Continuous Flash Suppression: Stimulus Fractionation rather than Integration

Publication date: Available online 6 July 2017
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Author(s): Pieter Moors, Guido Hesselmann, Johan Wagemans, Raymond van Ee
Recent studies using continuous flash suppression suggest that invisible stimuli are processed as integrated, semantic entities. We challenge the viability of this account, given recent findings on the neural basis of interocular suppression and replication failures of high-profile CFS studies. We conclude that CFS reveals stimulus fractionation in visual cortex.



http://ift.tt/2tWxu95

Agency and the Calibration of Motivated Behavior

Publication date: Available online 7 July 2017
Source:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Author(s): Justin M. Moscarello, Catherine A. Hartley
The controllability of positive or negative environmental events has long been recognized as a critical factor determining their impact on an organism. In studies across species, controllable and uncontrollable reinforcement have been found to yield divergent effects on subsequent behavior. Here we present a model of the organizing influence of control, or a lack thereof, on the behavioral repertoire. We propose that individuals derive a generalizable estimate of agency from controllable and uncontrollable outcomes, which serves to calibrate their behavioral strategies in a manner that is most likely to be adaptive given their prior experience.



http://ift.tt/2uVk9Ly

STAT6 Reliably Distinguishes Solitary Fibrous Tumors from Myofibromas

Abstract

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) and myofibromas (MF) historically have belonged to the same morphologic spectrum and have been lumped together under the nonspecific umbrella term, "hemangiopericytoma" along with other pericytic/myoid tumors. While current evidence shows clear distinction between the two entities, they frequently remain in the same histopathologic differential diagnosis. This diagnostic dilemma especially is common for smaller incisional biopsies from the oral cavity. STAT6 immunohistochemistry (IHC) recently was established as a reliable method to detect solitary fibrous tumor; however, the literature is sparse regarding STAT6 reactivity in MFs. The authors report ten new cases of oral solitary fibrous tumor, discuss histopathologic similarities and differences between the two tumors, and list respective STAT6 IHC expressivity. After IRB approval, 10 cases diagnosed as SFT and 24 cases of MF were collected from the University of Florida Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Biopsy Service between the years 1994 and 2016. The original hematoxylin and eosin slides and related IHC were reviewed. IHC with STAT6 antibody was performed on all 34 samples, and the findings were analyzed. All cases were from the oral cavity or perioral regions. 10/10 SFTs expressed STAT6 nuclear reactivity, while no cases of MF showed nuclear expression of STAT6. STAT6 is a dependable marker to differentiate SFTs from MFs.

http://ift.tt/2tTg9hP

Order Sets for Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol

No abstract available

http://ift.tt/2s8Ypi4

The Impact of Liver Graft Injury on Cancer Recurrence Posttransplantation.

Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, cancer recurrence, posttransplantation, remains to be the critical issue which affects the long-term outcome of HCC recipients. In addition to tumor biology itself, increasing evidence demonstrates that acute phase liver graft injury is a result of hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury (which is an inevitable consequence during liver transplantation) and may promote cancer recurrence at late phase posttransplantation. The liver grafts from living donors, donors after cardiac death (DCD), and steatotic donors have been considered as promising sources of organs for liver transplantation and are associated with high incidence of liver graft injury. The acute phase liver graft injury will trigger a series of inflammatory cascades, which may not only activate the cell signaling pathways regulating tumor cell invasion and migration, but also mobilize the circulating progenitor and immune cells to facilitate tumor recurrence and metastasis. The injured liver graft may also provide the favorable microenvironment for tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion through the disturbance of microcirculatory barrier function, induction of hypoxia and angiogenesis. This review aims to summarize the latest findings about the role and mechanisms of liver graft injury resulted from hepatic I/R injury on tumor recurrence posttransplantation, both in clinical and animal cohorts. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. Copyright (C) 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

http://ift.tt/2sQNeLG

Erratum to: Bio-transfer factors and temporal variation of heavy metals in different sexes of 3 species of edible brackish water fish

http://ift.tt/2u2PjV1

Eragrostis plana Nees as a novel eco-friendly adsorbent for removal of crystal violet from aqueous solutions

Abstract

Eragrostis plana Nees (EPN) was used as new and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet dye (CV) from aqueous solution. Specific surface area (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), point of zero charge (pH_PZC), and modified Boehm titration method were used to characterize the EPN material. The effects of initial pH of solution, adsorbent mass, contact time and initial dye concentration, and temperature were studied in batch adsorption mode. Kinetic data were evaluated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The result exhibited that pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorption kinetics of CV onto EPN. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherm models were used for analysis of the isothermal data. The equilibrium data of adsorption of CV onto EPN was better fitted with the Sips isotherm. Based on the Sips isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacity was 76.20 ± 1.20 mg g⁻¹ at 333 K. A high desorption of CV from EPN was obtained using 1.00 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃COOH as eluent. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic, and physical process. EPN can be used as alternative adsorbent to remove CV from aqueous solution.

http://ift.tt/2uBBiL0