest DER (5.2-6.3) when irradiated with kV photon beams. Dependence of the DER on the target layer thickness was not significant for the 220 kVp photon beam but it was for 105 kVp beam for Au nanoparticle concentrations higher than 18 mg/mL. For other nanoparticles, the DER was dependent on the atomic number of the nanoparticle and energy spectrum of the photon beams. All nanoparticles showed an increase of DER with nanoparticle concentration during the photon beam irradiations regardless of thickness. For electron beams, the Au nanoparticles were found to have the highest DER (1.01-1.08) when the beam energy was equal to 4 MeV, but this was drastically lower than the DER values found using photon beams. The DER was also found affected by the depth of maximum dose of the electron beam and target thickness. For other nanoparticles with lower atomic number, DERs in the range of 0.99-1.02 were found using the 4 and 6 MeV electron beams.
CONCLUSION: In nanoparticle-enhanced skin therapy, Au nanoparticle addition can achieve the highest dose enhancement with 105 kVp photon beams. Electron beams, while popular for skin therapy, did not produce as high dose enhancements as kV photon beams. Additionally, the DER is dependent on nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration, skin target thickness and energies of the photon and electron beams.

PMID: 28298966 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKfrNa

Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries.

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Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):55-62

Authors: Rehani B, Zhang YC, Rehani MM, Palkó A, Lau L, Lette MN, Dillon WP

Abstract
AIM: To assess the state of radiology education across Europe by means of a survey study.
METHODS: A comprehensive 23-item radiology survey was distributed via email to the International Society of Radiology members, national radiological societies, radiologists and medical physicists. Reminders to complete the survey were sent and the results were analyzed over a period of 4 mo (January-April 2016). Survey questions include length of medical school and residency training; availability of fellowship and subspecialty training; number of residency programs in each country; accreditation pathways; research training; and medical physics education. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize data.
RESULTS: Radiology residency training ranges from 2-6 years with a median of 5 years, and follows 1 year of internship training in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Subspecialty fellowship training is offered in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Availability for specialization training by national societies is limited to eight countries. For nearly all respondents, less than fifty percent of radiologists travel abroad for specialization. Nine of 22 (41%) European countries have research requirements during residency. The types of certifying exam show variation where 64% (14 out of 22) European countries require both written and oral boards, 23% (5 out of 22) require oral examinations only, and 5% (1 out of 22) require written examinations only. A degree in medical physics is offered in 59% (13 out of 22) European countries and is predominantly taught by medical physicists. Nearly all respondents report that formal examinations in medical physics are required.
CONCLUSION: Comparative learning experiences across the continent will help guide the development of comprehensive yet pragmatic infrastructures for radiology education and collaborations in radiology education worldwide.

PMID: 28298965 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nbXGcx

Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: How we do it and common imaging findings.

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Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: How we do it and common imaging findings.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):46-54

Authors: Mantarro A, Scalise P, Guidi E, Neri E

Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with unpredictable clinical course by phases of relapses alternating with other of quiescence. The etiology is multifactorial and is still not completely known; globally the westernization of lifestyle is causing an increasing incidence of CD, with peak age of 20-30 years. The diagnostic workup begins with the evaluation of the clinical history, physical examination and laboratory tests. However, the clinical assessment is subjected interobserver variability and, occasionally, the symptoms of acute and chronic inflammation may be indistinguishable. In this regards, the role of magnetic resonance (MR) enterography is crucial to determine the extension, the disease activity and the presence of any complications without ionizing radiations, making this method very suitable for young population affected by CD. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate the MR enterography technique and the most relevant imaging findings of CD, allowing the detection of small bowel involvement and the assessment of disease activity.

PMID: 28298964 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKzoTX

Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele.

