Comparison of radiofrequency ablation versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy for benign aldosterone-producing adenoma.

Comparison of radiofrequency ablation versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy for benign aldosterone-producing adenoma.

Radiol Med. 2016 Jun 14;

Authors: Yang MH, Tyan YS, Huang YH, Wang SC, Chen SL

Abstract
PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) in treating aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) of the adrenal gland.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 2009 to September 2013, seven patients, diagnosed with unilateral adrenal APA and underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous RFA, were recruited in this retrospective study. Eighteen unilateral adrenal APA with the same tumor size (<25 mm) who underwent LA during the same interval were enrolled as control group. Treatment success was defined as complete tumor ablation on follow-up CT scan and normalization of serum aldosterone-to-renin ratio. We also compared "normalization ability" between RFA group and LA group. Normalization ability was defined as reduction in blood pressure, decrease in number of antihypertensive medicine use, reduction in serum aldosterone, and increase in serum potassium level.
RESULTS: There was no statistically significant demographic difference in both groups. The mean tumor size was 18 (8-25) mm in RFA and 19 (11-25) mm in LA groups, respectively. There was only one intra-procedure hypertensive crisis in the RFA group. No other complications needed further management in both groups. During an interval of 3-6 months of follow-up, the treatment success rate reached 100 % in the RFA group versus 94.4 % in the LA group. Normalization ability was statistically equivalent in the RFA and the LA group. Comparing with LA group, RFA group demonstrated with less post-operative pain (visual analog scale, 2.0 ± 1.16 vs. 4.22 ± 1.44, p < 0.001) and shorter operative time (105 ± 34 vs. 194 ± 58 min, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided percutaneous RFA is effective, safe and is a justifiable alternative for patients who are reluctant or unfit for laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of APA.

PMID: 27300650 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from Radiofrequency (RF) ablation via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTUUOL


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1ZQMfkx
via IFTTT

Radiofrequency turbinoplasty for nonallergic rhinitis in geriatric patients.

Related Articles

Radiofrequency turbinoplasty for nonallergic rhinitis in geriatric patients.

Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):e134-7

Authors: Yu MS, Kang SH, Kim BH, Lim DJ, Kim JY

Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency (RF) turbinoplasty may be effective in treating nonallergic rhinitis in elderly patients. The present study evaluated the efficacy of nasal turbinate surgery with RF for the treatment of nonallergic rhinitis in elderly patients refractory to medical therapy.
METHODS: A total of 35 consecutive patients older than 65 years of age (mean subject age, 75.5 ± 9.6 [standard deviation] years) with nonallergic rhinitis refractory to medical therapy who underwent RF turbinate surgery were enrolled in this study. The efficacy of RF turbinoplasty in treating nonallergic rhinitis in elderly patients was evaluated by using rhinoscopy and a visual analog scale score of nasal symptoms.
RESULTS: The response rate of primary RF turbinate surgery for nonallergic rhinitis refractory to medical therapy was 68.6%. Postoperative symptom scores for rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction were significantly improved. Persistent crust formation developed in seven patients (20.0%). No patient experienced major complications (e.g., septal hematoma, abscess, septal perforation), but partial bone necrosis was observed in one patient.
CONCLUSION: RF turbinoplasty appeared to be effective for treating some nonallergic rhinitis symptoms in elderly patients, including rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction. These preliminary results are encouraging and warrant further investigation.

PMID: 26358337 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

from Radiofrequency (RF) ablation via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoYC9k


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1WNxDUU
via IFTTT

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum apolipoprotein C-I in triple-negative breast cancer based on mass spectrometry

10.1080/15384047.2016.1156262<br/>Dongjian Song

from Cancer via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uuw0cJ
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAwm9
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uc6Hhc
via IFTTT

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.:

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.

Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016;239(2):155-8

Authors: Miyoshi Y, Ogawa O, Oyama Y

Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), an immunoreceptor, is located on T cells and pro-B cells and interacts with its ligands to inhibit T cell activation and proliferation, thereby promoting immunological self-tolerance. Nivolumab, an anti-PD1 antibody, blocks PD-1 and can restore anticancer immune responses by abrogating PD-1 pathway-mediated T-cell inhibition. Autoimmune adverse events are expected with PD-1 therapy. Fulminant type 1 diabetes is the subtype of type 1 diabetes. The clinical feature is the extremely rapid progression of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. Here we describe a 66-year-old woman with advanced melanoma who was treated with nivolumab. After 4 months and six doses of the medicine, the patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of nausea and vomiting. The laboratory data showed ketonuria, hyperglycemia (531 mg/dl), high anion gap metabolic acidosis, HbA1c (7.3%), and absence of insulin-secreting capacity. These data are compatible with the criteria of fulminant type 1 diabetes. The patient was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis because of fulminant type 1 diabetes. The findings of this case indicated that nivolumab can cause fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis due to fulminant type 1 diabetes is potentially fatal condition. Thus, diabetic ketoacidosis due to fulminant type 1 diabetes should be considered in the differential diagnosis when patients treated with nivolumab complain of gastrointestinal symptoms.

PMID: 27297738 [PubMed - in process]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4fDng
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Ujr9d0
via IFTTT

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].:

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].

Orv Hetil. 2016 Jun;157 Suppl 2:9-16

Authors: Szamosi S, Váróczy L, Szekanecz Z

Abstract
In the past decade major advances in tumor immunology, a better understanding of antigen recognition by T-cells likewise discovering the regulatory inhibitory signals resulted in the development of new immunotherapies with promising durable responses in various solid tumor types and in hematologic malignancies. This review focuses on immunomodulatory antibodies, namely immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The prototype of this new class of immune stimulating agents was cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antagonists. After demonstrating enhanced survival, ipilimumab was approved first in the United States in 2011, further on in the European Union for second-line (2011) and for first-line therapy (2013) of metastatic melanoma. Additional T-cell intrinsic pathways were identified and targeted for clinical development. Antibodies blocking the PD-1 pathway also showed promising clinical activity and objective tumor response in several types of tumors, including metastatic melanoma, non-small- cell lung cancer. On the other hand antitumor activity is frequently accompanied by significant reversible immune-related adverse events. To explore potential new immune checkpoint targets bring forth several challanges. Future clinical development will involve identifying potential biomarkers anticipating responsiveness to pathway blockade and additional tumor types likely to respond to the therapy. Furthermore, combination strategies, immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with cancer vaccines, targeted inhibitors and traditional chemotherapies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(Suppl. 2), 9-16.

PMID: 27296505 [PubMed - in process]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UP1kRW
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uc4ZN4
via IFTTT

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.:

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.

Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 14;

Authors: Hutchinson L

PMID: 27296294 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4gVhW
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UjqwQI
via IFTTT

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.:

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.

