Head and Neck Diseases by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis: 01/21/16

Πέμπτη 21 Ιανουαρίου 2016

Recent Progress in the Research of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis.

Recent Progress in the Research of Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis.

Digestion. 2016 Jan 14;93(1):7-12

Authors: Kinoshita Y, Ishimura N, Oshima N, Mikami H, Okimoto E, Jiao DJ, Ishihara S

Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroenteritis are allergic gastrointestinal diseases mainly caused by food allergens. The number of patients with EoE is rapidly increasing in both Western and Asian countries. Basic knowledge of these diseases has mainly come from studies of EoE and Th2 type allergic reactions, including IL-5, IL-13, and IL-15, thymic stromal protein, and eotaxin 3, which are considered to have important roles. For a diagnosis of EoE, endoscopic abnormalities and histological confirmation of dense eosinophile infiltration in the esophageal epithelial layer are important, in addition to identifying dysphagia symptoms. As for eosinophilic gastroenteritis, blood test findings are more useful and the role of an endoscopic examination is reduced. For both diseases, the infection rate of Helicobacter pylori is lower than in healthy controls. Glucocorticoid administration is standard treatment for these diseases, while proton pump inhibitors are frequently effective for EoE.

PMID: 26789117 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Primary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus (PSCEC) Associated with Paraneoplastic Sweating Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Primary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus (PSCEC) Associated with Paraneoplastic Sweating Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2015 Nov;27(83):463-7

Authors: Fattahi Masoum SH, Sharifi N, Taraz Jamshidi S, Sharifian A, Rezaee R

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (PSCEC) associated with paraneoplastic sweating syndrome is a rare disease characterized with rapid growth rate, metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and poor prognosis. The lung is the most common site for small cell carcinoma but this malignancy includes 0.1% to 1% of all gastrointestinal and 0.8% to 2.7% of esophageal malignancies. So far more than 200 cases of PSCEC have been reported in literature.
CASE REPORT: The patient is a 54-year-old female from the Golestan province who presented with dysphagia, 19 kg-weight loss (from 105 kgs to 86 kgs), and excessive sweating. She was admitted in the thoracic surgery ward, at Ghaem Hospital, in the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, with a pathological diagnosis of small cell carcinoma. She underwent transhiatal total esophagectomy. Excessive sweating was eradicated after surgery and she was discharged after 13 days without any complication. She received chemotherapy and at her 5-year follow up, she showed no recurrence or metastasis.
CONCLUSION: PSCEC usually requires chemotherapy with or without surgery. A favorable outcome, with total resection of the lesion combined with chemotherapy, was obtained. However, due to the rarity of the disease there is no definitive choice of treatment.

PMID: 26788492 [PubMed]

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[Collet-Sicard Syndrome due to Occipital Condyle Fracture. Case Report].

[Collet-Sicard Syndrome due to Occipital Condyle Fracture. Case Report].

Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2015;82(6):440-2

Authors: Barna M, Štulík J, Kryl J, Vyskočil T, Nesnídal P

Abstract
UNLABELLED: The case of a 63-year-old man diagnosed with Collet-Sicard syndrome due to a fracture of the right occipital condyle is presented. The cause of injury was falling off a bicycle. Dysphonia and dysphagia were present from the moment of injury, with the gradual development of light atrophy of the tongue muscles and right trapezius muscle. The diagnosis was based on examination by CT and MRI methods, the act of swallowing and physical examination by an otorhinolaryngology specialist and a neurologist who confirmed the diagnosis of injury to cranial nerves IX, X and XI on the right side. The patient was treated conservatively with application of a Philadelphia collar. Dysphagia required PEG tube insertion. Skull fracture healing was evident on a CT scan at 3-month follow-up. However, dysphonia with dysphagia and muscle atrophy remained persistent.
KEY WORDS: Collet-Sicard syndrome, occipital condyle fracture, dysphagia, dysphonia, cranial nerves.

PMID: 26787186 [PubMed - in process]

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Laryngeal Manifestations of Neurofibromatosis.

Laryngeal Manifestations of Neurofibromatosis.

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Jan 19;

Authors: Naunheim MR, Plotkin SR, Franco RA, Song PC

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To describe the range of findings in patients with neurofibromatosis (NF) presenting to a laryngology clinic and to analyze the etiologic factors of vocal fold dysfunction in this cohort.
STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review.
SETTING: Tertiary laryngology practice.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All cases of NF presenting to an academic laryngology practice were retrospectively reviewed (August 2005 to May 2014), with a total of 34 cases. Demographic data, symptoms, and endoscopic examination findings were reviewed. Etiologic factors of laryngeal complaints were analyzed with reference to NF-associated pathologies and surgical history.
RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with NF-1 or NF-2 were evaluated, and 28 of these patients (6 NF-1 and 22 NF-2) had laryngeal pathology. The most common presenting symptoms were vocal weakness (n = 21), dysphagia (n = 5), and globus (n = 4). Three patients had NF-related vocal fold masses on examination, including 2 neurofibromas and 1 schwannoma. Unilateral vocal cord paralysis was seen in 17 patients; bilateral paralysis was observed in 5 patients. Of patients with unilateral or bilateral paralysis, 20 had intracranial masses (vestibular schwannoma, meningioma, or skull base tumors), and 16 had previously undergone surgery for these lesions. Of the patients with NF-associated intracranial tumors, 87.0% presented with vocal cord paralysis, whereas only 40.0% of those without intracranial masses had paralysis (P = .0560). Seven patients underwent medialization procedures.
CONCLUSION: Neurofibromatosis patients may present to laryngology clinic with primary laryngeal tumors or, more commonly, unilateral or bilateral paralysis. Otolaryngologists should be keenly aware of vocal fold paralysis caused by the NF-associated tumors, with particular attention to bilateral paralysis in NF-2.

