Nanotechnologies for In Vitro IgE Testing

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review discusses the recent advances in the development of IgE antibody assays based on nanotechnologies. IgE blood testing is an important part of the diagnostic workup of IgE-mediated hypersentivity. We also address the challenges in moving from an academic proof-of-concept to a product routinely used by allergy experts.

Recent Findings

Several nanotechnologies have been applied to the field of IgE testing: nanoparticles are used either as a support to capture analytes or as a detection tool to enhance the measurement signal. Nanofluidics allows to reduce assay time by enhancing molecular interaction.

Summary

Nanotechnologies bring forth new methods for in vitro IgE testing. Substantial advantages such as lower sample volume, shorter assay time, simplified procedures, and lower analytic sensitivity, without affecting test precision and accuracy, can be achieved thanks to nanotechnologies.

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Acquired Immunity in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent disease that is associated with significant costs and quality of life impairments. Currently, patients are classified into subgroups based on clinical characteristics, most often the presence or absence of nasal polyps. However, despite medical and surgical treatment, many of these patients continue to have symptoms. Recent efforts have focused on gaining a more complete understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms that drive pathogenesis in CRS, and it is becoming clear that the inflammatory processes in CRS are quite complex. As our understanding of these complex phenotypes improves, it may become possible to classify patients into endotypes based on unique inflammatory patterns within the sinus mucosa. This information may also lead to the identification of appropriate targeted therapies for different endotypes. This review will discuss our current understanding of endotypes in CRS along with the unique adaptive immune responses that may contribute to these different endotypes and, finally, some potential targeted therapeutics for the next generation of CRS treatment strategies.

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SOP – Schmerztherapie bei Palliativpatienten

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Becker nevus syndrome and ipsilateral breast hypoplasia: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Although the Becker nevus syndrome (BNS) is primarily defined as a Becker nevus (BN) in association with ipsilateral breast hypoplasia or musculoskeletal malformation, there are case reports about various associated malformations. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the common manifestations of the BNS. We conducted a systematic literature research about BNS and reviewed all available literature. In order to get an overview of the clinical manifestation, we analyzed all case reports by descriptive statistics. The most common manifestation of a BNS is breast hypoplasia, followed by musculoskeletal malformation and scoliosis. The regional correspondance between the skin manifestation and the malformation was strong for breast hypoplasia, musculoskeletal malformation, maxillofacial dysplasia, and lipodystrophy. Not all of the reported malformations are likely to be a manifestation of the BNS. By far, the most commonly described malformation is ipsilateral breast hypoplasia. Therefore, we would like to enhance the awareness of this syndrome among plastic surgeons.

Level of Evidence: Not ratable.

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Microcalcifications in stone-obstructed human submandibular gland are associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 82
Author(s): Ivan Lau, Ajay Potluri, Cliff-Lawrence Ibeh, Robert S. Redman, Edina Paal, Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay
ObjectiveHuman submandibular gland (SMG) stones are associated with inflammation, fibrosis and microcalcifications in the surrounding tissues. However, there is little information about the accompanying cell injury-repair process, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to investigate such an association and its clinical significance.Design of studyMid-gland paraffin sections of human SMGs ("stone glands") and normal SMGs ("non-stone glands") were subjected to stains for general histology (hematoxylin and eosin), fibrosis (Masson's trichrome), and calcification (alizarin red) and to immunohistochemistry for proliferative activity (Ki-67), and apoptosis (Caspase-3). Tissues were assessed for areas of inflammation, calcium deposition, and fibrosis, and for cycling and apoptotic cells.ResultsAcini were atrophic and proportionately fewer in lobules with fibrosis in stone glands. Additionally, stone glands had intraluminal calcifications (microliths) in scattered excretory and striated ducts and blood vessel walls. Areas of inflammation and fibrosis were small and uncommon, and calcifications were not seen in non-stone glands. Proliferating and apoptotic cells were common in the main duct of stone glands where ciliated and mucous cell hyperplasia and stratified squamous metaplasia had occurred, uncommon in the main duct of non-stone glands, and uncommon in all other parenchymal elements of both stone and non-stone glands.ConclusionStone obstruction in the main excretory ducts of SMG resulted in progressive depletion of acini from proximal to distal lobules via calcification, inflammation, fibrosis, and parenchymal cell atrophy, apoptosis and proliferation. Interlobular duct microliths contributed to this depletion by further provoking intralobular inflammation, fibrosis, and acinar atrophy.

Graphical abstract

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Toll-like receptor 2 rs4696480 polymorphism and risk of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorder

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 82
Author(s): Camila de Barros Gallo, Xabier Marichalar-Mendia, Amaia Setien-Olarra, Amelia Acha-Sagredo, Naiara Garcia Bediaga, Maria Luisa Gainza-Cirauqui, Norberto Nobuo Sugaya, Jose Manuel Aguirre-Urizar
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify the possible association between TLR polymorphisms and an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer, including oral (OSCC) and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and oral potentially malignant disorders, such as oral lichenoid disease (OLD), including oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL).DesignThis case-control study included 40 OSCC, 35 LSCC, 175 OLD (129 OLP and 46 OLL) patients and 89 healthy controls, all of them from the Basque Country, Spain. Genetic polymorphisms in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR9, and TLR10 were genotyped by TaqMan^® assays or pyrosequencing.ResultsThe chi-square analysis showed that the variant A of the SNP TLR2-rs4696480 polymorphism significantly increased the risk of OSCC (p=0.03) and OLL (p=0.02).ConclusionsThe TLR2-rs4696480 polymorphism may be relevant to OSCC and OLL susceptibility in this population encouraging further studies on the TLR2 pathway and its possible association with this group of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. This may also prove the use of TLR polymorphisms as risk markers for oral and laryngeal cancer.



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Contribution of CARD9-mediated signaling to wound healing in skin

Abstract

The inflammatory response after skin injury involves the secretion of a variety of cytokines and growth factors that are necessary for tissue repair. Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is an essential signaling adaptor molecule for NF-κB activation upon triggering through C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), which are expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the role of CARD9 in inflammatory responses at the wound site has not been elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the role of CARD9 in the healing process of skin wounds. Wounds were created on the backs of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and CARD9 gene-disrupted (knockout [KO]) mice. We analyzed percent wound closure, and the wound tissues were harvested for analysis of leukocyte accumulation and cytokine and chemokine expression. CARD9KO mice exhibited significant attenuation of wound closure compared with WT mice on days 5, 7, and 10 post-wounding, which was associated with decreased macrophage accumulation and reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL3, and CCL4 expression. These results suggest that CARD9 may be involved in the wound healing process through the regulation of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.

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