Thyroid. 2016 Jun 13;

Authors: Sharma R, Di Dalmazi G, Caturegli P

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of immune responses that suppresses the activity of effector T cells and contributes to the maintenance of self-tolerance. When blocked therapeutically, CTLA-4 leads to an overall activation of T cells that has been exploited for cancer control, a control associated however with a variety of immune-related side effects such as autoimmune thyroiditis. To investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this form of thyroiditis, we used the NOD-H2h4 mouse, a model that develops thyroiditis at very high incidence after addition of iodine to the drinking water.
METHODS: NOD-H2h4 mice were started on drinking water supplemented with 0.05% sodium iodide when 8 weeks old, and then injected with either a hamster monoclonal antibody against mouse CTLA-4, or polyclonal hamster immunoglobulins, or phosphate buffered saline when 11 weeks old. One month later (15 weeks of age), mice were sacrificed to assess thyroiditis, general immune responses in blood and spleen, and expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the thyroids and in isolated antigen-presenting cells after stimulation with IFNγ. The study also analyzed IDO expression in 4 autopsy cases of metastatic melanoma that had received treatment with a CTLA-4 blocking antibody, and 6 surgical pathology Hashimoto thyroiditis controls.
RESULTS: CTLA-4 blockade worsened autoimmune thyroiditis, as assessed by a greater incidence, a more aggressive mononuclear cell infiltration in thyroids, and higher thyroglobulin antibody levels when compared to the control groups. CTLA-4 blockade also expanded the proportion of splenic CD4+ effector T cells, as well as the production of IL-2, IFNγ,IL-10, and IL-13 cytokines. Interestingly, CTLA-4 blockade induced a strong expression of IDO in mouse and human thyroid glands, an expression that could represent a counter-regulatory mechanism to protect against the inflammatory environment.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that CTLA-4 blockade exacerbates the iodine-accelerated form of thyroiditis typical of the NOD.H2h4 mouse. The study could also have implications for cancer patients who develop thyroiditis as an immune-related adverse event after CTLA-4 blockade.

PMID: 27296629 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UP1eK7
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uc6x9N
via IFTTT

Prevalence and risk factors of tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study of 1455 patients

Publication date: Available online 15 June 2016
Source:International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Author(s): U.-L. Lee, E.-J. Lee, H.-Y. Seo, S.-H. Han, W.-C. Choi, Y.-J. Choi
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tooth discolouration and to examine the factors that may pose a higher risk for tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery. This was a retrospective study of 1455 orthognathic surgeries. The following data were collected for analysis: presence of discoloured teeth, sex, age at operation, the extent of the surgical displacement of the maxilla, and whether patients had undergone genioplasty, zygomaplasty, or descending palatine artery (DPA) ligation. Out of 1339 patients who underwent double-jaw surgery, 49 received root canal treatment due to tooth discolouration. No tooth discolouration was found in the 116 patients undergoing single-jaw surgery. DPA ligation, genioplasty, and mandibular sub-apical osteotomy were associated with a significant risk of tooth discolouration. Patients should be informed preoperatively of the possibility of tooth discolouration. Additionally, the DPA should be preserved during Le Fort I osteotomy to reduce the risk of tooth discolouration.



from OroFacial via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1OoErWk


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UuwMX7
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UjqEjh
via IFTTT

Effects of Neurotrophin-3 Plasmids on Myocyte Apoptosis and Ca 2+ -ATPase Content in the Muscle After Nerve Injury in Rats

We estimated the influence of plasmids with DNA carrying the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene on apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscle and content of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the latter after sciatic nerve injury. Sixty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into the saline (control) and NT-3 groups. The related indices, such as expression of caspase-3 protein, the rate of apoptosis in the muscle evaluated using a TUNEL technique, and the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase estimated using Western blot, were observed. Expression of caspase-3 protein was elevated at different post-operative times after peripheral nerve injury; NT-3 expression and the rate of muscle cell apoptosis decreased, whereas the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum increased; significant differences were observed compared with the saline group (P < 0.05). The mitigation mechanism of NT-3 on muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury is expressed as inhibition of caspase-3 gene expression, increase in the Ca²⁺-ATPase level, and reduction in the rate of muscle apoptosis.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTrIc


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrw7Y6
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4dQ1B
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uc6vyH
via IFTTT

EEG Activity in Dextrals and Sinistrals during Visual Monocular/Binocular Perception of Verbal Emotionally Colored Information

We compared the characteristics of EEG during mono- and binocular performance of the Stroop test. Either emotionally colored words or "pseudowords" were presented as stimuli; among 60 examined subjects, there were 30 sinistrals with dominant left eye and 30 dextrals with dominant right eye. In right-handed subjects, the coherence of theta oscillations in central and parietal pairs of the leads increased during binocular perception of verbal emotionally colored information, while a rise in the level of coherence of high-frequency beta oscillations in intrahemispheric lead pairs was observed in left-handers under the same conditions. In the course of binocular performance of both types of tests, interhemispheric coherence was altered, while changes of coherence were found only within one hemisphere during monocular perception. In dextrals, the level of synchronization of the activity in local networks demonstrated a significantly higher rise in the left hemisphere in the case where pseudoword signals were used. In sinistrals, such an increase was observed in both hemispheres together with a decrease in the interhemispheric interaction. In tests of both types during monocular perception of both emotionally colored words and pseudowords via a dominant eye, EEG activity was rather similar in both dextrals and sinistrals. This fact may indicate that nonrelevant semantic context of the stimuli during processing of information incoming via the dominant visual canal is mostly ignored.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJIlT


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDK3T
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAn22
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UjqFUn
via IFTTT

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum apolipoprotein C-I in triple-negative breast cancer based on mass spectrometry

10.1080/15384047.2016.1156262<br/>Dongjian Song

from Cancer via ola Kala on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Uuw0cJ
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAwm9
via IFTTT

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.:

Nivolumab, an Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody, Induces Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.

Tohoku J Exp Med. 2016;239(2):155-8

Authors: Miyoshi Y, Ogawa O, Oyama Y

Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), an immunoreceptor, is located on T cells and pro-B cells and interacts with its ligands to inhibit T cell activation and proliferation, thereby promoting immunological self-tolerance. Nivolumab, an anti-PD1 antibody, blocks PD-1 and can restore anticancer immune responses by abrogating PD-1 pathway-mediated T-cell inhibition. Autoimmune adverse events are expected with PD-1 therapy. Fulminant type 1 diabetes is the subtype of type 1 diabetes. The clinical feature is the extremely rapid progression of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. Here we describe a 66-year-old woman with advanced melanoma who was treated with nivolumab. After 4 months and six doses of the medicine, the patient was admitted to the hospital with complaints of nausea and vomiting. The laboratory data showed ketonuria, hyperglycemia (531 mg/dl), high anion gap metabolic acidosis, HbA1c (7.3%), and absence of insulin-secreting capacity. These data are compatible with the criteria of fulminant type 1 diabetes. The patient was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis because of fulminant type 1 diabetes. The findings of this case indicated that nivolumab can cause fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis due to fulminant type 1 diabetes is potentially fatal condition. Thus, diabetic ketoacidosis due to fulminant type 1 diabetes should be considered in the differential diagnosis when patients treated with nivolumab complain of gastrointestinal symptoms.