PMID: 26786267 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Primary esophageal melanoma: Report of a case.

Primary esophageal melanoma: Report of a case.

Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016 Jan 20;108

Authors: Granel Villach L, Moya Sanz MA, Fortea Sanchis C, Escrig Sos VJ, Fortea Sanchís C, Martínez Lahuerta C, Tornador Gaya N, Salvador Sanchís JL

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus is a rare tumor representing only 0.1-0.2% of esophageal malignancies. The goal of the study was to report on the management of a new case diagnosed and treated in our site.
CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old patient presented with dysphagia to solids with no other remarkable history or associated skin lesions. He underwent gastroscopy, which revealed a polypoid mass suggestive of neoplasm in the distal third of the esophagus. Biopsy indicated melanoma with positive immunohistochemical markers S100 and HMB45, and negative cytokeratins and CEA. Computerized tomography (CT) and positron-emission tomography (PET) scans showed no local infiltration or distant metastases. An Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy procedure was performed with regional lymphadenectomy. Postoperative stay lasted for three weeks, and no remarkable postsurgical complications arose. The pathological study of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of primary esophageal melanoma.
DISCUSSION: Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus has an unfortunate prognosis as it is an aggressive tumor usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, with local invasion and metastatic disease. Currently, surgery is the treatment of choice, with the remaining adjuvant therapies obtaining limited results.

PMID: 26785716 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Editorial: proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia - two different phenotypes? - Author's reply.

http:--media.wiley.com-assets-7315-19-Wi

Editorial: proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia - two different phenotypes? - Author's reply.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Aug;42(4):487-8

Authors: Moawad FJ

PMID: 26179763 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Editorial: proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia - two different phenotypes?

Editorial: proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia - two different phenotypes?

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Aug;42(4):485-7

Authors: Molina-Infante J, Katzka DA

PMID: 26179762 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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[Determination of hyperregeneratory esophagopathy in dogs with clinical signs attributable to esophageal disease].

[Determination of hyperregeneratory esophagopathy in dogs with clinical signs attributable to esophageal disease].

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2015;43(3):147-55

Authors: Münster M, Kook P, Araujo R, Hörauf A, Vieth M

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: It was hypothesized that typical characteristics of hyperregeneratory esophagopathy (HRE) in humans such as basal cell hyperplasia and elongation of stromal papillae are also histologically detectable in canine esophageal epithelium, and that these changes are associated with clinical signs and endoscopic findings suggesting gastroesophageal reflux (GER).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-five adult dogs with clinical signs attributable to esophageal disease underwent esophagoscopy and biopsy. Clinical signs suggesting GER (regurgitation, ptyalism, painful discomfort) were prospectively evaluated through a questionnaire. Endoscopic mucosal alterations suggesting GER such as minimal endoscopic changes and obvious mucosal defects were assessed via video endoscopy. Biopsy specimens obtained from the esophageal squamous epithelium were evaluated histologically. The squamous epithelium's substructures of esophageal biopsies were quantitatively assessed through microscopic morphometry.
RESULTS: Esophageal squamous epithelium was considered normal in 48 dogs, and HRE was detected histologically in 17 dogs; both pathognomonic changes (basal cell hyperplasia, elongation of stromal papillae) were consistently present. Morphometrically assessed stromal papillary length and basal cell layer thickness was significantly (each, p < 0.0001) higher in the 17 dogs with HRE than in the 48 dogs without HRE, respectively. Overall, clinical signs suggesting GER were significantly (p = 0.02) more frequently encountered and regurgitation was significantly (p = 0.009) more common in the 17 dogs with HRE than in the 48 dogs without HRE. Similarly, endoscopic changes were significantly (p = 0.002) more frequently observed and minimal endoscopic changes suggesting GER were significantly (p = 0.004) more common in 17 dogs with HRE than in the 48 dogs without HRE.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Typical characteristics of hyperregeneratory esophagopathy in humans are also histologically detectable in canine esophageal epithelium. Histological changes are associated with clinical signs and endoscopic findings suggesting GER.

PMID: 25993916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Scintigraphy in laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a definitive diagnostic test?

Scintigraphy in laryngopharyngeal and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a definitive diagnostic test?

