Patch testing in patients with suspected cosmetic dermatitis: A retrospective study

Summary

Background

Growing use of cosmetics has led to an increase in the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to cosmetics. Patch testing helps to confirm allergy to cosmetics and pinpoint the exact offending allergens.

Aims and Objectives

The study aimed to find the frequency of positive patch test reactions in cases with suspected ACD to cosmetics, and the common allergens responsible for it.

Methods

This is a retrospective record-based study of 58 patients, with suspected ACD to cosmetics, who had undergone patch testing with Indian standard series and Indian cosmetic and fragrance series from January 2013 to December 2015.

Results

The majority of patients (60.34%) belonged to the age group of 20-40 years. The most common site of involvement was face (94.8%) followed by neck (22.4%). The most commonly implicated cosmetics in history were soaps (53.4%), and face creams (24.1%). The most common allergens detected on patch testing were cetrimide (20.7%) and thimerosal (15.5%) followed by paraphenylenediamine (6.9%), and fragrance mix (5.2). Positive allergic reactions were obtained in 2.12% of the patches.

Conclusion

Most common cosmetic products implicated for causing ACD were face creams, soaps, and hair dyes. The principal culprit allergens were cetrimide and thimerosal.

http://ift.tt/2qD7jnz

Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis

Opinion statement

Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is presently gaining attention. Patients with WDEIA experience allergic symptoms when they exercise following wheat consumption. Some patients may be advised to restrict wheat consumption or exercise because of repeated allergic symptoms without adequate diagnosis or examination. Japanese guidelines recommend that WDEIA should be diagnosed using provocation tests with wheat and exercise. After wheat consumption, patients exercise using a treadmill or an ergometer during provocation tests. Once WDEIA is diagnosed, patients should not consume wheat before physical activity. Exercise is allowed at least 4 h after wheat intake. They may consume wheat if they do not exercise after wheat consumption, and they may exercise without consuming wheat before exercising. All WDEIA patients should be instructed regarding use of adrenaline auto-injector and should carry one with them. Some patients may respond to prophylactic treatment with anti-histamines. However, there is no established drug for preventing WDEIA; moreover, there is inadequate evidence for routine administration of these prophylactic drugs. Cofactors like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may directly modulate immune reactions and could exacerbate the condition. Hence, patients should avoid these cofactors. The emergency treatment of WDEIA does not differ from that of immediate-type food allergy or anaphylaxis. Exercise should be stopped when patients show food allergy symptoms. When patients show anaphylactic reactions, adrenaline should be quickly administered. Indications for adrenaline auto-injector use are severe symptoms like persistent coughing, breathing with wheeze, persistent abdominal pain, and confusion. However, there is no evidence that anti-histamines and corticosteroids have lifesaving effects. Consequently, it is important that adrenaline auto-injector is used in an appropriate setting and that the patient is transferred to a hospital immediately. The mechanisms of WDEIA development are unknown. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved so that it can be treated.

http://ift.tt/2rs0UL3

Transient ischemic attacks on turning the head to one side, with immediate remission of symptoms when the head returned to the neutral position.

http://medicine-greece.blogspot.com/2017/05/transient-ischemic-attacks-on-turning.html

Alexandros Sfakianakis
Anapafseos 5 . Agios Nikolaos
Crete.Greece.72100
2841026182

6948891480

alsfakia@gmail.com

The extended medial plantar artery (EMPA) free flap for plantar foot defects

Abstract

The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap was first introduced by Mir y Mir in 1954 and used to reconstruct a heel defect. The sole of the foot is designed to bear body weight and absorb the shocks of a bipedal gait. The properties of the plantar skin and deeper tissues are therefore highly specialised, and if normal function is to be restored, it is essential to replace "like with like" which is a fundamental principle of reconstructive surgery.

The aim of this article is to introduce the concept of an extended medial plantar artery (EMPA) free flap for plantar foot defects. The advantage of the extended version of the MPA flap in the presented cases is the harvest of a larger bulk of tissue and thus the possibility of covering larger defects in the weight-bearing area of the foot.

Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.

http://ift.tt/2qCPPYy

Masseteric to buccal branch nerve transfer.

Purpose of review: To review recent literature pertaining to the use of masseteric-facial nerve neurorrhaphy (MFNN) for facial reanimation in patients with facial paralysis. Recent findings: First, MFNN effectively restores some midface tone and function, including the ability to smile. Second, use of the masseteric nerve minimizes synkinesis, dysarthria, and dysphagia that frequently occur after hypoglossal-facial nerve neurorrhaphy. Third, concurrent cable grafting to the zygomatic branch from an intact proximal facial nerve remnant - when available - can restore dynamic eye closure. Summary: Masseteric nerve transfer is an alternative to hypoglossal nerve transfer that improves midface appearance and function for properly selected patients with facial paralysis. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2rbT6wA

The neuropeptidome of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics
Author(s): Meaghan K. Smith, Tianfang Wang, Saowaros Suwansa-ard, Cherie A. Motti, Abigail Elizur, Min Zhao, Matthew L. Rowe, Michael R. Hall, Maurice R. Elphick, Scott F. Cummins
Outbreaks of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS; Acanthaster planci) are a major cause of destruction of coral communities on the Australian Great Barrier Reef. While factors relating to population explosions and the social interactions of COTS have been well studied, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying COTS physiology and behaviour. One of the major classes of chemical messengers that regulate physiological and behavioural processes in animals is the neuropeptides. Here, we have analysed COTS genome and transcriptome sequence data to identify neuropeptide precursor proteins in this species. A total of 48 neuropeptide precursors were identified, including homologs of neuropeptides that are evolutionarily conserved throughout the Bilateria, and others that are novel. Proteomic mass spectrometry was employed to confirm the presence of neuropeptides in extracts of radial nerve cords. These transcriptomic and proteomic resources provide a foundation for functional studies that will enable a better understanding of COTS physiology and behaviour, and may facilitate development of novel population biocontrol methods.SignificanceThe Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS) is one of the primary factors leading to coral loss on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Our combined gene and proteomic findings of this study reveal the COTS neuropeptidome, including both echinoderm-like neuropeptides and novel putative neuropeptides. This represents the most comprehensive neuropeptidome for an echinoderm, contributing to the evolving knowledge of the COTS molecular neurobiology that may assist in towards the development of biocontrol methods.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rmQoCQ

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of bacteria from the saliva of twenty four different individuals form clusters that showed no relationship to the yeasts present

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 82
Author(s): Manjula M Weerasekera, Chris H Sissons, Lisa Wong, Sally A Anderson, Ann R Holmes, Richard D Cannon
ObjectivesThe aim was to investigate the relationship between groups of bacteria identified by cluster analysis of the DGGE fingerprints and the amounts and diversity of yeast present.MethodsBacterial and yeast populations in saliva samples from 24 adults were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the bacteria present and by yeast culture.ResultsEubacterial DGGE banding patterns showed considerable variation between individuals. Seventy one different amplicon bands were detected, the band number per saliva sample ranged from 21 to 39 (mean±SD=29.3±4.9). Cluster and principal component analysis of the bacterial DGGE patterns yielded three major clusters containing 20 of the samples. Seventeen of the 24 (71%) saliva samples were yeast positive with concentrations up to 10³cfu/mL. Candida albicans was the predominant species in saliva samples although six other yeast species, including Candida dubliniensis, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida rugosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were identified. The presence, concentration, and species of yeast in samples showed no clear relationship to the bacterial clusters.ConclusionDespite indications of in vitro bacteria-yeast interactions, there was a lack of association between the presence, identity and diversity of yeasts and the bacterial DGGE fingerprint clusters in saliva. This suggests significant ecological individual-specificity of these associations in highly complex in vivo oral biofilm systems under normal oral conditions.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2qIsIH1

Agomelatine, a MT1/MT2 melatonergic receptor agonist with serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonistic properties, suppresses Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory mediators in murine macrophages

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 82
Author(s): Jin-Yi Hyeon, Eun-Young Choi, So-Hui Choe, Hae Ryoun Park, Jeom-Il Choi, In Soon Choi, Sung-Jo Kim
ObjectiveThis study was performed in an attempt to examine the influence of agomelatine in mitigating the generation of proinflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 murine macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Prevotella intermedia, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that is related with various types of periodontal diseases, and the molecular mechanisms behind its effects.DesignLPS from P. intermedia strain ATCC 25611 was prepared employing the conventional phenol-water procedure. Conditioned culture media were analyzed for the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. Real-time PCR analysis was carried out to determine the mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, IL-6 and SOCS1. Protein expression levels were evaluated by immunoblot test. NF-κB-dependent SEAP reporter assay was performed using a reporter cell line. DNA-binding activities of NF-κB subunits were analyzed utilizing the ELISA-based kits.ResultsAgomelatine was found to down-regulate significantly the generation of iNOS-derived NO, IL-1β and IL-6 as well as the expression of their mRNAs in cells activated with P. intermedia LPS. Agomelatine decreased NF-κB-dependent SEAP release caused by P. intermedia LPS. Agomelatine did not inhibit NF-κB transcription induced by LPS at the level of IκB-α degradation. Instead, LPS-induced nuclear translocation and DNA binding of NF-κB p50 subunit was blocked by agomelatine. P. intermedia LPS-elicited activation of STAT1 and STAT3 was reduced notably by co-treatment with agomelatine. Agomelatine showed a tendency to enhance mRNA level of SOCS1 in LPS-activated cells as well.ConclusionsAgomelatine merits further evaluation to reveal its usefulness on the host modulation of periodontal disease.



