Safety of 100 µg venom immunotherapy rush protocols in children compared to adults

There is a paucity of studies examining the safety of venom immunotherapy (VIT) in children. We aimed to assess the incidence of anaphylactic side effects during rush VIT in a cohort of pediatric patients and ...

http://ift.tt/2uQ0T2Y

Safety of 100 µg venom immunotherapy rush protocols in children compared to adults

There is a paucity of studies examining the safety of venom immunotherapy (VIT) in children. We aimed to assess the incidence of anaphylactic side effects during rush VIT in a cohort of pediatric patients and ...

http://ift.tt/2uQ0T2Y

Factors associated with epinephrine administration for anaphylaxis in children before arrival to the emergency department

Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis but may be underused by patients and medical personnel.

http://ift.tt/2u7OHNq

Factors associated with epinephrine administration for anaphylaxis in children before arrival to the emergency department

Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis but may be underused by patients and medical personnel.

http://ift.tt/2u7OHNq

Architecting the myelin landscape

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 47
Author(s): Lindsay A Osso, Jonah R Chan
Myelin increases the speed and efficiency of action potential propagation. Yet, not all axons are myelinated and some axons are discontinuously myelinated, prompting the question of how myelinating glia select axons for myelination. Whereas myelination by Schwann cells depends on axonal induction, oligodendrocytes can form myelin membrane in the absence of axons. However, oligodendrocytes alone cannot architect the complex myelination patterns of the central nervous system and recent advances have implicated axonal signaling in this process. This review considers how oligodendrocytes and their precursors could be influenced by inductive, attractive, permissive, repulsive, and preventative cues, and discusses recent evidence identifying synaptic activity and membrane-bound adhesion molecules as such cues directing axon selection.



http://ift.tt/2uPtuFB

The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Microstructure of Schedule-Induced Polydipsia in an animal model of ADHD

Publication date: 30 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 333
Author(s): Javier Íbias, Carter W. Daniels, Miguel Miguéns, Ricardo Pellón, Federico Sanabria
Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) was established in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), and Wistar rats, using a multiple fixed-time (FT) schedule of food delivery, with 30- and 90-s components. Thereafter, animals were exposed to methylphenidate (MPH; 2.5mg/kg/d) for six consecutive SIP sessions. A test to assess possible sensitization effects was also conducted four days after termination of the drug treatment. At baseline, FT 90-s produced longer and more frequent drinking episodes in SHR than in WKY. An analysis of the distribution of inter-lick intervals revealed that drinking was organized in bouts, which were shorter in SHR than in WKY. Across strains and schedules, MPH shifted drinking episodes towards the beginning of inter-food intervals, which may reflect a stimulant effect on SIP. MPH transiently reduced the frequency of drinking episodes in WKY in FT 30-s, and more permanently reduced the frequency of licking bouts in Wistar rats. MPH also increased the length of licking bouts in Wistar rats. Overall, SHR displayed a hyperactive-like pattern of drinking (frequent but short bouts), which 2.5mg/kg MPH appears to reduce in WKY and Wistar but not in SHR rats. It appears that therapeutic effects of MPH on hyperactive-like SIP require higher doses in SHR relative to control strains.



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Supplementation with zinc in rats enhances memory and reverses an age-dependent increase in plasma copper

Publication date: 30 August 2017
Source:Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 333
Author(s): Leslie A. Sandusky-Beltran, Bryce L. Manchester, Ewan C. McNay
Zinc and copper are essential trace elements. Dyshomeostasis in these two metals has been observed in Alzheimer's disease, which causes profound cognitive impairment. Insulin therapy has been shown to enhance cognitive performance; however, recent data suggest that this effect may be at least in part due to the inclusion of zinc in the insulin formulation used. Zinc plays a key role in regulation of neuronal glutamate signaling, suggesting a possible link between zinc and memory processes. Consistent with this, zinc deficiency causes cognitive impairments in children. The effect of zinc supplementation on short- and long-term recognition memory, and on spatial working memory, was explored in young and adult male Sprague Dawley rats. After behavioral testing, hippocampal and plasma zinc and copper were measured. Age increased hippocampal zinc and copper, as well as plasma copper, and decreased plasma zinc. An interaction between age and treatment affecting plasma copper was also found, with zinc supplementation reversing elevated plasma copper concentration in adult rats. Zinc supplementation enhanced cognitive performance across tasks. These data support zinc as a plausible therapeutic intervention to ameliorate cognitive impairment in disorders characterized by alterations in zinc and copper, such as Alzheimer's disease.



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