Allocation of funding into blast injury-related research and blast traumatic brain injury between 2000 and 2019: analysis of global investments from public and philanthropic funders

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Allocation of funding into blast injury-related research and blast traumatic brain injury between 2000 and 2019: analysis of global investments from public and philanthropic funders Via Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Online First Introduction There is little systematic tracking or detailed analysis of investments in research and development for blast injury to support decision-making around research future funding. Methods This study examined global investments into blast injury-related research from public and philanthropic funders across 2000–2019. Research databases were searched using keywords, and open data were extracted from funder websites. Data collected included study title, abstract, award amount, funder and year. Indi vidual awards were categorised to compare amounts invested into different blast injuries, the scientific approaches taken and analysis of research investment into blast traumatic brain injury (TBI). Results A total of 806 awards were identified into blast injury-related research globally, equating to US$902.1 million (m, £565.9m GBP). There was a general increase in year-on-year investment between 2003 and 2009 followed by a consistent decline in annual funding since 2010. Pre-clinical research received $671.3 m (74.4%) of investment. Brain-related injury research received $427.7 m (47.4%), orthopaedic injury $138.6 m (15.4%), eye injury $63.7 m (7.0%) and ear injury $60.5m (6.7%). Blast TBI research received a total investment of $384.3 m, representing 42.6% of all blast injury-related research. The U.S. Department of Defense funded $719.3 m (80%). Conclusions Investment data suggest that blast TBI research has received greater funding than other blast injury health area s. The funding pattern observed can be seen as reactive, driven by the response to the War on Terror, the rising profile of blast TBI and congressionally mandated research. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Evaluation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status in US military and VA patients with COVID-19 infection

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Evaluation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status in US military and VA patients with COVID-19 infection Via Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Online First View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Release of Mafia-crime prisoners during the COVID-19 epidemic: imbalance between detainees health and public safety

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Release of Mafia-crime prisoners during the COVID-19 epidemic: imbalance between detainees health and public safety Via Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Online First View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Accidental sulfur mustard exposure from explosive ordnance in a UK military service person

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Accidental sulfur mustard exposure from explosive ordnance in a UK military service person Via Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Online First Chemical warfare presents a continuing threat to military personnel as a result of both direct hostile action and the indirect exposure to chemical weapons that remain as a legacy from previous conflicts. This paper will discuss the presentation and medical management of an indirect exposure to sulfur mustard in a UK military service person. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Unusual presentations of cutaneous larva migrans in British military personnel

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Unusual presentations of cutaneous larva migrans in British military personnel Via Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Online First Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is one of numerous skin diseases that occur in British military personnel on deployments to the tropics and sub-tropics. It is typically managed by military primary healthcare services, but diagnostic uncertainty or unavailability of anti-helminthic medication may prompt referral to UK Role 4 healthcare services. Cases of CLM seen at the UK Role 4 Military Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Service from 2005 to 2020 were identified and their case notes were reviewed to identify learning and discussion points. There were 12 cases identified, of which five came from Brunei and three were from Belize. Causes for referral were due to diagnostic uncertainty (58%) and the unavailability of anti-helminthic medication (42%). Several cases had CLM in an unusual distribution due to specific military activities performed in endemic areas. Telemedicine was very useful in making some of the diagnoses in theatre and avoiding the need for medical evacuation. Military personnel may have unusual presentations of CLM due their unique military activities. In areas that are endemic for CLM, clinicians should maintain high clinical suspicion for CLM, carry appropriate anti-helminthic medications and consider screening cases of CLM and their colleagues for other infections with similar aetiology (eg, human hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis). View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Sex-Related Differences in Anxious-Depressive and Defensive Behavior in Wistar Rats

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Sex-Related Differences in Anxious-Depressive and Defensive Behavior in Wistar Rats Via Latest Results for Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Sex-related differences in the behavior of animals in aversive situations were identified by comparing male and female Wistar rats in tests for anxiety, depression-like behavior, assessments of the dynamics of the acquisition and extinction of a classical defensive reflex and a passive avoidance reflex, and also acquisition of an active avoidance reflex. In tests for anxiety, females differed from males in having lower levels of anxiety and greater movement and exploratory activity. In the Porsolt test, females showed less extensive signs of depression-like behavior. After stress, the blood corticosterone content in females was greater than that in males. Females showed higher pain sensitivity. Conditioned reflex fear in the passive avoidance reflex was greater in males than females; ther e was no difference in animals of different sexes in the classical defensive reflex. Extinction of conditioned reflex fear in these two types of reflex occurred more quickly in females than males. Acquisition of the active avoidance reflex was easier in females than males. It is suggested that females are more inclined to the active defensive strategy and to overestimate danger, while males, conversely, prefer passive defensive responses. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.

Microelectrophysiological Studies of the Ratio of Excitatory to Inhibitory Synaptic Processes in the Corticonigral Projection in a Model of Parkinson’s

alkiviadis.1961 shared this article with you from Inoreader Microelectrophysiological Studies of the Ratio of Excitatory to Inhibitory Synaptic Processes in the Corticonigral Projection in a Model of Parkinson's Via Latest Results for Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Experiments on 23 white male rats (250 g) analyzed the spike activity of individual neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc, 242 neurons, n = 11) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr, 289 neurons, n = 12) during high-frequency stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1)in normal animals and in animals with a rotenone model of Parkinson's disease (BP). SNc neurons in the model of PD showed a complete absence of depressor effects induced by stimulation, though tetanic potentiation was accompanied by posttetanic potentiation and depression at levels 1.65 and 2.02 times greater than in normal animals. In SNr neurons in normal animals, tetanic potentiation, accompanied by post-tetanic potentiation and depression, was 2.37 times greater than tetanic depressi on, while in the model of PD the levels of both depressor and excitatory activity induced by stimulation were below normal. Spike activity frequency in SNc and SNr neurons preceding and accompanying stimulation was significantly greater than normal in the model of PD. This is evidence for excitotoxicity accompanying neurodegenerative damage, which is completed by neuron apoptosis and death. In SNr neurons, both depressor and excitatory reactions accompanying stimulation were markedly dominant over those in SNc neurons, which is evidence for more extensive cortical projections to the SNr. Furthermore, SNc neurons demonstrated greater susceptibility to pathological changes due to poststimulus depressor effects than SNr neurons, with formation of more marked excitatory effects, which is evidence of a greater involvement of the SNc in PD. In the model of PD, lacking stimulation-induced depressor effects and more marked excitatory effects in SNc neurons, SNr neurons retained their depres sor reactions and relatively decreased excitatory reactions, which is evidence of a lower level of susceptibility of SNr neurons to excitotoxicity, extreme increases in the excitability of surviving neurons compensating for the lack of excitation of dead cells. View on the web Inoreader. Take back control of your news feed. Follow us on Twitter and Facebook.