DNA methylation alterations as therapeutic prospects in thyroid cancer

Abstract

Background

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. Although the 10-year survival rate of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is about 90% after conventional treatments, a small proportion of patients still suffer from tumor recurrence or drug resistance.

Objective

This review article summarizes recent researches and clinical trials related to target drugs that reduce mortality in thyroid cancer.

Methods

This is a review of the recent literature and clinical trials on the three main aspects including methylation genes in thyroid cancers, the relationship between BRAF mutation and gene methylation, target and dehypermethylation drugs in clinical trials.

Results

We propose new approaches to treating malignant thyroid cancer, based on advances in understanding the relationship between genetic and epigenetic changes in thyroid cancer. Although the effect of traditional treatment for thyroid cancer is relatively good, a small proportion of patients still suffer from tumor recurrence or drug resistance. Molecular targeted drugs and dehypermethylation drugs have more promising outcomes in aggressive thyroid cancer compared with conventional treatments.

Conclusion

Based on what was discussed in this review, we suggest that integration of epigenetic and targeted therapies into conventional treatments will reduce the occurrence of refractory radioiodine differentiated thyroid cancer and improve the outcomes in aggressive thyroid cancer patients.

https://ift.tt/2NCo0Hr

Lineäre, irregulär konfigurierte Pigmentierungen am gesamten Integument

https://ift.tt/2m57GCs

Traumatologie der Orbita

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Bei einem Trauma des Gesichtsschädels ist eine begleitende Fraktur der Orbita wegen der anatomischen Gegebenheiten (Stützpfeilersystem des Mittelgesichts) häufig. Ätiologisch sind die Ursachen nach lokoregionalen Gegebenheiten vielfältig.

Material/Methoden

Es wird ein Überblick über die Traumatologie der Orbita einschließlich des diagnostischen Vorgehens, der Symptome und der Therapie gegeben. Darüber hinaus erfolgte eine prospektive Analyse am eigenen Patientenkollektiv eines Jahres inklusive eines 5‑Jahres-Follow-up.

Ergebnisse

Die möglichen Frakturen des Mittelgesichts mit Beteiligung der Orbita einschließlich ihrer Klassifikationen werden aufgeführt. Auch die entscheidenden klinischen Symptome und das diagnostische Vorgehen werden dargestellt. Im Rahmen des therapeutischen Vorgehens werden neben dem – meist erforderlichen – operativen Therapieansatz auch die konservativen Therapieoptionen und deren Voraussetzung zur konservativen Therapie aufgezeigt. Im eigenen Patientenkollektiv zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede im Entstehungsmechanismus. Bei Rohheitsdelikten verletzten sich eher männliche, jüngere Patienten, während vermehrt weibliche, ältere Patienten stürzten. In 17 % der Fälle erfolgte eine konservative Therapie, in 83 % eine operative Versorgung.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Traumatologie der Orbita bedarf einer individuellen Therapieentscheidung. Auch ein konservatives Regime kann zu guten Ergebnissen führen. Die Therapie einer Fraktur der Orbita und des Mittelgesichts sollte aufgrund der fachlichen Kompetenz auch in Bezug auf die Nachbarstrukturen in den Händen erfahrener Mittelgesichtschirurgen liegen.

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Pathogenic role of tissue-resident memory T cells in autoimmune diseases

Publication date: Available online 10 July 2018

Source: Autoimmunity Reviews

Author(s): Haijing Wu, Wei Liao, Qianwen Li, Hai Long, Heng Yin, Ming Zhao, Vera Chan, Chak-Sing Lau, Qianjin Lu

Abstract

The tissue-resident memory T (T_RM) cells constitute a newly identified subset of memory T cells which are non-circulating and they persist for long-term in epithelial barrier tissues, including skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive tract, and in non-barrier tissues, including brain, kidney, pancreas and joint. These cells provide rapid on-site immune protection against previous exposed pathogens in peripheral tissues. There cells are transcriptionally, functionally and phenotypically distinguished from circulating effector memory T cells. In addition to their protective functions, increasing evidence reveals that autoreactive and/or aberrantly activated T_RM cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and, as recently reported, may contribute to vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current progress in the biology of T_RM cells, such as the newly identified T_RM markers, upstream regulators, and the functions of T_RM cells. We also discuss the contributions of T_RM cells to the development of autoimmunity to broaden our understanding of autoimmune diseases and to provide novel potential therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

https://ift.tt/2KZ6xKL

Chemical shift-encoded MRI for assessment of bone marrow adipose tissue fat composition: Pilot study in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women

Publication date: Available online 10 July 2018

Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author(s): Dimitri Martel, Benjamin Leporq, Mary Bruno, Ravinder Regatte, Stephen Honig, Gregory Chang

Abstract

Object

To quantify and compare subregional proximal femur bone marrow fat composition in premenopausal and postmenopausal women using chemical shift-encoded-MRI (CSE-MRI).

Materials and methods

A multi gradient-echo sequence at 3 T was used to scan both hips of premenopausal (n = 9) and postmenopausal (n = 18) women. Subregional fat composition (saturation, poly-unsaturation, mono-unsaturation) was quantitatively assessed in the femoral head, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, greater trochanter, and proximal shaft in bone marrow adipose tissue and separately within red and yellow marrow adipose tissue.

Results

Significant differences in fat composition in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women, which varied depending on the subregion analyzed, were found. Within both whole and yellow marrow adipose tissue, postmenopausal women demonstrated higher saturation (+14.7% to +43.3%), lower mono- (−11.4% to −33%) and polyunsaturation (−52 to −83%) (p < 0.05). Within red marrow adipose tissue, postmenopausal women demonstrated lower fat quantity (−16% to −24%) and decreased polyunsaturation (−80 to −120%) in the femoral neck, greater trochanter, and Ward's triangle (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

CSE-MRI can be used to detect subregional differences in proximal femur marrow adipose tissue composition between pre- and post-menopausal women in clinically feasible scan times.

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Type 2/Th2‐driven inflammation impairs olfactory sensory neurogenesis in mouse chronic rhinosinusitis model

Allergy, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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Neuromedin‐U directly induces degranulation of skin mast cells, presumably via MRGPRX2

Allergy, Volume 0, Issue ja, -Not available-.


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