World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Mar 28;21(12):3619-27

Authors: Falk GL, Beattie J, Ing A, Falk SE, Magee M, Burton L, Van der Wall H

Abstract
AIM: To investigate the utility of scintigraphic studies in predicting response to laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) for chronic laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms.
METHODS: Patients with upper aero-digestive symptoms that remained undiagnosed after a period of 2 mo were studied with conventional pH and manometric studies. Patients mainly complained of cough, sore throat, dysphonia and globus. These patients were imaged after ingestion of 99m-technetium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid. Studies were quantified with time activity curves over the pharynx, upper and lower oesophagus and background. Late studies of the lungs were obtained for aspiration. Patients underwent LF with post-operative review at 3 mo after surgery.
RESULTS: Thirty four patients (20 F, 14 M) with an average age of 57 years and average duration of symptoms of 4.8 years were studied. Twenty four hour pH and manometry studies were abnormal in all patients. On scintigraphy, 27/34 patients demonstrated pharyngeal contamination and a rising or flat pharyngeal curve. Lung aspiration was evident in 50% of patients. There was evidence of pulmonary aspiration in 17 of 34 patients in the delayed study (50%). Pharyngeal contamination was found in 27 patients. All patients with aspiration showed pharyngeal contamination. In the 17 patients with aspiration, graphical time activity curve showed rising activity in the pharynx in 9 patients and a flat curve in 8 patients. In those 17 patients without pulmonary aspiration, 29% (5 patients) had either a rising or flat pharyngeal graph. A rising or flat curve predicted aspiration with a positive predictive value of 77% and a negative predictive value of 100%. Over 90% of patients reported a satisfactory symptomatic response to LF with an acceptable side-effect profile.
CONCLUSION: Scintigraphic reflux studies offer a good screening tool for pharyngeal contamination and aspiration in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

PMID: 25834329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Profiles of orofacial dysfunction in different diagnostic groups using the Nordic Orofacial Test (NOT-S)--a review.

Profiles of orofacial dysfunction in different diagnostic groups using the Nordic Orofacial Test (NOT-S)--a review.

Acta Odontol Scand. 2014 Nov;72(8):578-84

Authors: Bergendal B, Bakke M, McAllister A, Sjögreen L, Åsten P

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S) was developed as a comprehensive method to assess orofacial function. Results from the screening protocol have been presented in 11 international publications to date. This study reviewed these publications in order to compile NOT-S screening data and create profiles of orofacial dysfunction that characterize various age groups and disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: NOT-S results of nine reports meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Seven of these studies not only provided data on the mean and range of total NOT-S scores, but also on the most common domains of orofacial dysfunction (highest rate of individuals with dysfunction scores), allowing the construction of orofacial dysfunction profiles based on the prevalence of dysfunction in each domain of NOT-S.
RESULTS: The compiled data comprised 669 individuals, which included healthy control subjects (n = 333) and various patient groups (n = 336). All studies reported differences between individuals with diagnosed disorders and healthy control subjects. The NOT-S data could measure treatment effects and provided dysfunction profiles characterizing the patterns of orofacial dysfunction in various diagnoses.
CONCLUSIONS: This review corroborates previous results that the NOT-S differentiates well between patients and healthy controls and can also show changes in individuals after treatment. NOT-S could be used as a standard instrument to assess orofacial dysfunction, evaluate the outcomes of oral habilitation and rehabilitation and improve comparability in clinical practice and research.

PMID: 25155559 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Cosmetics, Vol. 3, Pages 2: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Cosmetics in 2015

The editors of Cosmetics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015.

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Identifying and Targeting the Cause of Cancer is Needed to Cure Cancer

Abstract

Cancer cells continue to challenge scientists and oncologists due to the phenomenon of resistance. Moreover, recurrence, as seen in many treated patients, shows that currently-used anti-cancer drugs are unable to prevent the development of new cancer cells harboring new mutations. The purpose of this paper is to try to answer some of the questions regarding why cancer arises and why evolution would naturally lead to the development of cancer. Providing answers to these questions may shed new light on cancer development and potential causes of cancer. This work demonstrates that (1) cancer hallmarks are a series of events that can be organized in three consecutive stages; (2) cancer may develop when cells seek immortality; (3) heterogeneity in tumors may be explained by cancer cells not following universal laws for division; (4) evolution may not have selected for cancer; (5) currently-used anti-cancer drugs, with telomerase and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase inhibition given as examples, show that we may not be on the right track, as these drugs are probably targeting molecular symptoms of tumors but not their cause; and (6) after an attempt to define the cause of cancer, the potentials of immunotherapy are discussed. Future anti-cancer drugs should be able to shrink the original tumor(s) and most importantly prevent the rise of new cancer cells in treated patients. In order to achieve this goal, new drugs must target the cause of cancer. Therefore, future research must focus on identifying potential causes of cancer common to all types of cancers. Finally, while immunotherapy holds great prospects for future cancer cure and prevention, global action is needed to reduce harmful substances known to contribute to the development of cancer in the environment.