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Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):34-45

Authors: Tsili AC, Xiropotamou ON, Sylakos A, Maliakas V, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI

Abstract
Varicocele is characterized by an abnormal dilatation and retrograde blood flow in the spermatic veins. Varicocele is the leading correctable cause of male infertility. Although it is highly prevalent in infertile men, it is also observed in individuals with normal fertility. Determining which men are negatively affected by varicocele would enable clinicians to better select those men who will benefit from treatment. To assess the functional status of the testes in men with varicocele, color Doppler sonographic parameters were evaluated. Testicular arterial blood flow was significantly reduced in men with varicocele, reflecting an impairment of spermatogenesis. An improvement in the testicular blood supply was found after varicocelectomy on spectral Doppler analysis. Testicular contrast harmonic imaging and elastography might improve our knowledge about the influence of varicocele on intratesticular microcirculation and tissue stiffness, respectively, providing possible information on the early damage of testicular structure by varicocele. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient has been used to assess the degree of testicular dysfunction and to evaluate the effectiveness of varicocele repair. Large prospective studies are needed to validate the possible role of functional sonography and MRI in the assessment of early defects of spermatogenesis in testes with varicocele.

PMID: 28298963 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nc6fnE

Evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: Is there a role for positron emission tomography?

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Evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: Is there a role for positron emission tomography?

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):27-33

Authors: Bauckneht M, Piva R, Sambuceti G, Grossi F, Morbelli S

Abstract
Strategies targeting intracellular negative regulators such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) have demonstrated significant antitumor activity across a wide range of solid tumors. In the clinical practice, the radiological effect of immunotherapeutic agents has raised several more relevant and complex challenges for the determination of their imaging-based response at single patient level. Accordingly, it has been suggested that the conventional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors assessment alone, based on dimensional evaluation provided by computed tomography (CT), tends to underestimate the benefit of ICPIs at least in a subset of patients, supporting the need of immune-related response criteria. Different from CT, very few data are available for the evaluation of immunotherapy by means of (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Moreover, since the antineoplastic activity of ICPIs is highly related to the activation of T cells against cancer cells, FDG accumulation might cause false-positive findings. Yet, discrimination between benign and malignant processes represents a huge challenge for FDG-PET in this clinical setting. Consequently, it might be of high interest to test the complex and variegated response to ICPIs by means of PET and thus it is worthwhile to ask if a similar introduction of immune-related PET-based criteria could be proposed in the future. Finally, PET might offer a new insight into the biology and pathophysiology of ICPIs thanks to a growing number of non-invasive immune-diagnostic approaches based on non-FDG tracers.

PMID: 28298962 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKo2PX

Gastric blunt traumatic injuries: A computed tomography grading classification.

Related Articles

Gastric blunt traumatic injuries: A computed tomography grading classification.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):85-90

Authors: Solazzo A, Lassandro G, Lassandro F

Abstract
AIM: To produce a radiological grading of gastric traumatic injuries.
METHODS: In our study, we retrospectively analyzed 32 cases of blunt gastric traumatic injuries and compared computed tomography (CT) data with patients' surgical or medical development. In all cases, a basal phase was acquired, and an intravenous contrast material was administered via an antecubital venous catheter with acquisition in the venous phase (70-90 s). In addition, a further set of delayed scans was performed 4-5 min after the first scanning session, without supplementary intravenous contrast material, to identify or better define areas of active bleeding. All CT examinations were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists, with more than 5 years of experience in emergency radiology, to detect signs of gastric injuries and/or associated abdominal lesions according to literature data. Specific CT findings for gastric rupture include luminal content extravasation and discontinuity of the gastric wall, while CT findings suggestive of injury consisted of free peritoneal fluid, extraluminal air, pneumatosis, and thickening and hematoma of gastric wall.
RESULTS: We found 32 gastric traumatic injuries. In 22 patients (68.8%), the diagnosis was based on the surgical findings; in the other 10 patients (31.2%), the diagnosis was based on the clinical and CT radiological data. We observed discontinuity of the gastric wall and luminal content extravasation in 1 patient (3.1%); in 10 patients (31.2%), there was extra-luminal air in the peritoneum. In 28 patients (87.5%), there was peritoneal fluid, which was blood in 14 patients (hematoma in 11 patients and contrast material extravasation from active bleeding in 3 patients). In 15 patients (46.9%), there was gastric wall thickening. In 3 patients, it was possible to identify a prevalent involvement of the external layer of the gastric wall, whereas, in 2 patients, the inner side of the gastric wall presented with major involvement. In 3 patients (9.4%), pneumatosis of the gastric wall was detected. In 19 (59.4%) patients, the stomach was full. The fundus was the most frequently damaged part of the stomach because it was involved in 17 patients (53.1%). Based on the observed data, we identified four grades of gastric lesions.
CONCLUSION: A radiologic score is helpful for guiding the diagnosis and management (surgical or conservative) of gastric blunt traumatic injuries and stratify patients according to short-term outcomes.