http://ift.tt/2qIql7h

Aims & Scope/Editorial board

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 80





http://ift.tt/2rdwkEu

Plica neuropathica (matting hair) in an autistic patient

http://ift.tt/2rn3xfe

8-Nitro-cGMP promotes bone growth through expansion of growth plate cartilage

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 110
Author(s): Marie Hoshino, Kotaro Kaneko, Yoichi Miyamoto, Kentaro Yoshimura, Dai Suzuki, Takaaki Akaike, Tomohiro Sawa, Tomoaki Ida, Shigemoto Fujii, Hideshi Ihara, Junichi Tanaka, Risa Tsukuura, Daichi Chikazu, Kenji Mishima, Kazuyoshi Baba, Ryutaro Kamijo
In endochondral ossification, growth of bones occurs at their growth plate cartilage. While it is known that nitric oxide (NO) synthases are required for proliferation of chondrocytes in growth plate cartilage and growth of bones, the precise mechanism by which NO facilitates these process has not been clarified yet. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) also positively regulate elongation of bones through expansion of the growth plate cartilage. Both NO and CNP are known to use cGMP as the second messenger. Recently, 8-nitro-cGMP was identified as a signaling molecule produced in the presence of NO in various types of cells. Here, we found that 8-nitro-cGMP is produced in proliferating chondrocytes in the growth plates, which was enhanced by CNP, in bones cultured ex vivo. In addition, 8-nitro-cGMP promoted bone growth with expansion of the proliferating zone as well as increase in the number of proliferating cells in the growth plates. 8-Nitro-cGMP also promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro. On the other hand, 8-bromo-cGMP enhanced the growth of bones with expansion of hypertrophic zone of the growth plates without affecting either the width of proliferating zone or proliferation of chondrocytes. These results indicate that 8-nitro-cGMP formed in growth plate cartilage accelerates chondrocyte proliferation and bone growth as a downstream molecule of NO.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2spX8Po

Synthesis of the DDT metabolite 2,4-dichloro-1-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene ( o -Cl-DDMU) and its detection in abiotic and biotic samples

Abstract

Technical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been used worldwide as a pesticide since the beginning of the 1940s. Due to its persistence, DDT residues are still ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Photochemical UV degradation has been shown to be a potent degradation path for DDT and most of the resulting photoproducts have been identified up to now. Nevertheless, in 2012, a new DDT metabolite, most likely formed photochemically from DDE, was detected in ray liver samples from Brazil, an area which is highly contaminated with DDT. This study includes photochemical generation, chemical synthesis and isolation of this compound which was verified to consist of both cis- and trans-2,4-dichloro-1-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene. Both stereoisomers were resolved by gas chromatography on a polar capillary column and detected in more than 60 biotic (e.g. marine mammals, birds, human milk) and abiotic samples (fat deposits in kitchen hoods) from different areas all over the world. The stereoisomer distribution and concentrations (0.3–3.9% relative to corresponding 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′-DDE) levels) were determined by means of the synthesized analytical standard, indicating the widespread occurrence of this compound as an additional minor metabolite of DDT.

http://ift.tt/2sghQ5i

Protective Strategies Against Dysphonia in Teachers: Preliminary Results Comparing Voice Amplification and 0.9% NaCl Nebulization

This study aimed to compare the effects of two protective strategies, voice amplification (VA) and 0.9% NaCl nebulization (NEB), on teachers' voice in the work setting.

http://ift.tt/2rGSS1T

Comparison of Effects Produced by Physiological Versus Traditional Vocal Warm-up in Contemporary Commercial Music Singers

The present study aimed to observe whether physiological warm-up and traditional singing warm-up differently affect aerodynamic, electroglottographic, acoustic, and self-perceived parameters of voice in Contemporary Commercial Music singers.

http://ift.tt/2sgpsVn

Editorial board

Publication date: June 2017
Source:Microbes and Infection, Volume 19, Issue 6





http://ift.tt/2rmySyo

Physical and functional interactions between nuclear receptor LXRα and the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2 regulate the response of the human lipoprotein lipase gene to oxysterols in hepatic cells

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
Author(s): Maria Kanaki, Ioanna Tiniakou, Efstathia Thymiakou, Dimitris Kardassis
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL and chylomicrons in the circulation. Mutations in LPL or its activator apolipoprotein C-II cause hypertriglyceridemia in humans and animal models. The levels of LPL in the liver are low but they can be strongly induced by a high cholesterol diet or by synthetic ligands of Liver X Receptors (LXRs). However, the mechanism by which LXRs activate the human LPL gene is unknown. In the present study we show that LXR agonists increased the mRNA and protein levels as well as the promoter activity of human LPL in HepG2 cells. A promoter deletion analysis defined the proximal -109/-28 region, which contains a functional FOXA2 element, as essential for transactivation by ligand-activated LXRα/RXRα heterodimers. Silencing of endogenous FOXA2 in HepG2 cells by siRNAs or by treatment with insulin compromised the induction of the LPL gene by LXR agonists whereas mutations in the FOXA2 site abolished the synergistic transactivation of the LPL promoter by LXRα/RXRα and FOXA2. Physical and functional interactions between LXRα and FOXA2 were established in vitro and ex vivo. In summary, the present study revealed a novel mechanism of human LPL gene induction by oxysterols in the liver with is based on physical and functional interactions between transcription factors LXRα and FOXA2. This mechanism, which may not be restricted to the LPL gene, is critically important for a better understanding of the regulation of cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in the liver under healthy or pathological states.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2spIeZz

Predicting fractures using trabecular patterns on panoramic radiographs

Abstract

Objectives

The observer score of the trabecular pattern on panoramic radiographs is known to be a strong predictor of bone fractures. The aim of this study was to enhance the predictive power of panoramic radiographs by means of texture analysis methods.

Material and methods

The study followed 304 postmenopausal women during 26 years. At the beginning of the study, panoramic radiographs were obtained. One observer assessed the trabecular pattern in the premolar region as dense, sparse, or alternating dense and sparse. In addition, on each radiograph, a region of interest was selected in the molar/premolar region and analyzed with texture analysis procedures. During 26 years of follow-up, 115 women suffered a fracture of the hip, spine, leg, or arm. Logistic regression was applied to test the predictive power of various variables with respect to fractures.

Results

Of all variables, the observer score of the trabecular pattern correlated strongest with the occurrence of fractures. By itself, the score yielded an ROC curve with an area of 0.80 under the curve. Combining the observer score with the texture analysis features increased the area under the ROC curve to 0.85.

Conclusions

The trabecular pattern on panoramic radiographs provides a strong predictor of fractures, at least for postmenopausal women. The assessment by an observer combined with texture analysis procedures yields a predictive power that parallels best known predictions in literature.

Clinical relevance

This study illustrates that panoramic radiographs are state of the art predictors of postcranial fractures.

http://ift.tt/2rrdIS6

Oral rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses of a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Fethi Atil, Ahmet Culhaoglu, Ismail Doruk Kocyigit, Zahit Adisen, Melda Misirlioglu, Burak Yilmaz
This clinical report describes the oral rehabilitation with implant-supported fixed dental prostheses in the maxilla and mandible of a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia. Cone-beam computed tomography and a tilted implant protocol in the mandible helped to establish a conservative approach for bone preservation, prevent surgical complications, enable proper implant positioning to avoid anatomic structures, and support the fixed dental prostheses.



http://ift.tt/2rGPJ2c

Support From the Morphological Family When Unembedding the Stem.

Author: Beyersmann, Elisabeth; Grainger, Jonathan

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000435

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGBPNi

Fast or Frugal, but Not Both: Decision Heuristics Under Time Pressure.

Author: Bobadilla-Suarez, Sebastian; Love, Bradley C.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000419

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sfLwPT

Do the Effects of Working Memory Training Depend on Baseline Ability Level?.

Author: Foster, Jeffrey L.; Harrison, Tyler L.; Hicks, Kenny L.; Draheim, Christopher; Redick, Thomas S.; Engle, Randall W.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000426

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGF5Ir

Does the Acquisition of Spatial Skill Involve a Shift From Algorithm to Memory Retrieval?.

Author: Frank, David J.; Macnamara, Brooke N.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000429

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sfWTaq

Common Modality Effects in Immediate Free Recall and Immediate Serial Recall.

Author: Grenfell-Essam, Rachel; Ward, Geoff; Tan, Lydia

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000430

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rGznGz

Interaction Between Social Categories in the Composite Face Paradigm.

Author: Chen, Wenfeng; Ren, Naixin; Young, Andrew W.; Liu, Chang Hong

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000418

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sg3YI0

Declines in Representational Quality and Strategic Retrieval Processes Contribute to Age-Related Increases in False Recognition.

Author: Trelle, Alexandra N.; Henson, Richard N.; Green, Deborah A. E.; Simons, Jon S.

DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000412

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 22 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2sg1dXp

Patterns of regional recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer patients with lateral neck metastases undergoing neck dissection

Practice variability exists for the extent of neck dissection undertaken for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastatic to the lateral neck nodes, with disagreement over routine level V dissection.

http://ift.tt/2qI009a

Combining lead isotopes and cluster analysis to distinguish the Guarani and Serra Geral Aquifer Systems and contaminated waters in a highly industrialized area in Southern Brazil