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IJMS, Vol. 17, Pages 141: An Overview of Direct Somatic Reprogramming: The Ins and Outs of iPSCs

Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. An evolving alternative to conventional stem cell therapies is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have a multi-lineage potential comparable to conventionally acquired embryonic stem cells with the additional benefits of being less immunoreactive and avoiding many of the ethical concerns raised with the use of embryonic material. The ability to generate iPSCs from somatic cells provides tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. The breakthrough of iPSCs has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. iPSCs are also relevant tools for modeling human diseases and drugs screening. However, there are still several hurdles to overcome before iPSCs can be used for translational purposes. Here, we review the recent advances in somatic reprogramming and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.

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Photonics, Vol. 3, Pages 6: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Photonics in 2015

The editors of Photonics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Dentistry Journal, Vol. 4, Pages 1: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Dentistry Journal in 2015

The editors of Dentistry Journal would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015 [...]

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IJGI, Vol. 5, Pages 7: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information in 2015

The editors of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Sensors, Vol. 16, Pages 139: A Novel Pedestrian Navigation Algorithm for a Foot-Mounted Inertial-Sensor-Based System

This paper proposes a novel zero velocity update (ZUPT) method for a foot-mounted pedestrian navigation system (PNS). First, the error model of the PNS is developed and a Kalman filter is built based on the error model. Second, a novel zero velocity detection algorithm based on the variations in speed over a gait cycle is proposed. A finite state machine including three states is employed to model a gait cycle. The state transition conditions are determined based on speed using a sliding window. Third, the ZUPT software flow is illustrated and described. Finally, the performances of the proposed method and other methods are examined and compared experimentally. The experimental results show that the mean relative accuracy of the proposed method is 0.89% under various motion modes.

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Toxics, Vol. 4, Pages 2: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Toxics in 2015

The editors of Toxics would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Plants, Vol. 5, Pages 10: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Plants in 2015

The editors of Plants would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Risks, Vol. 4, Pages 1: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Risks in 2015

The editors of Risks would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Publications, Vol. 4, Pages 2: Open Access Publishing of Health Research: Does Open Access Publishing Facilitate the Translation of Research into Health Policy and Practice?

Health practitioners and policy makers translate health research into practice and policy. However, these end users have limited access to full versions of peer-reviewed literature in subscription journals. Thus, the essential information bypasses the people it is designed to help and the health benefits of medical research are limited and delayed. Open access (OA) publishing is one strategy to facilitate the translation of research to improve health. This review explores the evidence that OA publishing is an effective strategy to facilitate the translation of research and improve health. The review examines citation benefit, knowledge translation, diffusion impact, self-archiving and regional responses, and found entrenched views about OA publishing but little empirical research.The many biases and flaws in published research lead to a high level of waste and limit the ability to find innovative solutions to the burgeoning health costs. Evidence is presented here that OA publishing would facilitate a reduction in these flaws and biases, reduce waste in research and facilitate innovation. Although there are positive signs of change, more action and more research are needed.

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Polymers, Vol. 8, Pages 24: Effect of the Statistical Nature of Fiber Strength on the Predictability of Tensile Properties of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Bamboo Fibers: Comparison of Linear- and Power-Law Weibull Models

In fibrous composites, tensile strength of reinforcements exhibits a stochastic nature, and the mechanical properties of the composites are significantly influenced by such strength variability. The present study aims at providing a comparative investigation of the influence of the statistical variation in fiber strength on the tensile properties of unidirectional composites reinforced by bamboo fibers. Monte-Carlo simulations coupled with the linear- and power-law Weibull distributions are performed to conduct numerical predictions for damage evolution and strength variability of the composites, and the predicted mean strength and failure strain are compared with the experimental results. The Weibull parameters used are achieved through the Maximum Likelihood Estimation with multiple data sets of fiber lengths. Fiber strength statistics is found to have an effect on composite mechanical properties. The results further indicate that the use of the power-law model is relatively efficient for modeling purposes in comparison to the linear-law model, which could be attributed to fiber diameter variation.

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Information, Vol. 7, Pages 2: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Information in 2015

The editors of Information would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Pharmacy, Vol. 4, Pages 7: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Pharmacy in 2015

The editors of Pharmacy would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Sports, Vol. 4, Pages 4: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Sports in 2015

The editors of Sports would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Toxins, Vol. 8, Pages 31: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Toxins in 2015

The editors of Toxins would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]

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Real-time imaging of photodynamic action in bacteria

Fluorescence imaging studies of the processes leading to photodynamic inactivation of bacteria have been limited due to the small size of microorganisms as well as by the faint fluorescence of most photosensitizers. A versatile method based on highly-sensitive fluorescence microscopy is presented which allows to study, in real time, the incorporation of photosensitizers inside S. aureus upon photodynamic action. The method takes advantage of the fluorescence enhancement of phenothiazine and porphyrin photosensitizers upon entering the bacterial cytosol after the cell wall has been compromised. In combination with typical assays, such as the addition of specific enhancers of reactive oxygen species, it is possible to extract mechanistic information about the pathway of photodynamic damage at the single-cell level. Imaging experiments in deuterated buffer strongly support a Type-I mechanism for methylene blue and a very minor role of singlet oxygen.

Highly-sensitive fluorescence microscopy allows to study, in real time, the incorporation of photosensitizers inside bacteria upon photodynamic action on their cell wall. In combination with typical assays, such as the addition of specific enhancers of reactive oxygen species, it is possible to extract mechanistic information about the pathway of photodynamic damage at the single-cell level.