PMID: 27297738 [PubMed - in process]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4fDng
via IFTTT

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].:

[Application of immunomodulatory therapeutic antibodies - a new perspective in oncology].

Orv Hetil. 2016 Jun;157 Suppl 2:9-16

Authors: Szamosi S, Váróczy L, Szekanecz Z

Abstract
In the past decade major advances in tumor immunology, a better understanding of antigen recognition by T-cells likewise discovering the regulatory inhibitory signals resulted in the development of new immunotherapies with promising durable responses in various solid tumor types and in hematologic malignancies. This review focuses on immunomodulatory antibodies, namely immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The prototype of this new class of immune stimulating agents was cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antagonists. After demonstrating enhanced survival, ipilimumab was approved first in the United States in 2011, further on in the European Union for second-line (2011) and for first-line therapy (2013) of metastatic melanoma. Additional T-cell intrinsic pathways were identified and targeted for clinical development. Antibodies blocking the PD-1 pathway also showed promising clinical activity and objective tumor response in several types of tumors, including metastatic melanoma, non-small- cell lung cancer. On the other hand antitumor activity is frequently accompanied by significant reversible immune-related adverse events. To explore potential new immune checkpoint targets bring forth several challanges. Future clinical development will involve identifying potential biomarkers anticipating responsiveness to pathway blockade and additional tumor types likely to respond to the therapy. Furthermore, combination strategies, immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with cancer vaccines, targeted inhibitors and traditional chemotherapies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(Suppl. 2), 9-16.

PMID: 27296505 [PubMed - in process]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UP1kRW
via IFTTT

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.:

Melanoma: Improving durable responses with TILs.

Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 14;

Authors: Hutchinson L

PMID: 27296294 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4gVhW
via IFTTT

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.:

Exacerbation of Autoimmune Thyroiditis by CTLA-4 blockade: a role for IFNγ-induced indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase.

Thyroid. 2016 Jun 13;

Authors: Sharma R, Di Dalmazi G, Caturegli P

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative regulator of immune responses that suppresses the activity of effector T cells and contributes to the maintenance of self-tolerance. When blocked therapeutically, CTLA-4 leads to an overall activation of T cells that has been exploited for cancer control, a control associated however with a variety of immune-related side effects such as autoimmune thyroiditis. To investigate the mechanism(s) underlying this form of thyroiditis, we used the NOD-H2h4 mouse, a model that develops thyroiditis at very high incidence after addition of iodine to the drinking water.
METHODS: NOD-H2h4 mice were started on drinking water supplemented with 0.05% sodium iodide when 8 weeks old, and then injected with either a hamster monoclonal antibody against mouse CTLA-4, or polyclonal hamster immunoglobulins, or phosphate buffered saline when 11 weeks old. One month later (15 weeks of age), mice were sacrificed to assess thyroiditis, general immune responses in blood and spleen, and expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the thyroids and in isolated antigen-presenting cells after stimulation with IFNγ. The study also analyzed IDO expression in 4 autopsy cases of metastatic melanoma that had received treatment with a CTLA-4 blocking antibody, and 6 surgical pathology Hashimoto thyroiditis controls.
RESULTS: CTLA-4 blockade worsened autoimmune thyroiditis, as assessed by a greater incidence, a more aggressive mononuclear cell infiltration in thyroids, and higher thyroglobulin antibody levels when compared to the control groups. CTLA-4 blockade also expanded the proportion of splenic CD4+ effector T cells, as well as the production of IL-2, IFNγ,IL-10, and IL-13 cytokines. Interestingly, CTLA-4 blockade induced a strong expression of IDO in mouse and human thyroid glands, an expression that could represent a counter-regulatory mechanism to protect against the inflammatory environment.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that CTLA-4 blockade exacerbates the iodine-accelerated form of thyroiditis typical of the NOD.H2h4 mouse. The study could also have implications for cancer patients who develop thyroiditis as an immune-related adverse event after CTLA-4 blockade.

PMID: 27296629 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

from Melanoma2 via ola Kala on Inoreader
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UP1eK7
via IFTTT

Prevalence and risk factors of tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study of 1455 patients

Publication date: Available online 15 June 2016
Source:International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Author(s): U.-L. Lee, E.-J. Lee, H.-Y. Seo, S.-H. Han, W.-C. Choi, Y.-J. Choi
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tooth discolouration and to examine the factors that may pose a higher risk for tooth discolouration after orthognathic surgery. This was a retrospective study of 1455 orthognathic surgeries. The following data were collected for analysis: presence of discoloured teeth, sex, age at operation, the extent of the surgical displacement of the maxilla, and whether patients had undergone genioplasty, zygomaplasty, or descending palatine artery (DPA) ligation. Out of 1339 patients who underwent double-jaw surgery, 49 received root canal treatment due to tooth discolouration. No tooth discolouration was found in the 116 patients undergoing single-jaw surgery. DPA ligation, genioplasty, and mandibular sub-apical osteotomy were associated with a significant risk of tooth discolouration. Patients should be informed preoperatively of the possibility of tooth discolouration. Additionally, the DPA should be preserved during Le Fort I osteotomy to reduce the risk of tooth discolouration.



from OroFacial via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1OoErWk


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UuwMX7
via IFTTT

Effects of Neurotrophin-3 Plasmids on Myocyte Apoptosis and Ca 2+ -ATPase Content in the Muscle After Nerve Injury in Rats

We estimated the influence of plasmids with DNA carrying the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene on apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscle and content of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the latter after sciatic nerve injury. Sixty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into the saline (control) and NT-3 groups. The related indices, such as expression of caspase-3 protein, the rate of apoptosis in the muscle evaluated using a TUNEL technique, and the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase estimated using Western blot, were observed. Expression of caspase-3 protein was elevated at different post-operative times after peripheral nerve injury; NT-3 expression and the rate of muscle cell apoptosis decreased, whereas the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum increased; significant differences were observed compared with the saline group (P < 0.05). The mitigation mechanism of NT-3 on muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury is expressed as inhibition of caspase-3 gene expression, increase in the Ca²⁺-ATPase level, and reduction in the rate of muscle apoptosis.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTrIc


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrw7Y6
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4dQ1B
via IFTTT

EEG Activity in Dextrals and Sinistrals during Visual Monocular/Binocular Perception of Verbal Emotionally Colored Information