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Volume 177
Author(s): Isadora Aumond Kuhn, Ari Roisenberg
The Rio dos Sinos Watershed area is located at the Middle-West region of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil, along thirty two municipalities and affecting 1.5 million inhabitants and many important industrial centers. Three main aquifers are recognized in the study area: the unconfined-fractured Serra Geral Aquifer System, the porous Guarani Aquifer System, and the Permian Aquitard. This study aims to understand groundwater, surface water and human activity interactions in the Rio dos Sinos Watershed, evaluating the application of stable lead isotopic ratios analyzed for this propose. Thirty six groundwater samples, 8 surface water samples and 5 liquid effluents of tanneries and landfills samples were measured using a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer Thermo-Finnigan and a Neptune Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Groundwater isotopic ratios have a wider range compared to the surface water, with less radiogenic averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.1837 vs 38.4050 (standard deviation = 0.2921 vs 0.1343) and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.2947 vs 18.4766 (standard deviation = 0.2215 vs 0.1059), respectively. Industrial liquid effluents (tanneries and industrial landfill) have averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.1956 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.3169, distinct from effluent samples of domestic sanitary landfill (averages ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.2353 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.6607). Hierarchical cluster analysis led to distinguish six groups of groundwater, representing the three aquifers that occur in the area, two clusters suggesting groundwater mixtures and one demonstrating a highly contaminated groundwater. By analyzing the cluster results and wells' stratigraphic profiles it was possible to distinguish the different aquifers in the area. The Serra Geral Aquifer System has ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios between 18.4718 and 18.7089; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb between 15.6692 and 15.6777; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb between 38.6826 and 38.7616; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb between 0.8372 and 0.8623; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb between 2.0671 and 2.0964 and the Guarani Aquifer System has a wider range (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranged from 37.9393 to 38.1279 and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranged from 18.0892 to 18.3217). Water mixing of these two aquifer systems is reflected by transitional results. The results confirm that the hierarchical cluster analysis of lead isotopes is a useful tool to discriminate different aquifer conditions, reflecting mostly the influence of the natural lead isotopic composition of the aquifers instead of the anthropogenic activities (urban and industrial), except when the groundwater is highly contaminated by human activity.



http://ift.tt/2rd8OHw

Patterns of regional recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer patients with lateral neck metastases undergoing neck dissection

Practice variability exists for the extent of neck dissection undertaken for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastatic to the lateral neck nodes, with disagreement over routine level V dissection.

http://ift.tt/2qI009a

Prospective evaluation of electronic medical record penicillin allergy documentation at a tertiary community teaching hospital

The global threat of increasing antibiotic resistance has driven regulatory organizations to advocate for the judicious and prudent use of antibiotics through robust antibiotic stewardship programs. Recently published antibiotic stewardship guidelines detail recommended strategies to optimize antibiotic use in a variety of health care settings.1 One such strategy includes a thorough penicillin allergy history assessment and, if indicated, subsequent penicillin skin testing in patients with a reported penicillin allergy.

http://ift.tt/2qClklt

Eosinophilic esophagitis induced by aeroallergen sublingual immunotherapy in an enteral feeding tube–dependent pediatric patient

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly recognized eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder that affects children and adults, with a prevalence of 5 per 10,000 inhabitants in Europe and the United States.1 Food antigens trigger more than 90% of cases; however, data suggest that aeroallergens may also play a pathogenic role.2,3 In addition, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is being increasingly used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. In this report, we describe a 9-year-old enteral feeding tube–dependent boy who developed increased esophageal eosinophilia, suggesting EoE after initiating aeroallergen SLIT.

http://ift.tt/2rmmuia

Eosinophilic esophagitis induced by aeroallergen sublingual immunotherapy in an enteral feeding tube–dependent pediatric patient

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly recognized eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder that affects children and adults, with a prevalence of 5 per 10,000 inhabitants in Europe and the United States.1 Food antigens trigger more than 90% of cases; however, data suggest that aeroallergens may also play a pathogenic role.2,3 In addition, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is being increasingly used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. In this report, we describe a 9-year-old enteral feeding tube–dependent boy who developed increased esophageal eosinophilia, suggesting EoE after initiating aeroallergen SLIT.

http://ift.tt/2rmmuia

Prospective evaluation of electronic medical record penicillin allergy documentation at a tertiary community teaching hospital

The global threat of increasing antibiotic resistance has driven regulatory organizations to advocate for the judicious and prudent use of antibiotics through robust antibiotic stewardship programs. Recently published antibiotic stewardship guidelines detail recommended strategies to optimize antibiotic use in a variety of health care settings.1 One such strategy includes a thorough penicillin allergy history assessment and, if indicated, subsequent penicillin skin testing in patients with a reported penicillin allergy.

http://ift.tt/2qClklt

Thermo-sensitive polypeptide hydrogel for locally sequential delivery of two-pronged antitumor drugs

Publication date: Available online 30 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Lingyu Wei, Jinjin Chen, Shuhua Zhao, Jianxun Ding, Xuesi Chen
In the synergistic treatment with cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent, the order of drug release shows great importance to enhance the antitumor efficacy. When vascular disrupting agent is firstly administrated, the reduced blood supply and overexpressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α greatly limit the efficiency of chemotherapy. In this work, an injectable thermo-sensitive polypeptide hydrogel was firstly developed for the locally sequential delivery of hydrophilic doxorubicin (DOX, a cytotoxic agent) and hydrophobic combretastatin A4 (CA4, a vascular disrupting drug). The aqueous solution of polypeptide at low temperature transformed into hydrogel under the body temperature after subcutaneous injection and completely degraded after four weeks with excellent biocompatibility. DOX and CA4 were co-loaded into the hydrogel, and the release of DOX showed much faster than that of CA4 due to their difference in water solubility. The superior inhibition of tumor volume after treatment with DOX and CA4 co-loaded hydrogel occurred in the treatment of grafted mouse U14 cervical tumor compared with both free drugs and single drug-loaded hydrogels. In addition, the co-loaded hydrogel obtained enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells, significant shutdown of blood vessels, and wholly regional tumor apoptosis, which indicated the eradication of solid tumor. Moreover, treatments with the drug-loaded hydrogels showed negligible damage to normal tissues, suggesting their low systemic toxicity. The locally sequential delivery system had great potential for in situ synergistic chemotherapy.Statement of SignificanceThe release order makes great difference in the synergistic efficacies of cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent. When cytotoxic drug is administrated before vascular disrupting agent, an eradication of tumor might be obtained. On the contrary, the antitumor efficiency will be greatly hindered by limited penetration of later cytotoxic drug and drug resistant induced by vascular disrupting agent. Therefore, the adjustment of the delivery behaviors of such two-pronged agents in one platform was significant for their efficiently synergistic chemotherapy. The present study originally provides a convenient strategy and an advanced sample for sequential administration of cytotoxic drug and vascular disrupting agent in one platform based on their water solubilities to achieve upregulated efficacy and safety.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rWd7bL

Transient Phase Behavior of an Elastomeric Biomaterial Applied to Abdominal Laparotomy Closure

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Omer E. Kaymakcalan, Julia L. Jin, Zhexun Sun, Nicole G. Ricapito, Mary Clare McCorry, Kerry A. Morrison, David Putnam, Jason A. Spector
Secure closure of the fascial layers after entry into the peritoneal cavity is crucial to prevent incisional hernia, yet appropriate purchase of the tissue can be challenging because of the proximity of the underlying protuberant bowel which may become punctured by the surgical needle or strangulated by the suture itself. Whereas currently employed devices, the metal malleable retractor and Glassman Visceral Retainer are unable to provide complete visceral protection during abdominal closure, a puncture resistant, biocompatible, and degradable matrix that can be left in place without need for removal would facilitate rapid and safe abdominal closure. We describe a novel elastomer (CC-DHA) that undergoes a rapid but controlled solid-to-liquid phase transition through the application of a destabilized carbonate cross-linked network. The elastomer is comprised of a polycarbonate cross-linked network of dihydroxyacetone, glycerol ethoxylate, and tri(ethylene glycol). The ketone functionality of the dihydroxyacetone facilitates hydrolytic cleavage of the carbonate linkages resulting in a rapidly degrading barrier that can be left in situ to facilitate abdominal fascial closure. Using a murine laparotomy model we demonstrated rapid dissolution and metabolism of the elastomer without evidence of toxicity or intraabdominal scarring. Furthermore, needle puncture and mechanical properties demonstrated the material to be both compliant and sufficiently puncture resistant. These unique characteristics make the biomaterial extraordinarily useful as a physical barrier to prevent inadvertent bowel injury during fascial closure, with the potential for wider application across a variety of medical and surgical applications.Statement of SignificanceCompletion of abdominal surgery requires fascial closure, which requires a delicate balance between hernia prevention and inadvertent bowel injury. We describe a novel biocompatible elastomer (CC-DHA) of a polycarbonate cross-linked network of dihydroxyacetone, glycerol ethoxylate, and tri(ethylene glycol), for use as a rapidly degrading barrier. Using a murine laparotomy model we demonstrated rapid dissolution and metabolism of the elastomer without evidence of toxicity or intraabdominal scarring. Furthermore, needle puncture and mechanical properties demonstrated the material to be both compliant and sufficiently puncture resistant. These characteristics make this new biomaterial extraordinarily useful as a physical barrier to prevent inadvertent bowel injury during fascial closure, with the potential for wider application across a variety of medical and surgical applications.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rWspNz

Simultaneous Delivery of Hydrophobic Small Molecules and siRNA Using Sterosomes to Direct Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation for Bone Repair

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Zhong-Kai Cui, Justin A. Sun, Jessalyn J. Baljon, Jiabing Fan, Soyon Kim, Benjamin M. Wu, Tara Aghaloo, Min Lee
The use of small molecular drugs with gene manipulation offers synergistic therapeutic efficacy by targeting multiple signaling pathways for combined treatment. Stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with osteoinductive small molecule phenamil combined with suppression of noggin is a promising therapeutic strategy that increases bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and bone repair. Our cationic Sterosome formulated with stearylamine (SA) and cholesterol (Chol) is an attractive co-delivery system that not only forms stable complexes with small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules but also solubilizes hydrophobic small molecules in a single vehicle, for directing stem cell differentiation. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of SA/Chol Sterosomes to simultaneously deliver hydrophobic small molecule phenamil and noggin-directed siRNA to enhance osteogenic differentiation of MSCs both in in vitro two- and three-dimensional settings as well as in a mouse calvarial defect model. These results suggest a novel liposomal platform to simultaneously deliver therapeutic genes and small molecules for combined therapy.Statement of SignificanceApplication of phenamil, a small molecular bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulator, combined with suppression of natural BMP antagonists such as noggin is a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance bone regeneration. Here, we present a novel strategy to co-deliver hydrophobic small molecule phenamil and noggin-targeted siRNA via cationic Sterosomes formed with Stearylamine (SA) and high content of Cholesterol (Chol) to enhance osteogenesis and bone repair. SA/Chol Sterosomes demonstrated high phenamil encapsulation efficiency, supported sustained release of encapsulated drugs, and significantly reduced drug dose requirements to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Simultaneous deliver of phenamil and noggin siRNA in a single vehicle synergistically enhanced MSC osteogenesis and calvarial bone repair. This study suggests a new non-phospholipid liposomal formulation to simultaneously deliver small molecules and therapeutic genes for combined treatment.