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Investigation of the differentiation of ex vivo nerve and fat tissues using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS): Prospects for tissue-specific laser surgery

In the present study, the elemental compositions of fat and nerve tissue during their plasma mediated laser ablation are studied in the context of tissue differentiation for laser surgery applications by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Tissue samples of porcine fat and nerve were prepared as ex vivo experimental objects. Plasma mediated laser ablation is performed using an Nd : YAG laser in open air and under normal stray light conditions. The performed measurements suggest that the two tissue types show a high similarity in terms of qualitative elemental composition while at the same time revealing a distinct difference in the concentration of the constituent elements. Different analysis approaches are evaluated and discussed to optimize the tissue-differentiation performance of the LIBS approach.

The elemental compositions of fat and nerve tissue during their plasma mediated laser ablation are studied in the context of tissue differentiation for laser surgery applications by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The performed measurements suggest that the two tissue types show a high similarity in terms of qualitative elemental composition while at the same time revealing a distinct difference in the concentration of the constituent elements. Different analysis approaches are evaluated and discussed to optimize the tissue-differentiation performance of the LIBS approach.

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Classifying murine glomerulonephritis using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence elastography

Acute glomerulonephritis caused by antiglomerular basement membrane marked by high mortality. The primary reason for this is delayed diagnosis via blood examination, urine analysis, tissue biopsy, or ultrasound and X-ray computed tomography imaging. Blood, urine, and tissue-based diagnoses can be time consuming, while ultrasound and CT imaging have relatively low spatial resolution, with reduced sensitivity. Optical coherence tomography is a noninvasive and high-resolution imaging technique that provides superior spatial resolution (micrometer scale) as compared to ultrasound and CT. Changes in tissue properties can be detected based on the optical metrics analyzed from the OCT signals, such as optical attenuation and speckle variance. Furthermore, OCT does not rely on ionizing radiation as with CT imaging. In addition to structural changes, the elasticity of the kidney can significantly change due to nephritis. In this work, OCT has been utilized to quantify the difference in tissue properties between healthy and nephritic murine kidneys. Although OCT imaging could identify the diseased tissue, its classification accuracy is clinically inadequate. By combining optical metrics with elasticity, the classification accuracy improves from 76% to 95%. These results show that OCT combined with OCE can be a powerful tool for identifying and classifying nephritis. Therefore, the OCT/OCE method could potentially be used as a minimally invasive tool for longitudinal studies during the progression and therapy of glomerulonephritis as well as complement and, perhaps, substitute highly invasive tissue biopsies.

Commonly used imaging platforms such as CT, MRI and US are not suitable for detecting glomerulonephritis. Here, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence elastography (OCE) are combined in order to cocapture structural and elastic information with micrometer spatial resolution. The results show that OCT/OCE was able to distinguish nephritic kidneys from healthy controls with 95% prediction accuracy, which suggests a promising application of the presented technique in clinical glomerulonephritis detection using minimally invasive procedures.

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Pre-conditioning with near infrared photobiomodulation reduces inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress in cochlear hair cells

Hearing loss is a serious occupational health problem worldwide. Noise, aminoglycoside antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs induce hearing loss through changes in metabolic functions resulting in sensory cell death in the cochlea. Metabolic sequelae from noise exposure increase production of nitric oxide (NO) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contributing to higher levels of oxidative stress beyond the physiologic threshold levels of intracellular repair. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a light treatment involving endogenous chromophores commonly used to reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair. Near infrared light (NIR) from Light Emitting Diodes (LED) at 810 nm wavelength were used as a biochemical modulator of cytokine response in cultured HEI-OC1 auditory cells placed under oxidative stress. Results reported here show that NIR PBM at 810 nm, 30 mW/cm², 100 seconds, 1.0 J, 3 J/cm² altered mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress response for up to 24 hours post treatment. We report a decrease of inflammatory cytokines and stress levels resulting from NIR applied to HEI-OC1 auditory cells before treatment with gentamicin or lipopolysaccharide. These results show that cells pretreated with NIR exhibit reduction of proinflammatory markers that correlate with inhibition of mitochondrial superoxide, ROS and NO in response to continuous oxidative stress challenges. Non-invasive biomolecular down regulation of proinflammatory intracellular metabolic pathways and suppression of oxidative stress via NIR may have the potential to develop novel therapeutic approaches to address noise exposure and ototoxic compounds associated with hearing loss.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a light treatment involving endogenous chromophores commonly used to reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair. Near infrared light (NIR) from Light Emitting Diodes (LED) at 810 nm wavelength were used as a biochemical modulator of cytokine response in cultured HEI-OC1 auditory cells placed under oxidative stress. Results show a decrease of inflammatory cytokines and stress levels. These results suggest that NIR applied to auditory cells in situ may represent an effective tool to control and limit cochlear oxidative stress and induction of localized cochlear inflammation within the organ of Corti.