PMID: 28298969 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKsqym

Feasibility of imaging superficial palmar arch using micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging.

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Feasibility of imaging superficial palmar arch using micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):79-84

Authors: Pruzan AN, Kaufman AE, Calcagno C, Zhou Y, Fayad ZA, Mani V

Abstract
AIM: To demonstrate feasibility of vessel wall imaging of the superficial palmar arch using high frequency micro-ultrasound, 7T and 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS: Four subjects (ages 22-50 years) were scanned on a micro-ultrasound system with a 45-MHz transducer (Vevo 2100, VisualSonics). Subjects' hands were then imaged on a 3T clinical MR scanner (Siemens Biograph MMR) using an 8-channel special purpose phased array carotid coil. Lastly, subjects' hands were imaged on a 7T clinical MR scanner (Siemens Magnetom 7T Whole Body Scanner) using a custom built 8-channel transmit receive carotid coil. All three imaging modalities were subjectively analyzed for image quality and visualization of the vessel wall.
RESULTS: Results of this very preliminary study indicated that vessel wall imaging of the superficial palmar arch was feasible with a whole body 7T and 3T MRI in comparison with micro-ultrasound. Subjective analysis of image quality (1-5 scale, 1: poorest, 5: best) from B mode, ultrasound, 3T SPACE MRI and 7T SPACE MRI indicated that the image quality obtained at 7T was superior to both 3T MRI and micro-ultrasound. The 3D SPACE sequence at both 7T and 3T MRI with isotropic voxels allowed for multi-planar reformatting of images and allowed for less operator dependent results as compared to high frequency micro-ultrasound imaging. Although quantitative analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the three methods, the 7T Tesla trended to have better visibility of the vessel and its wall.
CONCLUSION: Imaging of smaller arteries at the 7T is feasible for evaluating atherosclerosis burden and may be of clinical relevance in multiple diseases.

PMID: 28298968 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKIDDo

Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of brain involvement in alcoholic and nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.

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Magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of brain involvement in alcoholic and nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):72-78

Authors: Sparacia G, Anastasi A, Speciale C, Agnello F, Banco A

Abstract
AIM: To present the typical and atypical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy.
METHODS: This study included 7 patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy (2 men, 5 women; mean age, 52.3 years) that underwent brain MR examination between January 2012 and March 2016 in a single institution. Three patients were alcoholics and 4 patients were non-alcoholics. MR protocol included a T2-weighted sequence, a fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, a diffusion-weighted sequence (b = 0 and 1000 s/mm(2)), and a contrast-enhanced MR sequence. All MR images were retrospectively reviewed at baseline and follow-up by two radiologists.
RESULTS: All patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy had bilateral areas showing high signal intensity on both T2-weighted and FLAIR MR images in the typical sites (i.e., the periaqueductal region and the tectal plate). Signal intensity abnormalities in the atypical sites (i.e., the cerebellum and the cerebellar vermis) were seen in 4 patients, all of which had no history of alcohol abuse. Six patients had areas with restricted diffusion in the typical and atypical sites. Four patients had areas showing contrast-enhancement in the typical and atypical sites. Follow-up MR imaging within 6 mo after therapy (intravenous administration of thiamine) was performed in 4 patients, and demonstrated a complete resolution of all the signal intensities abnormalities previously seen in all patients.
CONCLUSION: MR imaging is valuable in the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy particularly in patients presenting with atypical clinical symptoms, or with no history of alcohol abuse.

PMID: 28298967 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nc5gUB

Radiation dose enhancement in skin therapy with nanoparticle addition: A Monte Carlo study on kilovoltage photon and megavoltage electron beams.