Graphical abstract

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An interpenetrating, microstructurable and covalently attached conducting polymer hydrogel for neural interfaces

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Carolin Kleber, Michael Bruns, Karen Lienkamp, Jürgen Rühe, Maria Asplund
This study presents a new conducting polymer hydrogel (CPH) system, consisting of the synthetic hydrogel P(DMAA-co-5%MABP-co-2,5%SSNa) and the conducting polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), intended as coating material for neural interfaces. The composite material can be covalently attached to the surface electrode, can be patterned by a photolithographic process to influence selected electrode sites only and forms an interpenetrating network. The hybrid material was characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirmed a homogeneous distribution of PEDOT throughout all CPH layers. The CPH exhibited a 2,5 times higher charge storage capacity (CSC) and a reduced impedance when compared to the bare hydrogel. Electrochemical stability was proven over at least 1000 redox cycles. Non-toxicity was confirmed using an elution toxicity test together with a neuroblastoma cell-line. The described material shows great promise for surface modification of neural probes making it possible to combine the beneficial properties of the hydrogel with the excellent electronic properties necessary for high quality neural microelectrodes.Statement of SignificanceConductive polymer hydrogels have emerged as a promising new class of materials to functionalize electrode surfaces for enhanced neural interfaces and drug delivery. Common weaknesses of such systems are delamination from the connection surface, and the lack of suitable patterning methods for confining the gel to the selected electrode site. Various studies have reported on conductive polymer hydrogels addressing one of this challenges. In this study we present a new composite material which offers, for the first time, the unique combination of properties: it can be covalently attached to the substrate, forms an interpenetrating network, shows excellent electrical properties and can be patterned via UV-irradiation through a structured mask.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rW4629

Enhanced targeting of invasive Glioblastoma cells by peptide-functionalized gold nanorods in hydrogel-based 3D cultures

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Diana P. N. Gonçalves, Raul D. Rodriguez, Thomas Kurth, Laura J. Bray, Marcus Binner, Christiane Jungnickel, Fatih N. Gür, Steve W. Poser, Thorsten L. Schmidt, Dietrich R. T. Zahn, Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis, Michael Schlierf, Carsten Werner
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis in several cancer types, making their eradication a primary objective in cancer therapy. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) tumors are usually composed of a highly infiltrating CSC subpopulation, which has Nestin as a putative marker. Since the majority of these infiltrating cells are able to elude conventional therapies, we have developed gold nanorods (AuNRs) functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of specific recognition and selective eradication of Nestin positive infiltrating GBM-CSCs. These AuNRs generate heat when irradiated by a near-infrared laser, and cause localized cell damage. Nanoparticle internalization assays performed with GBM-CSCs or Nestin negative cells cultured as two-dimensional (2D) monolayers or embedded in three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable-hydrogels of tunable mechanical properties, revealed that the AuNRs were mainly internalized by GBM-CSCs, and not by Nestin negative cells. The AuNRs were taken up via energy-dependent and caveolae-mediated endocytic mechanisms, and were localized inside endosomes. Photothermal treatments resulted in the selective elimination of GBM-CSCs through cell apoptosis, while Nestin negative cells remained viable. Results also indicated that GBM-CSCs embedded in hydrogels were more resistant to AuNR photothermal treatments than when cultured as 2D monolayers. In summary, the combination of our engineered AuNRs with our tunable hydrogel system has shown the potential to provide an in vitro platform for the evaluation and screening of AuNR-based cancer therapeutics, leading to a substantial advancement in the application of AuNRs for targeted GBM-CSC therapy.Statement of SignificanceThere is an urgent need for reliable and efficient therapies for the treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which is currently an untreatable brain tumor form with a very poor patient survival rate. GBM tumors are mostly comprised of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for tumor reoccurrence and therapy resistance. We have developed gold nanorods functionalized with an engineered peptide capable of selective recognition and eradication of GBM-CSCs via heat generation by nanorods upon NIR irradiation. An in vitro evaluation of nanorod therapeutic activities was performed in 3D synthetic-biodegradable hydrogel models with distinct biomechanical cues, and compared to 2D cultures. Results indicated that cells cultured in 3D were more resistant to photothermolysis than in 2D systems.

Graphical abstract

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Alginate microbeads are coagulation compatible, while alginate microcapsules activate coagulation secondary to complement or directly through FXII

Publication date: Available online 30 May 2017
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Caroline Gravastrand, Shamal Hamad, Hilde Fure, Bjørg Steinkjer, Liv Ryan, Josè Oberholzer, John D. Lambris, Igor Lacík, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Terje Espevik, Ole-Lars Brekke, Anne Mari Rokstad
Alginate microspheres are presently under evaluation for future cell-based therapy. Their ability to induce harmful host reactions needs to be identified for developing the most suitable devices and efficient prevention strategies. We used a lepirudin based human whole blood model to investigate the coagulation potentials of alginate-based microspheres: alginate microbeads (Ca/Ba Beads), alginate poly-L-lysine microcapsules (APA and AP microcapsules) and sodium alginate-sodium cellulose sulfate-poly(methylene-co-cyanoguanidine) microcapsules (PMCG microcapsules). Coagulation activation measured by prothrombin fragments 1+2 (PTF1.2) was rapidly and markedly induced by the PMCG microcapsules, delayed and lower induced by the APA and AP microcapsules, and not induced by the Ca/Ba Beads. Monocytes tissue factor (TF) expression was similarly activated by the microcapsules, whereas not by the Ca/Ba Beads. PMCG microcapsules-induced PTF1.2 was abolished by FXII inhibition (corn trypsin inhibitor), thus pointing to activation through the contact pathway. PTF1.2 induced by the AP and APA microcapsules was inhibited by anti-TF antibody, pointing to a TF driven coagulation. The TF induced coagulation was inhibited by the complement inhibitors compstatin (C3 inhibition) and eculizumab (C5 inhibition), revealing a complement-coagulation cross-talk. This is the first study on the coagulation potentials of alginate microspheres, and identifies differences in activation potential, pathways and possible intervention points.

Graphical abstract

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Characteristic and intermingled neocortical circuits encode different visual object discriminations

Publication date: 28 July 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 331
Author(s): Guo-rong Zhang, Hua Zhao, Nathan Cook, Michael Svestka, Eui M. Choi, Mary Jan, Robert G. Cook, Alfred I. Geller
Synaptic plasticity and neural network theories hypothesize that the essential information for advanced cognitive tasks is encoded in specific circuits and neurons within distributed neocortical networks. However, these circuits are incompletely characterized, and we do not know if a specific discrimination is encoded in characteristic circuits among multiple animals. Here, we determined the spatial distribution of active neurons for a circuit that encodes some of the essential information for a cognitive task. We genetically activated protein kinase C pathways in several hundred spatially-grouped glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in rat postrhinal cortex, a multimodal associative area that is part of a distributed circuit that encodes visual object discriminations. We previously established that this intervention enhances accuracy for specific discriminations. Moreover, the genetically-modified, local circuit in POR cortex encodes some of the essential information, and this local circuit is preferentially activated during performance, as shown by activity-dependent gene imaging. Here, we mapped the positions of the active neurons, which revealed that two image sets are encoded in characteristic and different circuits. While characteristic circuits are known to process sensory information, in sensory areas, this is the first demonstration that characteristic circuits encode specific discriminations, in a multimodal associative area. Further, the circuits encoding the two image sets are intermingled, and likely overlapping, enabling efficient encoding. Consistent with reconsolidation theories, intermingled and overlapping encoding could facilitate formation of associations between related discriminations, including visually similar discriminations or discriminations learned at the same time or place.

Graphical abstract

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve naming ability in post-stroke aphasia: A critical review

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Mohammed F. ALHarbi, Susan Armijo-Olivo, Esther S. Kim
PurposeTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation tool that can be used to influence cortical brain activity to induce measurable behavioral changes. Although there is growing evidence that tDCS combined with behavioural language therapy could boost language recovery in patients with post-stroke aphasia, there is great variability in patient characteristics, treatment protocols, and outcome measures in these studies that poses challenges for analyzing the evidence. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the methodological rigor of the evidence regarding the use of tDCS for post-stroke anomia.MethodThis critical review was conducted by searching four databases (MEDLINE, EMBase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL). Nineteen studies fully met the inclusion criteria. Three critical appraisal tools and Robey and Schultz's (1998) five- phase model for conducting clinical outcome research were adopted to evaluate and analyze the current level of evidence. Methodological issues of the studies were also identified.ResultsThe current level of evidence for using tDCS for anomia is at the pre-efficacy level with emerging evidence at the efficacy level. Lack of proper evaluation of carry-over effects in cross-over studies, lack of or unclear randomization, allocation concealment, and incomplete data handling were the main methodological issues that could threaten the validity of the tDCS for anomia studies.ConclusionsSeveral methodological issues have been identified in pre-efficacy studies that pose challenges in determining whether tDCS is a beneficial adjunct to behavioral aphasia therapy. Future studies need to improve the quality of the methods used to investigate the effect of tDCS for anomia.