We compared the characteristics of EEG during mono- and binocular performance of the Stroop test. Either emotionally colored words or "pseudowords" were presented as stimuli; among 60 examined subjects, there were 30 sinistrals with dominant left eye and 30 dextrals with dominant right eye. In right-handed subjects, the coherence of theta oscillations in central and parietal pairs of the leads increased during binocular perception of verbal emotionally colored information, while a rise in the level of coherence of high-frequency beta oscillations in intrahemispheric lead pairs was observed in left-handers under the same conditions. In the course of binocular performance of both types of tests, interhemispheric coherence was altered, while changes of coherence were found only within one hemisphere during monocular perception. In dextrals, the level of synchronization of the activity in local networks demonstrated a significantly higher rise in the left hemisphere in the case where pseudoword signals were used. In sinistrals, such an increase was observed in both hemispheres together with a decrease in the interhemispheric interaction. In tests of both types during monocular perception of both emotionally colored words and pseudowords via a dominant eye, EEG activity was rather similar in both dextrals and sinistrals. This fact may indicate that nonrelevant semantic context of the stimuli during processing of information incoming via the dominant visual canal is mostly ignored.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJIlT


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDK3T
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAn22
via IFTTT

Thyroid hormone activation by type-2 deiodinase mediates exercise-induced PGC-1a expression in skeletal muscle

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) promotes expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1a), which mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle (SKM). Skeletal myocytes express the type 2 deiodinase (D2), which generates T3, the active TH. To test whether D2-generated T3 plays a role in exercise-induced PGC-1a expression, male rats and mice with SKM-specific Dio2 inactivation (SKM-D2KO or MYF5-D2KO) were studied. Acute treadmill exercise session (20 min at 70–75% of maximum aerobic capacity) increased D2 expression/activity (1.5-2.7-fold) as well as PGC-1a mRNA levels (1.5-5-fold) in rat soleus muscle (SOL) and white gastrocnemius muscle (WG) and mouse SOL muscle, which was prevented by pre-treatment with 1 mg/100 g bw propranolol or 6 mg/100 g bw iopanoic acid (5.9- vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05), which blocks D2 activity . In the SKM-D2KO mice, acute treadmill exercise failed to fully induce PGC-1a in SOL muscle (1.9 vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05) and in primary SKM-D2KO myocytes there was only limited PGC-1a response to 1uM forskolin (2.2-fold vs. 1.3-fold; P < 0.05). Chronic exercise training (6 weeks) increased SOL muscle PGC-1a mRNA levels (∼25%) and the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase (CS; ∼20%). In contrast, PGC-1a expression did not change and CS decreased by ∼30% in SKM-D2KO mice. SOL PGC-1a response to chronic exercise was also blunted in MYF5-D2KO mice. In conclusion, acute treadmill exercise increases SKM D2 expression through a beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent mechanism. The accelerated T4-to-T3 conversion within myocytes mediates part of the PGC-1a induction by treadmill exercise and its downstream effects on mitochondrial function.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoWHBL


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv9Lr
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4eDPO
via IFTTT

Effects of Bacterial Melanin on Neuronal Activity in the Rat Sensorimotor Cortex

We examined post-stimulation changes in the electrical activity of neurons of the rat sensorimotor cortex after intapraperitoneal injections or direct applications of bacterial melanin (a strict analog of neuromelanin). Activation of cortical neurons was evoked by high-frequency stimulation of the hindlimb peripheral nerves. The patterns of within-stimulation responses and long-lasting post-stimulation effects were rather similar in both subgroups (with systemic introductions or direct applications of melanin). Comparison of the results of previous electrophysiological experiments, where the effects of melanin on electrical activity generated by neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta were studied, showed close similarities of the effects of this agent (mostly activating influence of bacterial melanin with the predominance of excitatory/facilitatory post-stimulation modifications of spike activity). The effects of bacterial melanin can contribute to the recovery processes in neurodegenerative diseases.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTrrG


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDa6l
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAnPA
via IFTTT

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP): on the 45th Anniversary of Its Discovery

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main component of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton of astrocytes. Over more than four decades of fundamental and applied studies, GFAP achieved the status of the classical marker for astroglia. Our review deals with the analysis and systematization of the literature data describing the peculiarities of the structural organization of the molecules of this protein, its isoform composition, and changes in expression of the GFAP gene in the course of CNS ontogenesis; the hierarchical principle of the formation of glial intermediate filaments is also described. A great deal of information about key reactions of post-translational modifications of GFAP and their role in the functioning of the above-mentioned protein is conveyed. Based on the modern literature data, the limited proteolysis of GFAP is considered not only a stage of catabolic transformation of this protein but also a mechanism underlying regulation of the dynamic properties of the cytoskeleton in astroglial cells. It is believed that the main functions of GFAP are the maintenance of specific morphology of astrocytes, control of migration of these cells, and maintenance of the stability of their processes; however, more and more findings are indicative of the involvement of this protein in the processes of cellular signalling and modulation of neuron-to-glia interactions. GFAP as a component of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton plays a key role in the development of reactive astrocytosis, i.e., of a typical response of the CNS to injury. Overexpression of GFAP or suppression of its biosynthesis reflect modifications of the functional activity of astrocytes related to damage to the nerve tissue, metabolic abnormalities, and development of neurodegenerative states. Quantitative estimation of GFAP and of its breakdown products, as well as that of anti-GFAP autoantibodies in biological fluids, are at present used as significant criteria in the diagnostics of neurodegenerative pathologies. Non-canonical functions of GFAP, which it fulfills in non-astrocyte units, are indicative of functional polymorphism of this protein and need further investigations.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rppqbN


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv8Hv
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4ckMW
via IFTTT

Abnormalities in the GABAergic Inhibitory System Leading to the Development of Spike-Wave Discharges in the Somatosensory Cortex of Wag/Rij Rats

We investigated the effects of muscimol on generation of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and shortterm plasticity alterations in the somatosensory cortex of WAG/Rij rats. The rats were implanted with a twisted tripolar electrode into the somatosensory cortex and with an intraventricular cannula into the right cerebral ventricle. EEG recordings were made before and after muscimol and saline injections. Paired-pulse stimulations (200 μsec, 100-1000 μA, 0.1 sec^–1) were applied to the somatosensory cortex at 50-, 100-, 400-, and 500-msec-long intervals for 50 min. Pharmacological amplification of GABAergic transmission in the somatosensory cortex exerted an inhibitory effect on the thalamo-cortical circuit underlying the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWDs). Ten minutes post-injection of muscimol, paired-pulse facilitation was significantly reduced at 50- and 100-msec-long interpulse intervals (P < 0.05). The data obtained suggest that muscimol suppresses generation of SWDs and changes short-term plasticity via imitation of the effects of GABA in inhibitory synapses.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTT28Q


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEje8
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtzF50
via IFTTT

Vladimir A. Berezin (1946-2016)

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rppsAk


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YrvQoh
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4dgRb
via IFTTT

