Social Distancing of College Students Toward Individuals Who Experienced Sexual Violence

Violence and Gender , Vol. 0, No. 0.


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Health risk assessment of cadmium pollution emergency for urban populations in Foshan City, China

Abstract

With rapid socioeconomic development, water pollution emergency has become increasingly common and could potentially harm the environment and human health, especially heavy metal pollution. In this paper, we investigate the Cd pollution emergency that occurred in the Pearl River network, China, in 2005, and we build a migration and transformation model for heavy metals to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of Cd concentrations under various scenarios of Cd pollution emergency in Foshan City. Moreover, human health hazard and carcinogenic risk for local residents of Foshan City were evaluated. The primary conclusions were as follows: (1) the number of carcinogen-affected people per year under scenario 1 reached 254.41 when the frequency was 0.1 year/time; specifically, the number of people with cancer per year in the area of the Datang, Lubao, and Nanbian waterworks was 189.36 accounting for 74% of the total number per year; (2) at the frequency of 5 years/time, the Lubao waterwork is the only one in extremely high- or high-risk grade, while besides it, the risk grade in the Datang, Nanbian, Xinan, Shitang, and Jianlibao waterworks is in the extremely high or high grade when the frequency is 0.1 year/time; (3) when Cd pollution accidents with the same level occurs again, Cd concentration decreases to a low level in the water only if the migration distance of Cd is at least 40–50 km. Based on the health risk assessment of Cd pollution, this study gives the recommendation that the distance should keep above 50 km in tidal river network of the Pearl River Delta between those factories existing the possibility of heavy metal pollution and the drinking water source. Only then can the public protect themselves from hazardous effects of higher levels of heavy metal.

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Impact of aeration disturbances on endogenous phosphorus fractions and their algae growth potential from malodorous river sediment

Abstract

The present work assessed the impact of aeration disturbances on sediment-bound phosphorus fractions and their algae growth potential from a typical malodorous river. Phosphorus was sequentially extracted by a modified version of Hedley fractionation method. It was found that the mean contents of TP was 1476.1 ± 60.3 mg/kg, consisting mainly of dilute HCl-extractable P (52.6%) and NaOH-P (19.2%). The algae growth potential tests demonstrated that algae growth had varied P-level requirements for different P speciation and NaOH-P promoted algae growth remarkably and its promoting effect was positively related to its concentration. Additionally, intermittent overlying water aeration modes were recommended, and run 1 (7.0 mg/L, 12 h) was deemed as the optimized aerated mode in terms of its relatively low ecological risk and high P retention. It was noted that NaOH-P was most affected by aeration disturbance and exhibited marked increase with the elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) level whether for intermittent overlying water or sediment aeration. This research helps to gain improved understanding of the ecological risk on sediment P, and NaOH-P is recognized as one ecologically important P fraction in the sediments considering its relatively high proportion and bioavailability.

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Prospective evaluation of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy with Simultaneous Integrated Boost (IMRT-SIB) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in patients not suitable for chemo-radiotherapy

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNC) is one of the most common malignancies encountered in India. This is mainly attributed to rampant consumption of tobacco in its various forms [1]. A very small proportion of patients of HNC (∼20%) only report in earlier stages of the disease in India and other developing countries. These early stage HNC are mostly treated with single modality treatment either by radiotherapy (RT) or surgery. About 80% patients report in locally advance stage and often treated with combined modality therapy [2].