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Opioid receptors mediate the acquisition, but not the expression of mitragynine-induced conditioned place preference in rats

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Nurul H.M. Yusoff, Sharif M. Mansor, Christian P. Müller, Zurina Hassan
Mitragynine is the main psychoactive ingredient of the herbal drug preparation Kratom (Ketum), derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa. Kratom is a widely abused drug in Southeast Asian and has a psychostimulant profile at low-medium doses, while high doses have opioidergic effects. Mitragynine was shown to possess opiate receptor affinity. However, its role in the behavioural effects of mitragynine is unclear. Here we asked whether the reinforcing effects of mitragynine are mediated by opiate receptors using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in rats. In the first experiment we tested the effects of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0mg/kg) on the acquisition of mitragynine (10mg/kg)-induced CPP. In the second experiment, we tested the involvement of opiate receptors in the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP in rats. We found that naloxone suppresses the acquisition of mitragynine-induced CPP. This effect was already evident at a dose of naloxone (0.1mg/kg) which, by itself, had no conditioned place aversion (CPA) effect. Higher doses of naloxone induced a CPA and blocked mitragynine-induced CPP. In contrast, naloxone had no effect on the expression of mitragynine-induced CPP. These findings suggest that the acquisition, but not the expression of the reinforcing effects of mitragynine is mediated by opiate receptors.



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Effects of exercise on depressive behavior and striatal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and their metabolites in sleep-deprived mice

Publication date: 14 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 332
Author(s): Thiago Medeiros da Costa Daniele, Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin, Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos Rios, Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin
Exercise is a promising adjunctive therapy for depressive behavior, sleep/wake abnormalities, cognition and motor dysfunction. Conversely, sleep deprivation impairs mood, cognition and functional performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise on anxiety and depressive behavior and striatal levels of norepinephrine (NE), serotonin and its metabolites in mice submitted to 6h of total sleep deprivation (6h-TSD) and 72h of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep deprivation (72h-REMSD). Experimental groups were: (1) mice submitted to 6h-TSD by gentle handling; (2) mice submitted to 72h-REMSD by the flower pot method; (3) exercise (treadmill for 8 weeks); (4) exercise followed by 6h-TSD; (5) exercise followed by 72h-REMSD; (6) control (home cage). Behavioral tests included the Elevated Plus Maze and tail-suspension. NE, serotonin and its metabolites were determined in the striatum using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sleep deprivation increased depressive behavior (time of immobilization in the tail-suspension test) and previous exercise hindered it. Sleep deprivation increased striatal NE and previous exercise reduced it. Exercise only was associated with higher levels of serotonin. Furthermore, exercise reduced serotonin turnover associated with sleep deprivation. In brief, previous exercise prevented depressive behavior and reduced striatal high NE levels and serotonin turnover. The present findings confirm the effects of exercise on behavior and neurochemical alterations associated with sleep deprivation. These findings provide new avenues for understanding the mechanisms of exercise.



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Novel reinforcement learning paradigm based on response patterning under interval schedules of reinforcement

Publication date: 28 July 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 331
Author(s): Christin Schifani, Ilya Sukhanov, Mariia Dorofeikova, Anton Bespalov
There is a need to develop cognitive tasks that address valid neuropsychological constructs implicated in disease mechanisms and can be used in animals and humans to guide novel drug discovery. Present experiments aimed to characterize a novel reinforcement learning task based on a classical operant behavioral phenomenon observed in multiple species – differences in response patterning under variable (VI) vs fixed interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. Wistar rats were trained to press a lever for food under VI30s and later weekly test sessions were introduced with reinforcement schedule switched to FI30s. During the FI30s test session, post-reinforcement pauses (PRPs) gradually grew towards the end of the session reaching 22–43% of the initial values. Animals could be retrained under VI30s conditions, and FI30s test sessions were repeated over a period of several months without appreciable signs of a practice effect. Administration of the non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 ((5S,10R)-(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate) prior to FI30s sessions prevented adjustment of PRPs associated with the change from VI to FI schedule. This effect was most pronounced at the highest tested dose of MK-801 and appeared to be independent of the effects of this dose on response rates. These results provide initial evidence for the possibility to use different response patterning under VI and FI schedules with equivalent reinforcement density for studying effects of drug treatment on reinforcement learning.



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VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos

VideoEndocrinology™
Latest Impact Factor: 3.784
The Official Journal of: American Thyroid Association

FREE ACCESS through June 14, 2017.

Transoral Endoscopic Parathyroid Cyst Removal
Jonathon O. Russell, Mai G. Al Khadem, Ralph P. Tufano

Needle-Assisted Endoscopic Lateral Neck Dissection Through Bilateral Areola Approach for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients
Wen-Xin Zhao, Bo Wang, Shou-Yi Yan, Li-Yong Zhang, Jia Wen

 

The post VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

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Pathoanatomical characteristics of temporomandibular dysfunction: Where do we stand?

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Raymond Butts, James Dunning, Thomas Perreault, Jersey Mettille, James Escaloni
Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a complicated and multifactorial condition that affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication, resulting in pain and disability in 5-12% of the population. The condition involves genetic, anatomic and hormonal factors and is propagated, in part, by trauma, habitual activity, psychosocial components and occlusal variation. Yet, the exact etiology of TMD is still unknown and the most strategic conservative management of the condition is still a topic of debate. The purpose of this paper, the first of a two part series, is to provide greater insight into the pathoanatomical factors associated with TMD. Consistent with Scully (2008, 2013), degenerative changes seem to disrupt the relationship between the TMJ capsule, articular disc and muscles of mastication. The resulting position of the articular disc coincides with three primary classifications of TMD: Type 1 (muscle disorders), Type 2a/b (disc displacement with and without reduction), and Type 3 (any joint pain). Given the association of the lateral pterygoid with both the joint capsule and articular disc, the superior and inferior head seem to play a key role in TMD. Both heads undergo biological changes associated with the vicious cycle, pain adaptation and integrated pain adaptation, making the muscle a key pain generator associated with TMD. Clinicians must understand the pathoanatomic features associated with TMD so as to choose appropriate treatment strategies leading to optimal short and long-term outcomes. While the former is discussed in part 1 of this narrative review, the latter will be considered in part 2.



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Multifidus muscle size in adolescents with and without back pain using ultrasonography

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Nahid Rahmani, Ali Kiani, Mohammad Ali Mohseni-Bandpei, Iraj Abdollahi
ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were; a) to compare multifidus muscle cross sectional area (CSA) in male adolescents suffering from low back pain (LBP) with healthy male adolescents using ultrasonography (US), and b) to assess the correlation between multifidus muscle size and demographic variables.MethodsA random sample of 40 healthy boys (as a control group) and 40 boys with LBP (as an experimental) at the age range of 15-18 years was recruited in the present cohort study. Multifidus muscle dimensions including CSA, antero-posterior and medio-lateral dimensions were measured at level of L5 in both groups using US.ResultsThe results of an independent t-test to compare multifidus muscle size between experimental and control groups showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of CSA, antro-posterior and medio-lateral dimensions so that the experimental group had smaller muscle size than the control group. A significant correlation was found between height, weight and body mass index (BMI) and multifidus muscle size, but no significant correlation was observed between age and muscle size. Pain intensity and functional disability index was significantly correlated with muscle size in the experimental group.ConclusionsAccording to the results, multifidus muscle size was decreased in 15 to 18 years old male adolescents suffering from LBP compared with their healthy counterparts. Further studies are needed to support the findings of the present study.



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Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Melissa Mazzarino, Debra Kerr, Meg E. Morris
BackgroundLittle is known about recommendations for safe and appropriate instruction of Pilates exercises to women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine Pilates practitioners' perspectives regarding Pilates program design for pregnant women. We also sought to elucidate their views on the potential benefits, restrictions and contraindications on Pilates in pregnancy.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was performed. Pilates practitioners were invited to participate via email. Participants were surveyed about their experience and views on: screening processes in alignment with The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines; (ii) optimal exercise program features and (iii) physical and mental health benefits of Pilates for pregnant women.ResultsThe survey was completed by 192 Pilates practitioners from a range of settings. Practitioners reported conducting formal screening (84%) for safety in pregnant women prior to commencing Pilates classes. Most did not routinely seek medical approval from the woman's general practitioner. Divergent views emerged regarding the safety and benefits of Pilates exercises in the supine position. Mixed opinions were also generated regarding the effects of spinal flexion exercises, single-leg stance exercises and breathing manoeuvres. There was little agreement on the optimal frequency or dosage of exercises. Views regarding absolute contraindications to exercise differed from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines which cautioned about the dangers of persistent bleeding, premature labour, pre-eclampsia, placental praevia and incompetent cervix. The most frequent reported physical and psychological benefit of Pilates was improving pelvic floor strength (12%) and improved social wellbeing (23%).ConclusionsThe study highlighted wide variations in practice for Pilates exercises with pregnant woman as well as low adherence to clinical practice guidelines. Further evidence is required to advise on appropriate screening and individualised Pilates programming, particularly for women with medical conditions during pregnancy.



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A patellar bandage improves mobility but not static balance in elderly female fallers

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Marcos Eduardo Scheicher, Ligia Cristiane Santos Fonseca, Tiago Buso Bortolloto, Isabela Feitosa de Carvalho
BackgroundThe deterioration in the somatosensory and motor systems observed with increasing age can cause balance problems. Studies have shown that the use of infrapatellar bandages can enhance proprioception and improve postural balance.AimsTo evaluate the effect of an infrapatellar bandage on static balance and mobility in elderly female fallers and non-fallers.MethodsForty older women (20 fallers and 20 non-fallers) were evaluated. Mobility (Timed Up and Go test) and balance (force platform) were measured in the presence and absence of additional sensory information (elastic infrapatellar bandage).ResultsMobility differed in fallers (p=0.0001), but not in non-fallers (p=0.27), when the patellar bandage was applied. Additional sensory information did not improve static balance in either group (p>0.05), but a trend towards improvement was observed in fallers.ConclusionAdditional sensory input from an infrapatellar bandage improves mobility but not bipedal stance in elderly fallers.