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Mutations in TUBB8 and Human Oocyte Meiotic Arrest

Successful human reproduction starts when a metaphase II oocyte fuses with a sperm cell to form a fertilized egg. In human oocytes, the meiotic cell cycle begins in the neonatal ovary and pauses at prophase I of meiosis until puberty, when a surge of luteinizing hormone stimulates the resumption of…

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Parental Debt and Childrens Socioemotional Well-being

OBJECTIVES:

We estimated associations between total amount of parental debt and of home mortgage, student loan, automobile, and unsecured debt with children's socioemotional well-being.

METHODS:

We used population-based longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort and Children of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 Cohort. Our analytic sample consisted of 29 318 child-year observations of 9011 children and their mothers observed annually or biennially from 1986 to 2008. We used the Behavioral Problems Index to measure socioemotional well-being. We used ordinary least squares regressions to estimate between-child associations of amounts and types of parental debt with socioemotional well-being, net of a host of control variables, and regressions with child-specific fixed effects to estimate within-child associations of changes in parental debt with changes in socioemotional well-being, net of all time-constant observed and unobserved confounders.

RESULTS:

Greater total debt was associated with poorer child socioemotional well-being. However, this association varied by type of debt. Specifically, higher levels of home mortgage and education debt were associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas higher levels of and increases in unsecured debt were associated with lower levels of and declines in child socioemotional well-being.

CONCLUSIONS:

Debt that allows for investment in homes (and perhaps access to better neighborhoods and schools) and parental education is associated with greater socioemotional well-being for children, whereas unsecured debt is negatively associated with socioemotional development, which may reflect limited financial resources to invest in children and/or parental financial stress. This suggests that debt is not universally harmful for children's well-being, particularly if used to invest in a home or education.

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CDX2 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Stage II and Stage III Colon Cancer

During the past decade, disease-free survival among patients with stage III colon cancer has increased significantly owing to the introduction of new adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. This therapeutic success, however, has not translated into longer disease-free survival among patients with earlier…

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Selection of Head and Whisker Coordination Strategies During Goal Oriented Active Touch

In the rodent whisker system, a key model for neural processing and behavioral choices during active sensing, whisker motion is increasingly recognized as only part of a broader motor repertoire employed by rodents during active touch. In particular, recent studies suggest whisker and head motions are tightly coordinated. However, conditions governing the selection and temporal organization of such coordinated sensing strategies remain poorly understood. We videographically reconstructed head and whisker motions of freely moving mice searching for a randomly located rewarded aperture, focusing on trials in which animals appeared to rapidly "correct" their trajectory under tactile guidance. Mice orienting after unilateral contact repositioned their whiskers similarly to previously reported head turning asymmetry. However, whisker repositioning preceded head turn onsets and was not bilaterally symmetric. Moreover, mice selectively employed a strategy we term contact maintenance, with whisking modulated to counteract head motion and facilitate repeated contacts on subsequent whisks. Significantly, contact maintenance was not observed following initial contact with an aperture boundary, when the mouse needed to make a large corrective head motion to the front of the aperture, but only following contact by the same whisker field with the opposite aperture boundary, when the mouse needed to precisely align its head with the reward spout. Together these results suggest that mice can select from a diverse range of sensing strategies incorporating both knowledge of the task and whisk-by-whisk sensory information, and, moreover, suggest the existence of high level control (not solely reflexive) of sensing motions coordinated between multiple body parts.

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Posterior lingual gestures and tongue shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks

Publication date: March 2016
Source:Journal of Phonetics, Volume 55
Author(s): Amanda L. Miller
Clicks differ from pulmonic stops in that, in addition to containing lingual gestures that shape the filtering mechanism of the vocal tract, they also contain lingual "rarefaction gestures" that form the source of the lingual ingressive airstream. The current study uses mid-sagittal lingual ultrasound imaging to investigate (1) overall tongue shape, (2) tongue dorsum and root positions, and (3) dynamic rarefaction gestures involving the tongue dorsum and root, in the four coronal click types recognized by the IPA. The study provides quantitative evidence that the four click types differ in overall tongue shape. Additionally, results show that the palatal click has a farther back dorsal constriction than the three pre-palatal clicks, and the tongue root is raised and bunched in the upper pharynx in one variant of the palatal click, but involves retraction of the tongue root proper in the lower pharynx in the alveolar click. A second variant of the palatal click involves posterior gestures more similar to those found in the alveolar click. Results provide evidence that the kinematics of the posterior part of the tongue are important in describing click production, and shed light on synchronic and diachronic sound patterns involving the palatal click in Kx'a languages.

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Socially induced serotonergic fluctuations in the male auditory midbrain correlate with female behavior during courtship

Cues from social partners trigger the activation of socially responsive neuromodulatory systems, priming brain regions including sensory systems to process these cues appropriately. The fidelity with which neuromodulators reflect the qualities of ongoing social interactions in sensory regions is unclear. We addressed this issue by using voltammetry to monitor serotonergic fluctuations in an auditory midbrain nucleus, the inferior colliculus (IC), of male mice (Mus musculus) paired with females, and by concurrently measuring behaviors of both social partners. Serotonergic activity strongly increased in male mice as they courted females, relative to serotonergic activity in the same males during trials with no social partners. Across individual males, average changes in serotonergic activity were negatively correlated with behaviors exhibited by female partners, including broadband squeaks, which relate to rejection of males. In contrast, serotonergic activity did not correlate with male behaviors, including ultrasonic vocalizations. These findings suggest that during courtship, the level of serotonergic activity in the IC of males reflects the valence of the social interaction from the perspective of the male (i.e., whether the female rejects the male or not). As a result, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuromodulatory effects on neural responses in the IC may reflect the reception, rather than the production, of vocal signals.