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Impact of volume-conducted potential in interpretation of cortico-cortical evoked potential: detailed analysis of high-resolution electrocorticography using two mathematical approaches

Publication date: Available online 30 January 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Seijiro Shimada, Naoto Kunii, Kensuke Kawai, Takeshi Matsuo, Yohei Ishishita, Kenji Ibayashi, Nobuhito Saito
ObjectiveCortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) has been utilized to evaluate connectivity between cortices. However, previous reports have rarely referred to the impact of volume-conducted potential (VCP) which must be a confounding factor of large potential around the stimulation site. To address this issue, we challenged the null hypothesis that VCP accounts for the majority of the recorded potential, particularly around the stimulation site.MethodsCCEP was recorded with high-density intracranial electrodes in 8 patients with intractable epilepsy. First, we performed regression analysis for describing the relationship between the distance and potential of each electrode. Second, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the temporal features of recorded waveforms.ResultsThe regression curve, declining by the inverse square of the distance, fitted tightly to the plots (R²: 0.878 to 0.991) with outliers. PCA suggested the responses around the stimulation site had the same temporal features. We also observed the continuous declination over the anatomical gap and the phase reversal phenomena around the stimulation site.ConclusionsThese results were consistent with the null hypothesis.SignificanceThis study highlighted the risk of misinterpreting CCEP mapping, and proposed mathematical removal of VCP, which could lead to more reliable mapping based on CCEP.



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“To make a molehill out of a mountain”: An ERP-study on cognitive reappraisal of negative pictures in children with and without ADHD

Publication date: Available online 30 January 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Valerie Van Cauwenberge, Rachida El Kaddouri, Karel Hoppenbrouwers, Jan R. Wiersema
ObjectiveWe investigated cognitive reappraisal in children with ADHD by means of the late positive potential (LPP) and self-report ratings. We expected diminished LPP modulation following reappraisal and lower self-report scores in children with ADHD.MethodsEighteen children with ADHD and 24 typically developing (TD) children (8-12 years) performed a cognitive reappraisal task, while EEG was recorded, and filled out a questionnaire on cognitive reappraisal.ResultsDespite the lack of main reappraisal effects on LPP, LPP were less positively modulated during reappraisal in ADHD compared to TD children.ConclusionsChildren with ADHD reported less use of reappraisal and could be distinguished from TD children based on LLP modulation. However the lack of main effects of reappraisal on LPP in both groups hinders clear interpretation of this finding and questions the suitability of LPP modulation within the current paradigm as a neural index of reappraisal in children 8-12 years old, and warrants further research on the inter-individual variability and sensitivity of LPP modulation as a neural index of emotion regulation in children.SignificanceThis is the first study investigating the LPP during cognitive reappraisal in children with ADHD.



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Magnetoencephalography with temporal spread imaging to visualize propagation of epileptic activity

Publication date: Available online 30 January 2017
Source:Clinical Neurophysiology
Author(s): Sumiya Shibata, Masao Matsuhashi, Takeharu Kunieda, Yukihiro Yamao, Rika Inano, Takayuki Kikuchi, Hisaji Imamura, Shigetoshi Takaya, Riki Matsumoto, Akio Ikeda, Ryosuke Takahashi, Tatsuya Mima, Hidenao Fukuyama, Nobuhiro Mikuni, Susumu Miyamoto
ObjectiveWe describe temporal spread imaging (TSI) that can identify the spatiotemporal pattern of epileptic activity using Magnetoencephalography (MEG).MethodsA three-dimensional grid of voxels covering the brain is created. The array-gain minimum-variance spatial filter is applied to an interictal spike to estimate the magnitude of the source and the time (Ta) when the magnitude exceeds a predefined threshold at each voxel. This calculation is performed through all spikes. Each voxel has the mean Ta (<Ta>) and spike number (Nsp), which is the number of spikes whose source exceeds the threshold. Then, a random resampling method is used to determine the cutoff value of Nsp for the statistically reproducible pattern of the activity. Finally, all the voxels where the source exceeds the threshold reproducibly shown on the MRI with a color scale representing <Ta>.ResultsFour patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) were analyzed. In three patients, the common pattern of the overlap between the propagation and the hypometabolism shown by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) was identified.ConclusionsTSI can visualize statistically reproducible patterns of the temporal and spatial spread of epileptic activity.SignificanceTSI can assess the statistical significance of the spatiotemporal pattern based on its reproducibility.



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