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An Electromyographic Analysis of Selected Asana in Experienced Yogic Practitioners

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Author(s): Kathleen Kelley, Katherine Slattery, Kaitlyn Apollo
The purpose of this study was to assess electromyographic (EMG) output of the anterior tibialis (TA), medial head of the gastrocnemius (GA), rectus femoris (RF), bicep femoris (BF), and gluteus medius (GM) in experienced yogic practitioners during selected yoga asana. A secondary purpose was to examine the differences in EMG output in unilateral V. bilateral standing yoga asana. The study was a single occasion descriptive design. Thirteen healthy yoga practitioners (1 male, 12 females, average age of 37.5) with more than five years of experience were recruited. EMG activity was recorded during maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of the TA, GA, RF, and BF using the Biodex Multijoint System®, and GM using manual muscle testing position. Subjects then performed the following yoga asana while EMG activity was recorded: downward facing dog, half-moon, tree, chair, and warrior three pose. Each asana was held for fifteen seconds and performed three times. EMG data were band pass filtered and the root mean square was obtained. Asana data were then amplitude normalized with the subjects' MVIC data. Integrated EMG was calculated for TA, GA, RF, BF and GM, in each asana. A multilevel regression analysis was performed, and peak EMG data was compared. Analysis between muscles showed that during CH and DD EMG activity was greatest in the TA muscle compared to the other muscles, while during HM and WR the GA muscle showed the greatest activity. Analysis within muscles showed low GA, BF, and GM activity during chair pose and downward facing dog compared to half moon, tree, and warrior three, and high RF activity during chair compared to the other poses. In conclusion, there were differences in frontal and sagittal plane muscle activation between single limb and double limb poses in experienced yogic practitioners.



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Effects of Amplitude and Predictability of Perturbations to the Arm on Anticipatory and Reactionary Muscle Responses to Maintain Balance

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Ali Forghani, Richard Preuss, Theodore Edgar Milner
Disturbances to balance arising from forces applied to the upper limb have received relatively little attention compared to disturbances arising from support surface perturbations. In this study we applied fast ramp perturbations to the hand in anterior, posterior, medial and lateral directions. The effects of perturbation predictability and amplitude on the postural response of upper limb, trunk and lower limb muscles were investigated. Perturbations were applied either in blocks of constant amplitude and direction (predictable) or with direction and amplitude varying randomly (random) from trial to trial. The spatial-temporal patterns of anticipatory muscle activation under the predictable condition and the reactionary responses following the perturbation under both conditions were similarly organized. The size of the response increased systematically with the perturbation magnitude for both anticipatory and reactionary changes in muscle activation. However, the slope of the relation between perturbation amplitude and the magnitude of the change in muscle activation was greater when perturbations were predictable than when they were randomly selected. The timing of both the anticipatory and reactionary increases in muscle activation was invariant across perturbation amplitudes. The characteristics of the reactionary responses have a similar organization to the long latency muscle responses to support surface perturbations.



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Angle of gaze and optic flow direction modulate body sway

Publication date: Available online 31 May 2017
Source:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Author(s): Milena Raffi, Alessandro Piras, Michela Persiani, Monica Perazzolo, Salvatore Squatrito
Optic flow is a crucial signal in maintaining postural stability. We sought to investigate whether the activity of postural muscles and body sway was modulated by eye position during the view of radial optic flow stimuli. We manipulated the spatial distribution of dot speed and the fixation point position to simulate specific heading directions combined with different gaze positions. The experiments were performed using stabilometry and surface electromyography (EMG) on 24 right-handed young, healthy volunteers. Center of pressure (COP) signals were analyzed considering antero-posterior and medio-lateral oscillation, COP speed, COP area, and the prevalent direction of oscillation of body sway. We found a significant main effect of body side in all COP parameters, with the right body side showing greater oscillations. The different combinations of optic flow and eye position evoked a non-uniform direction of oscillations in females. The EMG analysis showed a significant main effect for muscle and body side. The results showed that the eye position modulated body sway without changing the activity of principal leg postural muscles, suggesting that the extraretinal input regarding the eye position is a crucial signal that needs to be integrated with perceptual optic flow processing in order to control body sway.



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VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos

VideoEndocrinology™
Latest Impact Factor: 3.784
The Official Journal of: American Thyroid Association

FREE ACCESS through June 14, 2017.

Transoral Endoscopic Parathyroid Cyst Removal
Jonathon O. Russell, Mai G. Al Khadem, Ralph P. Tufano

Needle-Assisted Endoscopic Lateral Neck Dissection Through Bilateral Areola Approach for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients
Wen-Xin Zhao, Bo Wang, Shou-Yi Yan, Li-Yong Zhang, Jia Wen

 

The post VideoEndocrinology™ High-Impact Videos appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

http://ift.tt/2rqIeLB

Children, apprenticeship and pedagogy: Domestic crafting and obsidian core production at the Zaragoza-Oyameles source area in Puebla, Mexico

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Volume 47
Author(s): Charles L.F. Knight
The role of novices, which often are children, in domestic craft production and the replication of crafting knowledge is a topic that is often ignored in archaeological discussions of domestic economies. However, ethnographic and ethnohistoric examples repeatedly indicate that children played a number of roles in household economies. The presence of novice obsidian core production was identified in a domestic habitation context at the Zaragoza-Oyameles obsidian source area in eastern Puebla, Mexico. Miniaturized polyhedral cores were found along side standard-sized macrocores and polyhedral cores, and all stages of core reduction debitage at a large, domestic core manufacturing site. This, coupled with evidence from experimental core replication and ethnographic examples, suggests that these miniature cores represent the detritus of craft learning. The presence of domestic core production and the role of craft learning are then contextualized within the regional economy centered on the nearby city of Cantona.



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You Said You Would! The Predictability of Other's Behavior From Their Intentions Determines Predictive Biases in Action Perception.

Author: Hudson, Matthew; Bach, Patric; Nicholson, Toby

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000451

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rd5YT0

Are Goal States Represented During Kinematic Imitation?.

Author: Cole, Geoff G.; Atkinson, Mark A.; D'Souza, Antonia D. C.; Welsh, Timothy N.; Skarratt, Paul A.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000429

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rd4gBc

Beyond Opponent Coding of Facial Identity: Evidence for an Additional Channel Tuned to the Average Face.

Author: Jeffery, Linda; Burton, Nichola; Pond, Stephen; Clifford, Colin W. G.; Rhodes, Gillian

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000427

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qHKRom

Identifying the Locus of Compatibility-Based Backward Crosstalk: Evidence From an Extended PRP Paradigm.

Author: Janczyk, Markus; Renas, Sandra; Durst, Moritz

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000445

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rcUTBf

Combined Effects of Form- and Meaning-Based Predictability on Perceived Clarity of Speech.

Author: Signoret, Carine; Johnsrude, Ingrid; Classon, Elisabet; Rudner, Mary

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000442

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qIcsG4

Working Memory Load and the Retro-Cue Effect: A Diffusion Model Account.

Author: Shepherdson, Peter; Oberauer, Klaus; Souza, Alessandra S.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000448

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rdd9KX

The Average Facial Expression of a Crowd Influences Impressions of Individual Expressions.

Author: Griffiths, Sarah; Rhodes, Gillian; Jeffery, Linda; Palermo, Romina; Neumann, Markus F.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000446

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qHQtil

Decision-Making Training Reduces the Attentional Blink.

Author: Verghese, Ashika; Mattingley, Jason B.; Garner, K. G.; Dux, Paul E.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000454

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2qHUt2B

Perceptual Surprise Aides Inhibitory Motor Control.

Author: Wessel, Jan R.

DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000452

Publication Date: POST AUTHOR CORRECTIONS, 29 May 2017

http://ift.tt/2rd7nZV

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and its impact on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy: A meta-analysis

Although some authors have recently investigated the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the topic remains insufficiently studied. The aim of this meta-analysis was to detect the pooled prevalence of OSA in PTSD and its impact on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.

http://ift.tt/2sp0Skm

Cannabis for restless legs syndrome: A report of six patients

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a chronic and sometimes severe sensorimotor disorder of still unclear pathophysiology [1]. Usually symptoms respond well to dopamine agonists (DA), opiates, or anticonvulsants, used either alone or in combination. However, a subset of patients remains refractory to medical therapy, and serious side effects such as augmentation and impulse control disorder have been observed with DA. We present six patients' spontaneous reports of a remarkable and total remission of RLS symptoms after cannabis use.

http://ift.tt/2rqBPjB

GHB Levels in Breast Milk of Women with Narcolepsy with Cataplexy Treated with Sodium Oxybate

To determine GHB levels in breastmilk of women taking sodium oxybate (Xyrem) for treatment of narcolepsy and cataplexy.

http://ift.tt/2sp0TVs

Do gender and racial/ethnic disparities in sleep duration emerge in early adulthood? Evidence from a longitudinal study of U.S. adults

Gender and racial/ethnic disparities in sleep duration are well documented among the U.S. adult population, but we know little about how these disparities are shaped during the early course of adult life, a period marked by substantial changes in social roles that can influence time for sleep.

http://ift.tt/2rqWaFE

Electrophysiological and microstructural features of sleep in children at high risk for depression: A preliminary study

This preliminary study investigated electrophysiological and microstructural features of sleep in children and adolescents 4–18 years of age who were born to depressed mothers.

http://ift.tt/2soWTEC

Factor analysis of the adolescent version of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): results from Swedish general population and clinical samples

Abstract

Background

Although the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is perhaps the single most widely used self-report measure of eating disorder (ED) symptoms, important questions remain about its validity and applicability in relation to particular groups of individuals, especially adolescents of both genders.

Methods

The present study investigated the factor structure of the adolescent version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in samples of Swedish girls and boys from the general population and girls with a diagnosed eating disorder. Girls (N = 239) and boys (N = 248) aged between 13 and 15 years who were attending school, and girls (N = 570) aged between 12 and 14 years who were in treatment for an eating disorder at a specialist eating disorder clinic were assessed on the adolescent version of the EDE-Q.