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Issue Information

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Patientensicherheit und deren Bedeutung für die Weiterbildung der Shuntchirurgen

Stellenwert von Trainings
Durch den demografischen Wandel gewinnt die Shuntchirurgie eine zunehmende Bedeutung in der gefäßchirurgischen Weiterbildung. Einerseits steigt die Zahl der Eingriffe, andererseits die Komplexität der Fälle. Neue Arbeitszeitmodelle und Dienstzeitregelungen führen zu einem Mangel an praktischer Weiterbildungszeit im Operationssaal.

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Cerebellar Role in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder associated with motor and cognitive impairments. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology and treatments have traditionally focused on basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical pathways due to striatal dopamine loss, but more recent evidence has highlighted the role of the cerebellum. Here we review evidence from neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation that demonstrate altered cerebellar activity in PD may be both a pathophysiological and compensatory mechanism depending on dopaminergic medication and symptoms.

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The effect of a dual task on gait speed in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Publication date: February 2016
Source:Gait & Posture, Volume 44
Author(s): Erin Smith, Tara Cusack, Catherine Blake
Background and purposeReduced walking speed in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes. This review aims to examine the effect of a cognitive dual-task on the gait speed of community-dwelling older adults with no significant pathology affecting gait.Data sources and study selectionElectronic database searches were performed in, Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and psychINFO. Eligibility and methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers. The effect size on gait speed was measured as the raw mean difference (95% confidence interval) between single and dual-task performance. Pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random effects method and forest plots generated.Data extraction and data synthesis22 studies (27 data sets) with a population of 3728 were reviewed and pooled for meta-analysis. The mean walking speed of participants included in all studies was >1.0m/s and all studies reported the effect of a cognitive dual-task on gait speed. Sub-analysis examined the effect of type of cognitive task (mental-tracking vs. verbal-fluency). Mean single-task gait speed was 1.21 (0.13)m/s, the addition of a dual-task reduced speed by 0.19m/s to 1.02 (0.16)m/s (p<0.00001), both mental-tracking and verbal-fluency tasks resulted in significant reduction in gait speed.Limitations and conclusionThe cross-sectional design of the studies made quality assessment difficult. Despite efforts, high heterogeneity remained, possibly due to participant characteristics and testing protocols. This meta-analysis shows that in community-dwelling older adults, the addition of a dual-task significantly reduces gait speed and may indicate the value of including dual-task walking as part of the standard clinical assessment of older people.

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Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and breast cancer among Canadian men

Abstract

Occupational magnetic field (MF) exposure has been suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer in both men and women. Due to the rarity of this disease in men, most epidemiologic studies investigating this relationship have been limited by small sample sizes. Herein, associations of several measures of occupational MF exposure with breast cancer in men were investigated using data from the population-based case–control component of the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System. Lifetime job histories were provided by 115 cases and 570 controls. Average MF exposure of individual jobs was classified into three categories (<0.3, 0.3 to <0.6, or ≥0.6 μT) through expert blinded review of participant's lifetime occupational histories. The impact of highest average and cumulative MF exposure, as well as exposure duration and specific exposure-time windows, on cancer risk was examined using logistic regression. The proportion of cases (25%) with a highest average exposure of ≥0.3 μT was higher than among controls (22%). We found an elevated risk of breast cancer in men who were exposed to ≥0.6 μT (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.82–3.95) when compared to those with exposures <0.3 μT. Those exposed to occupational MF fields for at least 30 years had a nearly threefold increase in risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 0.98–7.82) when compared to those with background levels of exposure. Findings for the other time-related MF variables were inconsistent. Our analysis, in one of the largest case–control studies of breast cancer in men conducted to date, provides limited support for the hypothesis that exposure to MF increases the risk breast cancer in men.

Associations of several measures of occupational magnetic field (MF) exposure with breast cancer in men were investigated using data from 115 cases and 570 controls from population-based case–control component of the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System. An elevated risk of breast cancer in men who were exposed to ≥0.6 μT (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.82–3.95) when compared to those with exposures <0.3 μT was observed. While findings related to several time-related MF variables were inconsistent, men exposed to occupational MF fields for at least 30 years had a nearly threefold increase in risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 0.98–7.82) when compared to those with background levels of exposure.

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Cryolipolysis versus laser lipolysis on adolescent abdominal adiposity

Background

Noninvasive body contouring is one of the fastest growing segments of the cosmetic aesthetic industry. There is increased public demand for procedures with fewer side effects and shorter recovery times. Cryolipolysis and Laser lipolysis have been used as treatments for localized body contouring.