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Radiation dose enhancement in skin therapy with nanoparticle addition: A Monte Carlo study on kilovoltage photon and megavoltage electron beams.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):63-71

Authors: Zheng XJ, Chow JC

Abstract
AIM: To investigated the dose enhancement due to the incorporation of nanoparticles in skin therapy using the kilovoltage (kV) photon and megavoltage (MV) electron beams. Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict the dose enhancement when different types and concentrations of nanoparticles were added to skin target layers of varying thickness.
METHODS: Clinical kV photon beams (105 and 220 kVp) and MV electron beams (4 and 6 MeV), produced by a Gulmay D3225 orthovoltage unit and a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator, were simulated using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code. Doses at skin target layers with thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm for the photon beams and 0.5 to 10 mm for the electron beams were determined. The skin target layer was added with the Au, Pt, I, Ag and Fe2O3 nanoparticles with concentrations ranging from 3 to 40 mg/mL. The dose enhancement ratio (DER), defined as the dose at the target layer with nanoparticle addition divided by the dose at the layer without nanoparticle addition, was calculated for each nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration and target layer thickness.
RESULTS: It was found that among all nanoparticles, Au had the highest DER (5.2-6.3) when irradiated with kV photon beams. Dependence of the DER on the target layer thickness was not significant for the 220 kVp photon beam but it was for 105 kVp beam for Au nanoparticle concentrations higher than 18 mg/mL. For other nanoparticles, the DER was dependent on the atomic number of the nanoparticle and energy spectrum of the photon beams. All nanoparticles showed an increase of DER with nanoparticle concentration during the photon beam irradiations regardless of thickness. For electron beams, the Au nanoparticles were found to have the highest DER (1.01-1.08) when the beam energy was equal to 4 MeV, but this was drastically lower than the DER values found using photon beams. The DER was also found affected by the depth of maximum dose of the electron beam and target thickness. For other nanoparticles with lower atomic number, DERs in the range of 0.99-1.02 were found using the 4 and 6 MeV electron beams.
CONCLUSION: In nanoparticle-enhanced skin therapy, Au nanoparticle addition can achieve the highest dose enhancement with 105 kVp photon beams. Electron beams, while popular for skin therapy, did not produce as high dose enhancements as kV photon beams. Additionally, the DER is dependent on nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration, skin target thickness and energies of the photon and electron beams.

PMID: 28298966 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKfrNa

Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries.

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Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):55-62

Authors: Rehani B, Zhang YC, Rehani MM, Palkó A, Lau L, Lette MN, Dillon WP

Abstract
AIM: To assess the state of radiology education across Europe by means of a survey study.
METHODS: A comprehensive 23-item radiology survey was distributed via email to the International Society of Radiology members, national radiological societies, radiologists and medical physicists. Reminders to complete the survey were sent and the results were analyzed over a period of 4 mo (January-April 2016). Survey questions include length of medical school and residency training; availability of fellowship and subspecialty training; number of residency programs in each country; accreditation pathways; research training; and medical physics education. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and summarize data.
RESULTS: Radiology residency training ranges from 2-6 years with a median of 5 years, and follows 1 year of internship training in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Subspecialty fellowship training is offered in 55% (12 out of 22) European countries. Availability for specialization training by national societies is limited to eight countries. For nearly all respondents, less than fifty percent of radiologists travel abroad for specialization. Nine of 22 (41%) European countries have research requirements during residency. The types of certifying exam show variation where 64% (14 out of 22) European countries require both written and oral boards, 23% (5 out of 22) require oral examinations only, and 5% (1 out of 22) require written examinations only. A degree in medical physics is offered in 59% (13 out of 22) European countries and is predominantly taught by medical physicists. Nearly all respondents report that formal examinations in medical physics are required.
CONCLUSION: Comparative learning experiences across the continent will help guide the development of comprehensive yet pragmatic infrastructures for radiology education and collaborations in radiology education worldwide.

PMID: 28298965 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nbXGcx

Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: How we do it and common imaging findings.