Results

The adolescent version of the EDE-Q demonstrated satisfactory levels of internal consistency. However, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) failed to support the four-factor model of the EDE-Q. Parallel analysis (PA) and subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested that the adolescent version of the EDE-Q comprises one underlying factor in young adolescent girls (both clinical and general population), centred on Dissatisfaction with Shape and Weight. In boys three factors were found: Weight-related Concerns, Body Discomfort and Restraint.

Conclusions

The EDE-Q appears to measure different underlying aspects of eating disorder psychopathology in young teenagers compared to adults. The dimensions underlying disordered eating in young girls may become increasingly differentiated with time. There appear to be important gender-based differences in the dimensions underlying the EDE-Q in young teenagers. Therapists should be alert to beliefs that girls have about the importance of shape and weight, while in boys it may be more important to be attentive to how they feel about their bodies in relation to weight.

http://ift.tt/2rdbGV3

HA REPRINT: Poverty and Health: Prospective Evidence From the Alameda County Study

http://ift.tt/2qCeL23

REPRINT: Society for Epidemiologic Research

http://ift.tt/2rlWq6F

REPRINT: Reproduciblity and Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

http://ift.tt/2qC05QO

REPRINT: Causes

http://ift.tt/2rlX9os

REPRINT: The Contribution of the Social Environment to Host Resistence: The Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture

http://ift.tt/2rm35h8

REPRINT: The Diet and 15-Year Death Rate in the Seven Countries Study

http://ift.tt/2qC3vD3

REPRINT: Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis

http://ift.tt/2qC04we

REPRINT: Response and Follow-up Bias in Cohort Studies

http://ift.tt/2rm2mg1

REPRINT: Physical Activity as an Index of Heart Attack Risk in College Alumni

http://ift.tt/2rlyT5R

REPRINT: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: Rationale, Organization, and Selected Characteristics of the Particpants

http://ift.tt/2qC03IG

Invited Commentary: The Enduring Role of “Place” in Health—A Historic Perspective

Abstract

In public health, it has long been observed that "place"—specifically, where one lives—affects individual health, with the main research question distinguishing between the effects of "context" (defined as area characteristics) and "composition" (the characteristics of inhabitants) on health outcomes. There have been many studies in which the spatial patterning of disease has been explored, but they were often ecological in design, used broad census geographic levels, lacked individual-level data, or when available, did not simultaneously analyze community- and individual-level risk factors using appropriate modeling techniques. The paper by Diez-Roux et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(1):48–63) represents an important expansion of the literature in terms of analytic methods used and level of geography studied. The authors demonstrated that both neighborhood- and individual-level measures of socioeconomic status work together to play an important role in shaping disease risk. Analyses incorporating both levels of data have the potential to provide epidemiologists with a deeper understanding of the divergent pathways via which neighborhood affects health.

http://ift.tt/2rm1FDj

REPRINT: Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: A Nine-Year Follow-up Study of Alameda County Residents

http://ift.tt/2rlNBty

REPRINT: The Case-Crossover Design: A Method for Studying Transient Effects on the Risk of Acute Events

http://ift.tt/2qCsjuD

REPRINT: An Investigation of Coronary Heart Disease in Families: The Framingham Offspring Study

http://ift.tt/2rm7ocj

REPRINT: Prisoners of the Proximate: Loosening the Constraints on Epidemiology in an Age of Change

http://ift.tt/2qC6prb

REPRINT: An Explanation for Variations in Distribution of Stroke and Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease Among Populations and Racial Groups

http://ift.tt/2qCiTPA

REPRINT: Estimability and Estimation in Case-Referent Studies

http://ift.tt/2rm4XX2

Invited Commentary: The Contribution to the Field of Nutritional Epidemiology of the Landmark 1985 Publication by Willett et al.

Abstract

The semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) has been the primary source of dietary exposure data in epidemiology for decades. Although frequency instruments had been evaluated before the 1985 publication "Reproducibility and Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire" by Willett et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122(1):51–65), that paper was the prototype for the development and validation of what was then a highly innovative method for collecting dietary data. This approach was adopted in nearly all subsequent cohort studies of diet and disease. The paper also catalyzed an extended scientific discourse regarding methods for validation, energy adjustment, and measurement error. It is now well established that data from FFQs and other self-reported dietary assessment instruments have both value and error and that this error should be considered in the analysis and interpretation of findings, including sensitivity analyses in which adjustment for measurement error is explored. Advances in technology make it feasible to consider collecting multiple granular short-term instruments such as recalls or records over time in addition to FFQs among all participants in large cohort studies; both provide valuable information. Without a doubt, the 1985 publication by Willett et al. provided the foundation that propelled the field of nutritional epidemiology forward, and it continues to be relevant today.

http://ift.tt/2qBNq0h

Invited Commentary: Evolution of Social Networks, Health, and the Role of Epidemiology

Abstract

Almost 40 years ago, Berkman and Syme demonstrated that social networks were related to the risk of early mortality (Am J Epidemiol. 1979;109(2):186–204). Their study was highly innovative because they directly measured and quantified social networks in a large prospective population-based survey with mortality follow-up. The results of the study showed robust network gradients, whereby those with fewer networks and weaker social ties had significantly higher mortality rates. The important influence of social networks that Berkman and Syme noted many years ago is likely to heighten in the future, as demographic characteristics shift and individuals become more inclined to socialize through online platforms instead of real-world interactions. Berkman and Syme's research in 1979 continues to play a key role in shaping recent efforts to uncover the influence of social networks on health. Looking back on their findings may help epidemiologists better understand the importance of both online and offline networks for population health today.

http://ift.tt/2qCpw4G

Invited Commentary: Heterogeneity of Cardiovascular Diseases Among Populations—Recognition and Seminal Explanations

Abstract

Kuller and Reisler's 1971 publication (Am J Epidemiol. 1971;93(1):1–9) was an important contribution to the understanding of the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases, particularly stroke. The authors synthesized pathological and risk-factor evidence to theorize why rates of various subtypes of arterial disease might vary across populations. Specifically, they suggested that different population levels of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose led to population differences in the location and extent of arterial disease. The publication is an excellent model of how to integrate data on person, place, and time of a major public health problem, together with information on pathology and factors that determine individual risk, to derive a coherent explanation for population patterns in cardiovascular disease. The authors' basic theory has proven solid for the past 5 decades.

http://ift.tt/2rm7mRJ

Genotoxicity in adult residents in mineral coal region—a cross-sectional study

Abstract

The present study assessed the DNA damage in environmentally exposed volunteers living in seven municipalities in an industrial coal region, through the use of the comet assay with blood cells and the micronucleus test with buccal cells. Blood and buccal smears were collected from 320 male volunteers living in seven cities inserted in a coal region. They were ages of 18 and 50 years and also completed a questionnaire intended to identify factors associated with DNA damage through a Poisson regression analysis. The comet assay detected significant differences in DNA damage in volunteers from different municipalities, and neighboring cities (Pedras Altas, Aceguá, and Hulha Negra) had a higher level of DNA damage in relation to control city. Some of the risk factors associated with identified DNA lesions included residence time and life habits. On the other hand, the micronucleus test did not identify differences between the cities studied, but the regression analysis identified risk factors such as age and life habits (consumption of mate tea and low carbohydrates diet). We conclude that there are differences in the DNA damage of volunteers from different cities of the carboniferous region, but the presence of micronuclei in the oral mucosa does not differ between the same cities. Furthermore, we alert that some related factors may increase the risk of genotoxicity, such as residence location and time, and living and food habits. Finally, we suggest the need for continuous biomonitoring of the population, as well as for investing in health promotion in these vulnerable populations.

http://ift.tt/2sfh607

Specific needs of families of young adults with profound intellectual disability during and after transition to adulthood: What are we missing?

Publication date: July 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 66
Author(s): Camille Gauthier-Boudreault, Frances Gallagher, Mélanie Couture
IntroductionAt the age of 21, the trajectory of services offered to youth with profound intellectual disability (ID) change significantly since access to specialised services is more limited. Despite the desire of parents to avoid any impact on their child, several factors can influence the course of this transition. However, there is little research on facilitators and obstacles to the transition to adulthood, and impacts on people with a profound ID. It is therefore difficult to provide solutions that meet their specific needs.ObjectiveThe study aimed to document the needs of parents and young adults with profound ID during and after the transition to adulthood by exploring their transitioning experience and factors that influenced it.MethodUsing a descriptive qualitative design, two individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen (14) parents of young adults aged between 18 and 26 with a profound ID.ResultsAt this point, many material, informative, cognitive and emotional needs of young adults and their parents are not met. Obstacles, mainly organisational, persist and result in a particularly difficult transition to adulthood experience.ConclusionBy knowing the specific needs of these families, it is possible to develop and implement solutions tailored to their reality.What the papers adds?The transition to adulthood is a critical period for families with young adults with an intellectual disability (ID), a reality observed internationally. Current literature on all levels of ID suggests some barriers to transition that lead to negative impacts on both parents and young adults with ID. However, presently, very little research exists on the reality of families of young adults with profound ID and factors influencing transition to adult life. Most of studies target people with mild to moderate ID. Considering the significant disabilities of people with profound ID, it is possible to imagine that their experience of transition will be even more difficult and they will present specific needs. The lack of understanding of these needs makes it difficult to introduce solutions tailored to their reality. The results of this current study suggest that many needs of young adults with profound ID and their parents are not met despite existent transition planning services. Transition to adulthood seems particularly difficult for these families who face many challenges. Parents in this study proposed different obstacles during transition to adulthood that could be improved for creation of future solutions adapted to their reality.



