Application of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration in Critical-Sized Defects

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To discuss tissue bioengineering for critical-sized bone defects. To review the current stem cells that are in use and to describe the importance of an animal model for studying critical-sized bone defects.

Recent Findings

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well investigated. Recently, other sources of MSCs have been identified and studied in critical-sized bone defects. As for animal models, several have been used to evaluate the use of stem cells in promoting regeneration in critical-sized bone defects. This review specifically focuses on one of the most widely used and accepted models, the rodent calvarium.

Summary

Stem cell therapy is promising for bone regeneration, especially for critical-sized bone defects. Additional studies are needed to better understand both the properties and mechanisms of the different types of stem cells, and to develop animal models that mimic human biology.

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Do we need noninvasive biomarkers for delayed graft function after kidney transplantation?

No abstract available

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Perfusion of Porcine Kidneys with Macromolecular Heparin Reduces Early Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Background Previously we have been able to demonstrate the possibility of coating the inner surface of the renal arteries in porcine kidneys with a heparin conjugate during hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP). The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of this treatment in reducing early ischemia-reperfusion injury. Method Brain death was induced in male landrace pigs by stepwise volume expansion of an epidural balloon catheter until negative cerebral perfusion pressure was obtained. Both kidneys (matched pairs; n=6+6) were preserved for 20 hours by HMP during which 50 mg heparin conjugate was added to 1 of the HMP systems (treated group). A customized ex vivo normothermic oxygenated perfusion (NP) system with added exogenous creatinine was used to evaluate early kidney function. Blood, urine and histological samples were collected during the subsequent 3 hours of NP. Results Kidney weight was lower at the end of NP (p=0.017) in the treated group compared to control kidneys. The rate of decline in creatinine level was faster (p=0.024), total urinary volume was higher (p=0.031) and the level of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was lower (p=0.031) in the treated group. Histologically, less tubular changes were seen (p=0.046). During NP intrarenal resistance remained lower (p

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Date palm ash-MgAl-layered double hydroxide composite: sustainable adsorbent for effective removal of methyl orange and eriochrome black-T from aqueous phase

Abstract

Date palm ash (DPA) and MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The DPA-MgAl-LDH (DPA/MgAl) composites were employed for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and eriochrome black-T (EBT) from aqueous phase. Incorporation of 33.33% (w/w) DPA into the layers of MgAl increased the surface area from 44.46 to 140.65 m²/g, which leads to the improved adsorption performance. The maximum adsorption capacity of DPA/MgAl (1:2) at 298 K was 242.98 and 425.16 (mg/g) for MO and EBT, respectively. The adsorption data of dyes were adequately fitted by a pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm model. The composite showed excellent reusability performance up to three cycles. Addition of DPA into MgAl-LDH resulted in an effective low-cost adsorbent for decontamination of dyes from wastewater.

Graphical abstract

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The first case of thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, renal impairment or reticulin fibrosis, and organomegaly (TAFRO) syndrome with unilateral adrenal necrosis: a case report

TAFRO syndrome, which was first reported in 2010 in Japan, is a relatively rare disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, renal impairment, reticulin fibrosis, and organomegaly. Although this...

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Low-power laser alters mRNA levels from DNA repair genes in acute lung injury induced by sepsis in Wistar rats

Abstract

Acute lung injury (ALI) is defined as respiratory failure syndrome, in which the pathogenesis could occur from sepsis making it a life-threatening disease by uncontrolled hyperinflammatory responses. A possible treatment for ALI is the use of low-power infrared lasers (LPIL), whose therapeutical effects depend on wavelength, power, fluence, and emission mode. The evaluation mRNA levels of repair gene related to oxidative damage after exposure to LPIL could provide important information about the modulation of genes as treatment for ALI. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA levels from OGG1, APEX1, ERCC2, and ERCC1 genes in lung tissue from Wistar rats affected by ALI and after exposure to LPIL (808 nm; 100 mW). Adult male Wistar rats (n = 30) were randomized into six groups (n = 5, for each group): control, 10 J/cm² (2 J), 20 J/cm² (5 J), ALI, ALI + LPIL 10 J/cm² and ALI + LPIL 20 J/cm². ALI was induced by intraperitoneal E. coli lipopolysaccharide injection (10 mg/kg). Lungs were removed, and samples were withdrawn for total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and mRNA levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Data normality was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, comparisons among groups were by Student's t test, Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis followed by post-tests. Data showed that OGG1 (0.39 ± 0.10), ERCC2 (0.67 ± 0.24), and ERCC1 (0.60 ± 0.19) mRNA levels are reduced in ALI group when compared with the control group (1.00 ± 0.07, 1.03 ± 0.25, 1.01 ± 0.16, respectively) and, after LPIL, mRNA relative levels from DNA repair genes are altered when compared to non-exposed ALI group. Our research shows that ALI alter mRNA levels from genes related to base and nucleotide excision repair genes, suggesting that DNA repair is part of cell response to sepsis, and that photobiomodulation could modulate the mRNA levels from these genes in lung tissue.

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Nutrients and non-essential elements in edible crops following long-term mineral and compost fertilization of a Mediterranean agricultural soil

Abstract

The effects of long-term soil fertilizations on nutrient and non-essential element concentrations in edible parts of three crops important in human diet were investigated repeating four treatments (biowaste compost, biowaste compost plus mineral nitrogen, mineral NPK, unfertilized control) for seven consecutive years (2007–2014). Fruits of Solanum lycopersicum cv San Marzano collected in 2011 and 2012, bulbs of Allium cepa cv Bianca di Pompei collected in 2012 and 2013, and bulbs of Foeniculum vulgare cv Orbit collected in 2014 were analyzed. Wide variations in element concentrations were observed along time and among species, with Ca, K, Mg, and Na higher in fennel bulbs and Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn higher in tomato fruits, where Cd reached concentrations up to ninefold higher than the permitted values (EU Regulation n. 488/2014). Despite the enrichments in soil total Cu and available Cd, Fe, K, Mn, and Zn concentrations due to long-term fertilization with biowaste compost (alone or with mineral fertilizers), plants showed lower micronutrient and non-essential element concentrations in respect to those on unfertilized soils. Considering the potential toxicity for human beings of these mobile and persistent elements, the obtained findings reassure on the safe use of biowaste compost in agriculture. Overall, this study suggests the use of compost as the most advisable fertilization practice and highlights the need of multiple crops analysis in evaluating the effects of long-term soil fertilization on their chemical composition.

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