Daytime Sleepiness and Epilepsy: a Pilot Study

As was reported, sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in particular, are frequently manifested in epilepsy; insufficient attention has been devoted to this issue in clinical practice in Georgia. We investigated the frequency of EDS cases among healthy individuals and epilepsy patients. A questionnaire study has been conducted using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A group of 251 volunteers (mean age 33.4 years), including 135 subjects without epilepsy and 116 outpatients with this diagnosis (cryptogenic focal/idiopathic generalized epilepsy without cognitive or brain abnormalities), completed the above questionnaire. The EDS phenomenon was found in 8.9% of healthy individuals and in 17.2% of the patients with epilepsy. This problem was more frequent among the epilepsy patients treated by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The prevalence of EDS was higher among men suffering from epilepsy as compared to women with this disease. In the untreated group of the newly diagnosed epilepsy patients, there were more men with EDS than women having this problem. The difference in the EDS occurrence between the two groups of outpatients, treated and untreated with AEDs was statistically insignificant. Unlike the individuals without epilepsy, a gender difference in terms of the EDS frequency was revealed among the newly diagnosed patients.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTh3B


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEENO
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtzEOu
via IFTTT

Regular Exercise Combined With Curcumin Supplementation: Protective Effects against Lead-Induced Cerebellar Oxidative Damage in an Animal Model

Lifestyle modifications, such as physical exercise and dietary supplements, are recommended as protective measures against some neurological disorders. We examined the effects of regular exercise combined with curcumin supplementation against lead-induced oxidative damage of the cerebellum in male rats. Experimental animals (n = 50) were randomly divided into five groups. Lead acetate (20 mg/kg) was i.p. administered to three groups (except sham and control ones), while the sham group received ethyl oleate (30 mg/kg) three times per week. The curcumin and curcumin+exercise groups received curcumin (30 mg/kg) i.p. five times per week for eight weeks. The exercise program consisted of progressive running on a treadmill (speed from 15 to 22 m/min, 25 to 64 min per day, five times per week for eight weeks). Two days after the last application, the rats were euthanized; their cerebellum was removed and homogenized to measure the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs). Chronic administration of lead significantly increased the cerebellar TBARS levels but did not alter considerably the BDNF levels. Curcumin and curcumin+exercise treatments significantly lowered the cerebellar TBARS levels; a significant increase in the BDNF level was observed in the cerebellum of rats treated with combined intervention. Thus, regular exercise combined with curcumin supplementation may exert a significant neuroprotective effect against lead-induced cerebellar injury by attenuating oxidative stress and improving the brain state through an increase in the BDNF amount.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpol3F


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv6PL
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4dM1R
via IFTTT

Hubs and spokes of the lateral hypothalamus: cell types, circuits and behaviour

The hypothalamus is one of the most phylogenetically conserved regions in the vertebrate brain, reflecting its critical role in maintaining physiological and behavioural homeostasis. By integrating signals arising from both external and internal homeostatic challenges, it governs a litany of behaviourally important functions essential for survival. In particular, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is central to the orchestration of sleep-wake states, feeding, energy balance and motivated behaviour. Underlying these diverse functions is a heterogeneous assembly of cell populations typically defined by neurochemical markers, such as the well-described neuropeptides hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/Ox) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). However, anatomical and functional evidence suggests a rich diversity of other cell populations with complex neurochemical profiles that include neuropeptides, receptors and components of fast amino acid neurotransmission. Collectively, the LHA acts as a hub for the integration of diverse central and peripheral signals and, through complex local and long-range output circuits, serve to coordinate adaptive behavioural responses to the environment. Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of the LHA, defining the identity of functionally discrete LHA cell types, how they are organized into specific neural circuits and how they regulate complex behaviour remain significant challenges in the field. The recent application of powerful new techniques, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics and in vivo electrophysiology and imaging in awake and behaving animals, has renewed interest in the nature of LHA cell types and circuits. In this review, we address the neurochemical and cellular heterogeneity of LHA neurons and circuits and its role in a vast array of behaviours. From pioneering findings to recent developments, we review how the interrogation of LHA function is rapidly accelerating progress towards a mechanistic understanding of how the LHA coordinates complex behaviours such as feeding, reward, motivated behaviour, sleep, wakefulness, stress and anxiety.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTT3JQ


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpD9PP
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAwCx
via IFTTT

Ethical Responsibilities of the Authors

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJtHA


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YrvPR2
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4ddVv
via IFTTT

Peculiarities of Activation of Human Muscles in Realization of Cyclic Bimanual Movements with Different Organization of the Cycles

According to the characteristics of EMGs subjected to full-wave rectification and low-pass filtering, we examined coordination of central motor commands coming to muscles of the shoulder belt and shoulders in the course of realization of cyclic bimanual movements within a horizontal plane (close to those in sculling). The performance of different motor tasks was tested: (i) movements at a comfortable stroke rate (CSR); (ii) movements at a maximum rate (MR), and (iii) movements with the feedback (FB) information, where the subject could trace the movement rate and angles of rotation of one lever of the experimental set. Two levels of external loading could be applied to the levers of the set ("oars") in the direction counteracting efforts developed by the subject within the pulling phase. It was found that, in realization of the CSR test, the movement rate was greater at a higher loading than that in the case of a smaller mechanical resistance. The mean level of EMGs of the examined muscles under conditions of a higher loading in realization of the CSR test was greater than that in the FB test. The level of activation of the muscles in the course of the MR test demonstrated no dependence of the level of external loading. The level of correlations between EMG activities of similar muscles of the left and right upper limbs demonstrated a trend toward lowering under conditions of the presence of visual FB. It is supposed that the cognitive influence upon realization of the motor tasks is intensified under the above conditions, and the type of the performed movements becomes closer to the discrete mode.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpozb6


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEHt2
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtBFtO
via IFTTT

Irina A. Vladimirova (1933–2015)

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvKkIn


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrwv8Y
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Q4ehcd
via IFTTT

Ethical Responsibilities of the Authors

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoXl26


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpD8vf
via IFTTT

from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1PtAs5S
via IFTTT

Effects of Neurotrophin-3 Plasmids on Myocyte Apoptosis and Ca 2+ -ATPase Content in the Muscle After Nerve Injury in Rats

We estimated the influence of plasmids with DNA carrying the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene on apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscle and content of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the latter after sciatic nerve injury. Sixty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into the saline (control) and NT-3 groups. The related indices, such as expression of caspase-3 protein, the rate of apoptosis in the muscle evaluated using a TUNEL technique, and the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase estimated using Western blot, were observed. Expression of caspase-3 protein was elevated at different post-operative times after peripheral nerve injury; NT-3 expression and the rate of muscle cell apoptosis decreased, whereas the level of Ca²⁺-ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum increased; significant differences were observed compared with the saline group (P < 0.05). The mitigation mechanism of NT-3 on muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury is expressed as inhibition of caspase-3 gene expression, increase in the Ca²⁺-ATPase level, and reduction in the rate of muscle apoptosis.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTrIc


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrw7Y6
via IFTTT

EEG Activity in Dextrals and Sinistrals during Visual Monocular/Binocular Perception of Verbal Emotionally Colored Information