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Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: How we do it and common imaging findings.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):46-54

Authors: Mantarro A, Scalise P, Guidi E, Neri E

Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with unpredictable clinical course by phases of relapses alternating with other of quiescence. The etiology is multifactorial and is still not completely known; globally the westernization of lifestyle is causing an increasing incidence of CD, with peak age of 20-30 years. The diagnostic workup begins with the evaluation of the clinical history, physical examination and laboratory tests. However, the clinical assessment is subjected interobserver variability and, occasionally, the symptoms of acute and chronic inflammation may be indistinguishable. In this regards, the role of magnetic resonance (MR) enterography is crucial to determine the extension, the disease activity and the presence of any complications without ionizing radiations, making this method very suitable for young population affected by CD. The purpose of this review article is to illustrate the MR enterography technique and the most relevant imaging findings of CD, allowing the detection of small bowel involvement and the assessment of disease activity.

PMID: 28298964 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKzoTX

Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele.

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Potential role of imaging in assessing harmful effects on spermatogenesis in adult testes with varicocele.

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):34-45

Authors: Tsili AC, Xiropotamou ON, Sylakos A, Maliakas V, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI

Abstract
Varicocele is characterized by an abnormal dilatation and retrograde blood flow in the spermatic veins. Varicocele is the leading correctable cause of male infertility. Although it is highly prevalent in infertile men, it is also observed in individuals with normal fertility. Determining which men are negatively affected by varicocele would enable clinicians to better select those men who will benefit from treatment. To assess the functional status of the testes in men with varicocele, color Doppler sonographic parameters were evaluated. Testicular arterial blood flow was significantly reduced in men with varicocele, reflecting an impairment of spermatogenesis. An improvement in the testicular blood supply was found after varicocelectomy on spectral Doppler analysis. Testicular contrast harmonic imaging and elastography might improve our knowledge about the influence of varicocele on intratesticular microcirculation and tissue stiffness, respectively, providing possible information on the early damage of testicular structure by varicocele. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient has been used to assess the degree of testicular dysfunction and to evaluate the effectiveness of varicocele repair. Large prospective studies are needed to validate the possible role of functional sonography and MRI in the assessment of early defects of spermatogenesis in testes with varicocele.

PMID: 28298963 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2nc6fnE

Evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: Is there a role for positron emission tomography?

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Evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors: Is there a role for positron emission tomography?

World J Radiol. 2017 Feb 28;9(2):27-33

Authors: Bauckneht M, Piva R, Sambuceti G, Grossi F, Morbelli S

Abstract
Strategies targeting intracellular negative regulators such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) have demonstrated significant antitumor activity across a wide range of solid tumors. In the clinical practice, the radiological effect of immunotherapeutic agents has raised several more relevant and complex challenges for the determination of their imaging-based response at single patient level. Accordingly, it has been suggested that the conventional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors assessment alone, based on dimensional evaluation provided by computed tomography (CT), tends to underestimate the benefit of ICPIs at least in a subset of patients, supporting the need of immune-related response criteria. Different from CT, very few data are available for the evaluation of immunotherapy by means of (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Moreover, since the antineoplastic activity of ICPIs is highly related to the activation of T cells against cancer cells, FDG accumulation might cause false-positive findings. Yet, discrimination between benign and malignant processes represents a huge challenge for FDG-PET in this clinical setting. Consequently, it might be of high interest to test the complex and variegated response to ICPIs by means of PET and thus it is worthwhile to ask if a similar introduction of immune-related PET-based criteria could be proposed in the future. Finally, PET might offer a new insight into the biology and pathophysiology of ICPIs thanks to a growing number of non-invasive immune-diagnostic approaches based on non-FDG tracers.

PMID: 28298962 [PubMed - in process]

http://ift.tt/2mKo2PX

Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated rhino sinusitis in mink.

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Experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated rhino sinusitis in mink.

