Editorial Board

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Table of Contents

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Information for Authors

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Information for Readers

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Combination of inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting β-agonist

Spahn1 describes the long and winding road related to the controversies of the inhaled corticosteroid (IC) LABA combination. He states that the large studies demonstrating the safety of the combination are compelling.2–4 However, because those studies specifically excluded patients with previous life-threatening reactions, I want to draw attention to the observations my colleague and I previously reported in 2 boys, aged 10 and 15 years, with a previous history of life-threatening asthmatic exacerbations while receiving a LABA with an IC.

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Author response

Dr Weinberger disagrees with my assertion that large studies1–5 demonstrating the safety of combination inhaled glucocorticoid (IGC) and long-acting–agonist (LABA) therapy are compelling because they did not include patients with life-threatening asthma. Dr Weinberger describes a case report he published in 2006 of 2 children with poorly controlled asthma despite high-dose IGC and LABA combination therapy who developed life-threatening episodes of bronchospasm after exercise that were not prevented by albuterol pretreatment.

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Club convergence of per capita carbon emission: global insight from disaggregated level data

Abstract

This study aims to examine the convergence hypothesis of per capita carbon dioxide emission and its component such as coal, oil, and gas in the case of 53 countries covering the period of 1980 to 2016. In particular, we study whether countries are moving toward a common steady-state equilibrium condition in the per capita carbon emission or converging into different groups. To do so, this study used Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75(6): 1771–1855, 2007, J Appl Econ 24(7): 1153–1185, 2009) technique. Our results show no evidence of convergence for full sample. However, our results support the evidence of two club convergence of total emission, emission from gas and petroleum consumption, while three clubs are noticed in case of per capita carbon dioxide emission from coal use. This invalidates the equality rule of participation of each country in climate change policy. Further, similar results emerge in case of total emission and petroleum where club 1 consists of mostly developed countries while club 2 has a large number of developing countries. Interestingly, we do not find any divergence behavior across all countries in the sample. We find that natural gas is the major component to drive the total carbon emission convergence in case of our sample countries.

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