We compared the characteristics of EEG during mono- and binocular performance of the Stroop test. Either emotionally colored words or "pseudowords" were presented as stimuli; among 60 examined subjects, there were 30 sinistrals with dominant left eye and 30 dextrals with dominant right eye. In right-handed subjects, the coherence of theta oscillations in central and parietal pairs of the leads increased during binocular perception of verbal emotionally colored information, while a rise in the level of coherence of high-frequency beta oscillations in intrahemispheric lead pairs was observed in left-handers under the same conditions. In the course of binocular performance of both types of tests, interhemispheric coherence was altered, while changes of coherence were found only within one hemisphere during monocular perception. In dextrals, the level of synchronization of the activity in local networks demonstrated a significantly higher rise in the left hemisphere in the case where pseudoword signals were used. In sinistrals, such an increase was observed in both hemispheres together with a decrease in the interhemispheric interaction. In tests of both types during monocular perception of both emotionally colored words and pseudowords via a dominant eye, EEG activity was rather similar in both dextrals and sinistrals. This fact may indicate that nonrelevant semantic context of the stimuli during processing of information incoming via the dominant visual canal is mostly ignored.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJIlT


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDK3T
via IFTTT

Thyroid hormone activation by type-2 deiodinase mediates exercise-induced PGC-1a expression in skeletal muscle

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) promotes expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1a), which mediates mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle (SKM). Skeletal myocytes express the type 2 deiodinase (D2), which generates T3, the active TH. To test whether D2-generated T3 plays a role in exercise-induced PGC-1a expression, male rats and mice with SKM-specific Dio2 inactivation (SKM-D2KO or MYF5-D2KO) were studied. Acute treadmill exercise session (20 min at 70–75% of maximum aerobic capacity) increased D2 expression/activity (1.5-2.7-fold) as well as PGC-1a mRNA levels (1.5-5-fold) in rat soleus muscle (SOL) and white gastrocnemius muscle (WG) and mouse SOL muscle, which was prevented by pre-treatment with 1 mg/100 g bw propranolol or 6 mg/100 g bw iopanoic acid (5.9- vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05), which blocks D2 activity . In the SKM-D2KO mice, acute treadmill exercise failed to fully induce PGC-1a in SOL muscle (1.9 vs. 2.8-fold; P < 0.05) and in primary SKM-D2KO myocytes there was only limited PGC-1a response to 1uM forskolin (2.2-fold vs. 1.3-fold; P < 0.05). Chronic exercise training (6 weeks) increased SOL muscle PGC-1a mRNA levels (∼25%) and the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase (CS; ∼20%). In contrast, PGC-1a expression did not change and CS decreased by ∼30% in SKM-D2KO mice. SOL PGC-1a response to chronic exercise was also blunted in MYF5-D2KO mice. In conclusion, acute treadmill exercise increases SKM D2 expression through a beta-adrenergic receptor-dependent mechanism. The accelerated T4-to-T3 conversion within myocytes mediates part of the PGC-1a induction by treadmill exercise and its downstream effects on mitochondrial function.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoWHBL


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv9Lr
via IFTTT

Effects of Bacterial Melanin on Neuronal Activity in the Rat Sensorimotor Cortex

We examined post-stimulation changes in the electrical activity of neurons of the rat sensorimotor cortex after intapraperitoneal injections or direct applications of bacterial melanin (a strict analog of neuromelanin). Activation of cortical neurons was evoked by high-frequency stimulation of the hindlimb peripheral nerves. The patterns of within-stimulation responses and long-lasting post-stimulation effects were rather similar in both subgroups (with systemic introductions or direct applications of melanin). Comparison of the results of previous electrophysiological experiments, where the effects of melanin on electrical activity generated by neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta were studied, showed close similarities of the effects of this agent (mostly activating influence of bacterial melanin with the predominance of excitatory/facilitatory post-stimulation modifications of spike activity). The effects of bacterial melanin can contribute to the recovery processes in neurodegenerative diseases.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTrrG


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDa6l
via IFTTT

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP): on the 45th Anniversary of Its Discovery

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main component of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton of astrocytes. Over more than four decades of fundamental and applied studies, GFAP achieved the status of the classical marker for astroglia. Our review deals with the analysis and systematization of the literature data describing the peculiarities of the structural organization of the molecules of this protein, its isoform composition, and changes in expression of the GFAP gene in the course of CNS ontogenesis; the hierarchical principle of the formation of glial intermediate filaments is also described. A great deal of information about key reactions of post-translational modifications of GFAP and their role in the functioning of the above-mentioned protein is conveyed. Based on the modern literature data, the limited proteolysis of GFAP is considered not only a stage of catabolic transformation of this protein but also a mechanism underlying regulation of the dynamic properties of the cytoskeleton in astroglial cells. It is believed that the main functions of GFAP are the maintenance of specific morphology of astrocytes, control of migration of these cells, and maintenance of the stability of their processes; however, more and more findings are indicative of the involvement of this protein in the processes of cellular signalling and modulation of neuron-to-glia interactions. GFAP as a component of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton plays a key role in the development of reactive astrocytosis, i.e., of a typical response of the CNS to injury. Overexpression of GFAP or suppression of its biosynthesis reflect modifications of the functional activity of astrocytes related to damage to the nerve tissue, metabolic abnormalities, and development of neurodegenerative states. Quantitative estimation of GFAP and of its breakdown products, as well as that of anti-GFAP autoantibodies in biological fluids, are at present used as significant criteria in the diagnostics of neurodegenerative pathologies. Non-canonical functions of GFAP, which it fulfills in non-astrocyte units, are indicative of functional polymorphism of this protein and need further investigations.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rppqbN


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv8Hv
via IFTTT

Abnormalities in the GABAergic Inhibitory System Leading to the Development of Spike-Wave Discharges in the Somatosensory Cortex of Wag/Rij Rats

We investigated the effects of muscimol on generation of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and shortterm plasticity alterations in the somatosensory cortex of WAG/Rij rats. The rats were implanted with a twisted tripolar electrode into the somatosensory cortex and with an intraventricular cannula into the right cerebral ventricle. EEG recordings were made before and after muscimol and saline injections. Paired-pulse stimulations (200 μsec, 100-1000 μA, 0.1 sec^–1) were applied to the somatosensory cortex at 50-, 100-, 400-, and 500-msec-long intervals for 50 min. Pharmacological amplification of GABAergic transmission in the somatosensory cortex exerted an inhibitory effect on the thalamo-cortical circuit underlying the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWDs). Ten minutes post-injection of muscimol, paired-pulse facilitation was significantly reduced at 50- and 100-msec-long interpulse intervals (P < 0.05). The data obtained suggest that muscimol suppresses generation of SWDs and changes short-term plasticity via imitation of the effects of GABA in inhibitory synapses.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTT28Q


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEje8
via IFTTT

Vladimir A. Berezin (1946-2016)