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 Dec 27;:

Authors: Kirkeby S, Hammer AS, Høiby N, Salomonsen CM

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The nasal and sinus cavities in children may serve as reservoirs for microorganisms that cause recurrent and chronic lung infections. This study evaluates whether the mink can be used as an animal model for studying Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated rhino-sinusitis since there is no suitable traditional animal model for this disease.
METHODS: Nasal tissue samples from infected and control mink were fixed in formalin, demineralized, and embedded in paraffin. A histological examination of sections from the infected animals revealed disintegration of the respiratory epithelium lining the nasal turbinates and swelling and edema of the submucosa. The expression of mucins and sialylated glycans was examined using immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: MUC1, MUC2 and MUC5AC were upregulated in the inoculated animals as a much stronger staining was present in the respiratory epithelium in the infected animals compared to the controls. The goblet cells in the nasal epithelium from the infected mink showed high affinity to the Maackia amurensis lectin and anti-asialo GM1 indicating a high concentration of α2-3 sialic acid respectively βGalNAc1-4Galβ containing glycans in these mucin producing cells. The nasal cavity in the infected mink shows features of carbohydrate expression comparable to what has been described in the respiratory system after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in humans.
CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the mink is suitable for studying Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated rhino-sinusitis.

PMID: 28302328 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

http://ift.tt/2mYvnMn

ERα and GnRH co-localize in the hypothalamic neurons of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha)

Abstract

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the key regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Estradiol (E₂) affects GnRH synthesis and delivery. Hypothalamic estrogen receptors (ER) modulate GnRH expression acting as transcription factors. The South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus, is able to ovulate up to 800 oocytes per reproductive cycle, and shows continuous folliculogenesis with pre-ovulatory follicle formation and an ovulatory event at mid-gestation. The aim of this work was to analyze the hypothalamic expression of ER in the vizcacha at different gestational time-points, and its relationship with GnRH expression, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and E₂. The hormonal pattern of mid-gestating vizcachas was comparable to ovulating-females with significant increases in GnRH, LH and E₂. Hypothalamic protein and mRNA expression of ERα varied during pregnancy with a significant increase at mid-gestation whereas ERβ mRNA expression did not show significant variations. Hypothalamic immunolocalization of ERα was observed in neurons of the diagonal band of Brocca, medial preoptic area (mPOA), periventricular, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic (SON), ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei, and medial eminence, with a similar distribution throughout gestation. In addition, all GnRH neurons of the mPOA and SON showed ERα expression with no differences across the reproductive status. The correlation between GnRH and ERα at mid-gestation, and their co-localization in the hypothalamic neurons of the vizcacha, provides novel information compared with other mammals suggesting a direct action of estrogen as part of a differential reproductive strategy to assure GnRH synthesis during pregnancy.

http://ift.tt/2nTLavv

Response

Publication date: Available online 18 March 2017
Source:Auris Nasus Larynx
Author(s): Abdulvahap Akyigit, Turgut Karlidag




http://ift.tt/2npyjV5

Analysis of the dura involvement in cholesteatoma surgery

Publication date: Available online 19 March 2017
Source:Auris Nasus Larynx
Author(s): David Schwarz, Antoniu-Oreste Gostian, Sami Shabli, Philipp Wolber, Karl Bernd Hüttenbrink, Andreas Anagiotos
ObjectiveThe involvement of the dura is a rare yet potentially life-threatening complication during cholesteatoma surgery. Thus, the knowledge about treatment and consequences of this issue is of great importance to every ear surgeon.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the dura involvement with regard to the type of defect, reconstruction method used, and the post-operative complications of 1291 pediatric and adult cholesteatoma surgeries performed at an academic tertiary care center over a twelve-year period.ResultsFrom a total of 1291 cholesteatoma surgeries, we identified 84 patients (6.5%) with dura involvement intraoperatively, most of them adult patients. The majority of the reported cases were bony defects and exposed dura without CSF leakage (79.73%, 67 out of 84). In 14.28% of the cases (12 out of 84) a meningo(encephalo)cele or dura defect with liquorrhea were detected. In 30 surgeries (35.7%, 30 out of 84) no reconstruction of the lateral skull base was considered necessary. The most common material used for reconstruction was conchal cartilage (25.0%, 21 out of 84), followed by polydioxanone (PDS)-foil (11.9%, 10 out of 84), bone pâté (9.5%, 8 out of 84) and a combination of materials (17.9%, 15 out of 84). Revision surgery of the reconstruction was necessary in 16.7% (14 out of 84) of the cases. Long-term evaluation (mean of 19.3 months) showed no complication related to the skull base defect.ConclusionDuring cholesteatoma surgery, bony and dura defects can be managed effectively, with good long-term reliability. No intracranial or mastoidal complications are expected.



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