Objective

To compare the effect of Cryolipolysis versus Laser lipolysis on adolescent's abdominal adiposity.

Design

Randomized, controlled trial.

Subjects

Forty-five obese adolescents of both sexes ranged in age from 13 to 16 years participated in this study were to be categorized into three groups of equal number (each group 15 subjects) randomly selected from population.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to three groups. Group A was received (Cryolipolysis and diet), Group B was received (Laser lipolysis and diet), Group C was received (only diet) all groups were observed for 8 weeks. Weight and height scale for (change in weight), tape measurement for (waist-hip ratio), skinfold caliper, and MRI.

Results

There was no significant difference between three groups post-treatment in BMI and body weight P-value were (0.2, 0.42, 0.67), respectively. There was a significant improvement for Cryolipolysis group in waist-hip ratio, Suprailiac skin fold, and subcutaneous adipose tissue than other groups P-value (0.001).

Conclusions

Cryolipolysis has a favorable effect than Laser lipolysis in the reduction of waist-hip ratio, skin folds at Suprailiac level and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), there is no significant difference between them in the reduction of BMI and body weight. All groups did not have an effect on VAT. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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A Rare Case of Atypical Myxoid Cellular Neurothekeoma in a 6-Year-Old Girl

Abstract

Neurothekeoma (nerve sheath myxoma)is a benign tumor of probable nerve sheath origin. The atypical cellular variant of this tumor, showing a peculiar histologic pattern, has been very rarely reported in the literature. The atypical variant of cellular neurothekeoma is characterized by features such as large size, deep penetration extending into skeletal muscle and/or subcutaneous fat, diffuse infiltration borders, vascular invasion, high mitotic rate and marked cytologic pleomorphism. We describe a rare form of atypical myxoid cellular neurothekeoma in a 6-year-old girl.

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Area- and band-specific representations of hand movements by local field potentials in the caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area of monkeys

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study examined the neural mechanisms underlying these roles by investigating local field potentials (LFPs) from these areas while monkeys pressed buttons with either their left or right hand. During hand movement, power increases in the high-gamma (80-120 Hz) and theta (3-8 Hz) bands and a power decrease in the beta (12-30 Hz) band were observed in both the CMAc and SMA. High-gamma and beta activity in the SMA predominantly represented contralateral hand movements, whereas activity in the CMAc preferentially represented movement of either hand. Theta activity in both brain regions most frequently reflected movement of either hand, but a contralateral hand bias was more evident in the SMA than in the CMAc. An analysis of the relationships of the laterality representations between the high-gamma and theta bands at each recording site revealed that, irrespective of the hand preference for the theta band, the high-gamma band in the SMA preferentially represented contralateral hand movement, whereas the high-gamma band in the CMAc represented movement of either hand. These findings suggest that the input-output relationships for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements in the CMAc and SMA differ in terms of their functionality. The CMAc may transform the input signals representing general aspects of movement into commands to perform movements with either hand, whereas the SMA may transform the input signals into commands to perform movement with the contralateral hand.

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Selection of Head and Whisker Coordination Strategies During Goal Oriented Active Touch

In the rodent whisker system, a key model for neural processing and behavioral choices during active sensing, whisker motion is increasingly recognized as only part of a broader motor repertoire employed by rodents during active touch. In particular, recent studies suggest whisker and head motions are tightly coordinated. However, conditions governing the selection and temporal organization of such coordinated sensing strategies remain poorly understood. We videographically reconstructed head and whisker motions of freely moving mice searching for a randomly located rewarded aperture, focusing on trials in which animals appeared to rapidly «correct» their trajectory under tactile guidance. Mice orienting after unilateral contact repositioned their whiskers similarly to previously reported head turning asymmetry. However, whisker repositioning preceded head turn onsets and was not bilaterally symmetric. Moreover, mice selectively employed a strategy we term contact maintenance, with whisking modulated to counteract head motion and facilitate repeated contacts on subsequent whisks. Significantly, contact maintenance was not observed following initial contact with an aperture boundary, when the mouse needed to make a large corrective head motion to the front of the aperture, but only following contact by the same whisker field with the opposite aperture boundary, when the mouse needed to precisely align its head with the reward spout. Together these results suggest that mice can select from a diverse range of sensing strategies incorporating both knowledge of the task and whisk-by-whisk sensory information, and, moreover, suggest the existence of high level control (not solely reflexive) of sensing motions coordinated between multiple body parts.

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Cerebellar Role in Parkinson’s Disease

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Socially induced serotonergic fluctuations in the male auditory midbrain correlate with female behavior during courtship

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Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and breast cancer among Canadian men

Abstract

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Transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation bei Depression

Neue Therapieoption
Bei therapieresistenter Depression könnte die transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation eine Behandlungsalternative darstellen. Wie funktioniert und wie wirkt sie? Ist sie eventuell auch eine Option für Schwangere mit Depressionen?

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Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου

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Η λίστα ιστολογίων μου

Πέμπτη 21 Ιανουαρίου 2016

Abstract

Abstract

Background

Objective

Design

Subjects

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Abstract

Abstract

Αρχειοθήκη ιστολογίου