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rppsAk


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YrvQoh
via IFTTT

Daytime Sleepiness and Epilepsy: a Pilot Study

As was reported, sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in particular, are frequently manifested in epilepsy; insufficient attention has been devoted to this issue in clinical practice in Georgia. We investigated the frequency of EDS cases among healthy individuals and epilepsy patients. A questionnaire study has been conducted using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A group of 251 volunteers (mean age 33.4 years), including 135 subjects without epilepsy and 116 outpatients with this diagnosis (cryptogenic focal/idiopathic generalized epilepsy without cognitive or brain abnormalities), completed the above questionnaire. The EDS phenomenon was found in 8.9% of healthy individuals and in 17.2% of the patients with epilepsy. This problem was more frequent among the epilepsy patients treated by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The prevalence of EDS was higher among men suffering from epilepsy as compared to women with this disease. In the untreated group of the newly diagnosed epilepsy patients, there were more men with EDS than women having this problem. The difference in the EDS occurrence between the two groups of outpatients, treated and untreated with AEDs was statistically insignificant. Unlike the individuals without epilepsy, a gender difference in terms of the EDS frequency was revealed among the newly diagnosed patients.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTTh3B


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEENO
via IFTTT

Regular Exercise Combined With Curcumin Supplementation: Protective Effects against Lead-Induced Cerebellar Oxidative Damage in an Animal Model

Lifestyle modifications, such as physical exercise and dietary supplements, are recommended as protective measures against some neurological disorders. We examined the effects of regular exercise combined with curcumin supplementation against lead-induced oxidative damage of the cerebellum in male rats. Experimental animals (n = 50) were randomly divided into five groups. Lead acetate (20 mg/kg) was i.p. administered to three groups (except sham and control ones), while the sham group received ethyl oleate (30 mg/kg) three times per week. The curcumin and curcumin+exercise groups received curcumin (30 mg/kg) i.p. five times per week for eight weeks. The exercise program consisted of progressive running on a treadmill (speed from 15 to 22 m/min, 25 to 64 min per day, five times per week for eight weeks). Two days after the last application, the rats were euthanized; their cerebellum was removed and homogenized to measure the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs). Chronic administration of lead significantly increased the cerebellar TBARS levels but did not alter considerably the BDNF levels. Curcumin and curcumin+exercise treatments significantly lowered the cerebellar TBARS levels; a significant increase in the BDNF level was observed in the cerebellum of rats treated with combined intervention. Thus, regular exercise combined with curcumin supplementation may exert a significant neuroprotective effect against lead-induced cerebellar injury by attenuating oxidative stress and improving the brain state through an increase in the BDNF amount.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpol3F


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrv6PL
via IFTTT

Hubs and spokes of the lateral hypothalamus: cell types, circuits and behaviour

The hypothalamus is one of the most phylogenetically conserved regions in the vertebrate brain, reflecting its critical role in maintaining physiological and behavioural homeostasis. By integrating signals arising from both external and internal homeostatic challenges, it governs a litany of behaviourally important functions essential for survival. In particular, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is central to the orchestration of sleep-wake states, feeding, energy balance and motivated behaviour. Underlying these diverse functions is a heterogeneous assembly of cell populations typically defined by neurochemical markers, such as the well-described neuropeptides hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/Ox) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). However, anatomical and functional evidence suggests a rich diversity of other cell populations with complex neurochemical profiles that include neuropeptides, receptors and components of fast amino acid neurotransmission. Collectively, the LHA acts as a hub for the integration of diverse central and peripheral signals and, through complex local and long-range output circuits, serve to coordinate adaptive behavioural responses to the environment. Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of the LHA, defining the identity of functionally discrete LHA cell types, how they are organized into specific neural circuits and how they regulate complex behaviour remain significant challenges in the field. The recent application of powerful new techniques, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics and in vivo electrophysiology and imaging in awake and behaving animals, has renewed interest in the nature of LHA cell types and circuits. In this review, we address the neurochemical and cellular heterogeneity of LHA neurons and circuits and its role in a vast array of behaviours. From pioneering findings to recent developments, we review how the interrogation of LHA function is rapidly accelerating progress towards a mechanistic understanding of how the LHA coordinates complex behaviours such as feeding, reward, motivated behaviour, sleep, wakefulness, stress and anxiety.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1UTT3JQ


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpD9PP
via IFTTT

Ethical Responsibilities of the Authors

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJtHA


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YrvPR2
via IFTTT

Peculiarities of Activation of Human Muscles in Realization of Cyclic Bimanual Movements with Different Organization of the Cycles

According to the characteristics of EMGs subjected to full-wave rectification and low-pass filtering, we examined coordination of central motor commands coming to muscles of the shoulder belt and shoulders in the course of realization of cyclic bimanual movements within a horizontal plane (close to those in sculling). The performance of different motor tasks was tested: (i) movements at a comfortable stroke rate (CSR); (ii) movements at a maximum rate (MR), and (iii) movements with the feedback (FB) information, where the subject could trace the movement rate and angles of rotation of one lever of the experimental set. Two levels of external loading could be applied to the levers of the set ("oars") in the direction counteracting efforts developed by the subject within the pulling phase. It was found that, in realization of the CSR test, the movement rate was greater at a higher loading than that in the case of a smaller mechanical resistance. The mean level of EMGs of the examined muscles under conditions of a higher loading in realization of the CSR test was greater than that in the FB test. The level of activation of the muscles in the course of the MR test demonstrated no dependence of the level of external loading. The level of correlations between EMG activities of similar muscles of the left and right upper limbs demonstrated a trend toward lowering under conditions of the presence of visual FB. It is supposed that the cognitive influence upon realization of the motor tasks is intensified under the above conditions, and the type of the performed movements becomes closer to the discrete mode.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpozb6


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEHt2
via IFTTT

Irina A. Vladimirova (1933–2015)

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvKkIn


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrwv8Y
via IFTTT

Ethical Responsibilities of the Authors

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoXl26


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpD8vf
via IFTTT

Characteristics of fMRI Patterns during the Performance of Hand and Finger Movements of Different Complexity

We analyzed the topography and quantitative characteristics of changes in a blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal accompanying movements of the fingers and hand performed by healthy humans. Three test movements characterized by different levels of complexity were united in an integrated paradigm of activation. We assumed that such a paradigm should promote the understanding of mechanisms of functioning of separate neuronal networks controlling motor functions and their grouping in scaling networks responsible for general control of motor activity by the CNS. Concurrently with the processes of activation of the sensorimotor network, we observed partial deactivation of certain nodi of the default-mode network (DMN) and formation of functional connectivities independent of the performance of the tasks. This confirms the statement on the heterogeneity of the DMN, whose different parts can be simultaneously desynchronized and can function in an offline mode. Analysis of the frequency spectrum of fluctuations of the BOLD signal allowed us to conclude that the sensorimotor network and DMN function simultaneously; however, each of them demonstrates direct (for the sensorimotor network) and inverse (for the DMN) correlation between changes in the BOLD signal and the successfulness of performance of the motor task.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpp30Z