http://ift.tt/2rcSA1i

Uncovering the pathogenesis of microtia using bioinformatics approach

Publication date: August 2017
Source:International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 99
Author(s): Liu Lei, Liu Zhenzhong, Lin Lin, Pan Bo
ObjectiveBioinformatics is widely used in the field of cancer research, but in the research of pathogenesis of congenital malformations the situation is different. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying mechanism using bioinformatics approach.MethodsThe data were available from Mouse Genome Informatics and Pubmed. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of pathogenic genes was conducted using STRING. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were also performed to pathogenic genes.ResultsTotal 63 genes were identified as pathogenic genes in the study. The PPI networks for pathogenic genes were constructed, which contained 62 nodes and 228 edges with PAX6, FGFR1 and CTNNB1 as the hub genes. All the genes were linked to 921 pathways in biological processes, 31 pathways in cell component, 41 pathways in molecular function, and 76 pathways in the KEGG. These genes were discovered significantly enriched in embryonic organ development, ear morphogenesis, ear development, and regulation of RNA synthesis and processing.Conclusionsbioinformatics methods were utilized to analysis pathogenic genes involved in microtia development, including pathogenic genes identifying, PPI network construction and functional analysis. And we also predicted that several potential mechanisms might contribute to occurrence of microtia by disturbing GO terms and pathways. This approach could be useful for the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of microtia.



http://ift.tt/2soDYcO

Tau pathology and cognitive reserve in Alzheimer's disease

Publication date: September 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 57
Author(s): Merle Christine Hoenig, Gérard Nisal Bischof, Jochen Hammes, Jennifer Faber, Klaus Fliessbach, Thilo van Eimeren, Alexander Drzezga
Cognitive reserve (CR) is defined as the ability to maintain functionality despite accumulating pathology. Education has been used as a proxy for CR. For example, by using positron emission tomography imaging, higher educated Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients presented increased amyloid β pathology than lower educated patients despite equal symptomatology. Whether similar associations exist for in vivo tau pathology remains elusive. We utilized [¹⁸F]AV-1451 positron emission tomography imaging to examine whether high-educated AD patients (n = 12) present more severe tau pathology compared with low-educated patients (n = 12) despite equal clinical severity in regions of interest corresponding to the pathologic disease stages defined by Braak & Braak. We report tau pathology in advanced Braak stages associated with parietal and frontal regions in high-educated AD patients, whereas in low-educated AD patients tau accumulation is still confined to lower Braak stages associated with temporal and cingulate regions. Highly educated AD patients seem to be able to tolerate more tau tangle pathology than lower educated patients with comparable cognitive impairment supporting the cognitive reserve hypothesis.



http://ift.tt/2qBQbP5

Possible maternal offloading of metals in the plasma, uterine and capsule fluid of pregnant ragged-tooth sharks ( Carcharias taurus ) on the east coast of South Africa

Abstract

We studied the possible metal offloading onto the progeny of three pregnant female ragged-tooth sharks (Carcharias taurus) (C. taurus). The presences of five metals, i.e. aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and selenium (Se) were validated by mass spectrometry in the maternal plasma as well as the intracapsular and uterine fluids (UF) in which embryos develop. Metals were ranked in a decreasing concentration as follows: Plasma: As > Al > Se > Pb > Cd; ICF: As > Se > Al > Cd > Pb and UF: As > Se > Al > Cd > Pb. As was present in the highest concentration in all three sharks. Al, Pb and Cd were found to be the highest within the plasma, while concentrations of Se were similar in all three fluids. These results indicate that C. taurus embryos are exposed to metals during early development, but the impact of this exposure remains unknown. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to confirm the presence of metals in the fluids that surround the developing C. taurus embryos, a species that is already listed as vulnerable.

http://ift.tt/2rqsvfM

The biological response chain to pollution: a case study from the “Italian Triangle of Death” assessed with the liverwort Lunularia cruciata

Abstract

The liverwort Lunularia cruciata, known for being a species tolerant to pollution able to colonize urban areas, was collected in the town of Acerra (South Italy) to investigate the biological effects of air pollution in one of the three vertices of the so-called Italian Triangle of Death. The ultrastructural damages observed by transmission electron microscopy in specimens collected in Acerra were compared with samples collected in the city center of Naples and in a small rural site far from sources of air pollution (Riccia, Molise, Southern Italy). The biological response chain to air pollution was investigated considering vitality, photosynthetic efficiency, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) induction and gene expression levels, and chlorophyll degradation and related ultrastructural alterations. Particularly, a significant increment in Hsp70 expression and occurrence, and modifications in the chloroplasts' ultrastructure can be strictly related to the environmental pollution conditions in the three sites. The results could be interpreted in relation to the use of these parameters as biomarkers for environmental pollution.

http://ift.tt/2sotw5f

Organic free decavanadate based materials: Inorganic linkers to obtain extended structures

Publication date: 15 October 2017
Source:Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1146
Author(s): Sridevi Yerra, Samar K. Das
Decavanadate based extended structures containing compounds [{Na3(H2O)8(μ2-H2O)6Ag2}HV10O28]n·6nH2O (1), [Co(H2O)6]n[{Na2(H2O)6(μ2-H2O)4Co(H2O)2}V10O28]n·4nH2O (2) and [Zn(H2O)6]n[{Na2(H2O)6(μ2-H2O)4Zn(H2O)2}V10O28]n·4nH2O (3) have been synthesized from respective aqueous solutions of sodium metavanadate. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 crystallize in a triclinic space group P-1. Compound 1 is a three-dimensional inorganic solid, whereas compounds 2 and 3 are isomorphous one-dimensional inorganic polymers. In the crystal structure of compound 1, the silver (I) cation is coordinated to the terminal oxygen as well as bridging oxygen atoms of decavanadate anion and it is also connected to bridging oxygen atom of trimeric sodium aqua cluster cation. In the crystals of compound 2, one hexa-hydrated cobalt cation is present as a counter cation and one "di-sodium cobalt aqua-complex" cation is supported on the [V10O28]^6– cluster anion by coordinate covalent bond. Compound 3 is isomorphous with compound 2, with Zn²⁺ present (in compound 3) in the place of Co²⁺ (in compound 2). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are characterized by routine elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopy and unambiguously by single crystal X-ray crystallography. In the crystal structure of compound 1, an unusual silver dimer is observed.

Graphical abstract

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Cathodic electrosynthesis of ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite nanostructures for high performance supercapacitor applications

Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 720
Author(s): Bahareh Ameri, Saied Saeed Hosseiny Davarani, Hamid Reza Moazami, Hamideh Darjazi
ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite nanostructures were prepared by cathodic electrodeposition followed by heat treatment. A mixed hydroxide precursor was galvanostatically electrodeposited from aqueous solution containing Mn and Zn (as nitrates) and the obtained precursor was annealed to prepare the composite. This composite exhibited much better electrochemical behaviors than bare Mn3O4. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the product was composed of Mn3O4, ZnMn2O4 and minor amounts of λ-MnO2. Furthermore, the obtained composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) and transmission electron micrographs (TEM) revealed co-existence of nanoparticles and high aspect ratio nanorods. Electrochemical performance and ion transport of ZnMn2O4/Mn3O4 composite were studied via galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements showed a maximum specific capacitance of 321.34 F/g at the scan rate of 1 mV/s. 93% of this specific capacitance was retained after 2000 cycles.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2rlKQse

A facile synthetic protocol to construct 1D Zn-Mn-Oxide nanostructures with tunable compositions for high-performance lithium storage

Publication date: 5 October 2017
Source:Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 720
Author(s): Yuan Tian, Zhangxian Chen, Weijian Tang, Zeheng Yang, Weixin Zhang, Sheng Li, Kai Wang, Yonghui Sun, Qing Xia, Bing Guo
The synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) Zn-Mn-Oxide (ZMO) for lithium storage is an important research topic, since ZMO can potentially satisfy the ever-increasing demand on the high energy density, natural abundance and long lifespan of lithium ion batteries. Generally, the synthesis of 1D ZMO nanostructures relies on various templates. A facile construction of 1D ZMO nanostructures with tunable compositions via the same synthetic protocol remains a great challenge. Herein, two different Zn-Mn-Oxides of ZnMn2O4 and ZnMnO3 both with 1D rod morphology were successfully prepared via a simple co-precipitation reaction coupled with subsequent heat treatment. As the anode materials for lithium ion battery, both ZMO nanorods exhibit good lithium storage performances. Especially, ZnMn2O4 nanorods display superior electrochemical performances to ZnMnO3 nanorods, including higher discharge capacities of 1119.3 and 572.6 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C and 0.5 C, respectively and better cyclability with capacity retention of 80% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C. The improved electrochemical properties should be attributed to the porous and interparticle-bridging microstructures in ZnMn2O4 nanorods, which can offer better contact between electrolyte and anode and tolerate larger volume changes during discharge/charge process.



http://ift.tt/2rlP1En

Comparison of HER2 amplification status among breast cancer subgroups offers new insights in pathways of breast cancer progression

Abstract

Although the prognostic and predictive significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in invasive breast cancer is well established, its role in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains unclear. Reports on combined evaluation of both HER2 protein expression and HER2 amplification status in pure DCIS and DCIS adjacent to invasive ductal carcinoma (i.e., admixed DCIS) are scarce. In this study, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to assess HER2 status in 72 cases of pure DCIS, 73 cases of DCIS admixed with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and 60 cases of pure IDC. HER2 copy number-based amplification was present in 49% of pure DCIS, 16% of admixed DCIS, 18% of admixed IDC, and 8% of pure IDC. Amplified pure DCIS with clusters of HER2 signals showed a significantly lower HER2 copy number than amplified admixed DCIS with clusters. Whereas pure DCIS and admixed DCIS presented significant differences, the in situ and invasive component of admixed tumors showed striking similarities regarding mean HER2 and chromosome 17 centromere (CEP17) copy number, grade, and estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. The discrepant prevalence of HER2 amplification among breast cancer subgroups indirectly suggests that HER2 may not play a crucial role in the transition of in situ to invasive breast cancer. The similarities in HER2 amplification status between the in situ and invasive component of admixed tumors hint at a common biological pathway for both components. Our data support the theory that pure DCIS, pure IDC, and admixed lesions have a common progenitor, but can progress as separate lineages.

http://ift.tt/2qBXd2k