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1YrvGgy
via IFTTT

Spatial Patterns of Correlations between Amplitudes of the Main EEG Rhythms in Children in the Norm and with Central Disorders of Motor Activity

We recorded resting-state ongoing EEG in two groups of 8- to 12-year-old children, boys and girls, with no disorders in the motor sphere and with a clinically diagnosed form of cerebral palsy (control and CP groups, n = 100 and n = 78, respectively). The sign and intensity of correlations between values of the mean amplitudes of oscillations of the delta, theta, alpha, and beta rhythms in the pairs of eight recording sites were estimated. Recording electrodes were positioned in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital loci of the left and right hemispheres (28 pairs of leads). Cases with the modulus of the correlation coefficient, ǀrǀ, 0.30–0.49, 0.50–0.69, and 0.70–0.99, respectively, were classified as those of weak, moderate, and strong correlation between the amplitudes. At ǀrǀ < 0.30, correlations were considered insignificant. Cases of significant direct (positive) and inverse (negative) correlations, including those with rather high r values, were observed in children of both examined groups, but the numbers of such correlations demonstrated certain intergroup differences. In children suffering from CP, such cases were met noticeably more frequently than in the control group. In boys and girls of the control group, the total number of significant (both direct and inverse) correlations between oscillations of the four above-mentioned rhythms, normalized with respect to the number of all lead pairs (n = 28), varied from 14 to 50%, and only in two cases among 16 (4 analyzed rhythms × 2 examined groups × × 2 gender subgroups) did it exceed 40%. In children with CP, this index varied between 32 and 68%, and only in two cases was it smaller than 40%. Patterns of correlations between amplitudes of the EEG rhythms in girls of both examined groups significantly differed from those in boys; girls were characterized by more frequent cases of inverse correlations.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoXS4d


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDWQK
via IFTTT

Impact of the Ratio of Metabotropic and Ionotropic Components of Parasympathetic Action on the Excitability of a Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell: a Simulation Study

On a computer model of a smooth muscle cell (SMC) of the urinary bladder detrusor (UBD) having a corresponding set of ion channels and intracellular signaling mechanisms, we investigated the influence of ionotropic (purine, P) and metabotropic (muscarinic, M) components of the parasympathetic stimulus on the membrane potential of the cell and Ca²⁺ concentration inside it ([Ca²⁺]_i). The P and M components of the stimulus were simulated, respectively, by the increasing conductivity of P2X receptor channels of the SMC membrane (G _P2X) and the permeability of calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum activated by inositol triphosphate (P _IP3), considering that IP3 is the end product of the metabotropic chain starting from the M3 cholinergic receptors. The G _P2X and P _IP3 values, latent periods (LPs) of their activation, and relations of the above parameters were chosen in such a mode that application of a single stimulus evoked the SMC response with the P and M components close to those of the prototype. The normal magnitude and LP of the M component of the concentration response (calcium transient) were significantly greater than the respective parameters of the P component; the M component was accompanied by generation of an action potential (AP) with after-processes analogous to those of the prototype. A decrease in the P _IP3 simulating a deficiency of M3 receptors observed under a few pathological conditions led to a decrease in the electric and concentration SMC responses, down to full elimination of AP generation and changes in [Са²⁺]_i. Under such conditions, a significant increase in the G _P2X could provide a [Са²⁺]_i increase to a nearly normal level. Using paired parasympathetic stimulation with different interstimulus intervals, ΔТ, allowed us to obtain a situation where the M response to the first stimulus (M1) was preceded by the P response to the second stimulus (P2) with a short adjustable interval. The use of such stimulation with certain values of the ΔТ and conductivity of purinergic channels G _P2X can compensate for the attenuation of the M component, due to interaction of the latter with the P component caused by the second stimulus. Thus, pathological attenuation of the M component of the parasympathetic stimulation effect can be compensated in clinical practice (at least partly) by applying purinomimetics and/or paired stimulation.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJTgV


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrw3Ym
via IFTTT

Electrophysiological Indices in Sportsmen: Correlations with the Contents of Iron and Copper in the Organism

Using the roentgen-fluorescent analysis, we found mostly below-norm contents of iron and copper in stable tissue samples (hairs) of 18- to 20-year-old sportsmen (university students). Correlations of the results of such analysis with sets of indices characterizing the state of the CNS (parameters of background EEG and of evoked/event-related EEG potentials), that of the cardiovascular system (CVS, data of electrocardiography and rheography), and of the mechanisms providing autonomic regulation of the latter system (indices of cardiointervalography) were calculated. According to the number of significant correlations (0.44 < r < 0.56) and their intensity, we found that the content of copper is more significant for the indices characterizing functioning of the CNS, especially for those of EEG phenomena related to mental processes. At the same time, the content of iron exerts more significant influences on the functional state of the CVS. It should be taken into account that the pattern of correlations found in our study is typical of a relatively specific sampling of the subjects (with a clearly pronounced deficiency of the above-mentioned elements in the organism) and can be dissimilar in the case of normal (and, especially, increased) contents of these metals.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoXTVN


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpDlPd
via IFTTT

Stress-Induced Increases in Levels of Caspases in the Prefrontal Cortex in a Rat Model of PTSD

We investigated the levels of expression of caspase-3 and 9 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) to provide a novel insight into the mechanism of how this cortical region is related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into the control group and four SPS groups examined at days 1, 4, 7, and 14 after treatment. Expression of caspase-3 in SPS groups was significantly greater when compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and peaked at day 7 after exposure to SPS. In the control group, the intensity of fluorescence of caspase-9-positive cells was low, while that in the SPS groups was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and peaked at day 4 after exposure to SPS. After SPS episodes, levels of mRNA of caspase-3 and caspase-9, compared with those in the control group, gradually increased and peaked at days 7 and 4, respectively (P < 0.01). Therefore, changes of expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PTSD.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1tvJTO1


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1Yrvu0L
via IFTTT

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Mechanisms and Possible Treatments

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental condition occurring after a tragedy or a traumatic experience, such as rape, assault, natural disasters, war, car or plane accidents, etc. PSTD can cause a number of symptoms, such as fear, high anxiety, hyperarousal, bad dreams, nightmares, etc., existing for a long time after the traumatic event. In recent years, the spread of PTSD has increased in the world, especially in Asia (Middle East), particularly among soldiers who have taken part in military conflicts. This situation confirms the importance of understanding how PTSD develops and of improving its treatment. This paper is a review of the literature related to the respective topics. Like other anxiety disorders, PTSD is related to disruption of the endocrine system, particularly disintegration of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). People suffering from PTSD are characterized by elevated levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, low basal cortisol levels, and enhanced negative feedback suppression of the HPAA. At the present time, certain plant-derived compounds are considered to be a new important source to treat PTSD. For example, remedies obtained from saffron are such possible means. According to our findings, saffron components may considerably affect some parts of the HPAA for reduction of stress-induced corticosterone release.

from Physiology via xlomafota13 on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1XoXdQb


from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/1rpEg23
via IFTTT