Genetic influences on functional connectivity associated with feedback processing and prediction error: Phase coupling of theta-band oscillations in twins

Publication date: Available online 31 December 2016
Source:International Journal of Psychophysiology
Author(s): Şükrü Barış Demiral, Simon Golosheykin, Andrey P. Anokhin
Detection and evaluation of the mismatch between the intended and actually obtained result of an action (reward prediction error) is an integral component of adaptive self-regulation of behavior. Extensive human and animal research has shown that evaluation of action outcome is supported by a distributed network of brain regions in which the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a central role, and the integration of distant brain regions into a unified feedback-processing network is enabled by long-range phase synchronization of cortical oscillations in the theta band. Neural correlates of feedback processing are associated with individual differences in normal and abnormal behavior, however, little is known about the role of genetic factors in the cerebral mechanisms of feedback processing. Here we examined genetic influences on functional cortical connectivity related to prediction error in young adult twins (age 18, n=399) using event-related EEG phase coherence analysis in a monetary gambling task. To identify prediction error-specific connectivity pattern, we compared responses to loss and gain feedback. Monetary loss produced a significant increase of theta-band synchronization between the frontal midline region and widespread areas of the scalp, particularly parietal areas, whereas gain resulted in increased synchrony primarily within the posterior regions. Genetic analyses showed significant heritability of frontoparietal theta phase synchronization (24 to 46%), suggesting that individual differences in large-scale network dynamics are under substantial genetic control. We conclude that theta-band synchronization of brain oscillations related to negative feedback reflects genetically transmitted differences in the neural mechanisms of feedback processing. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for genetic influences on task-related functional brain connectivity assessed using direct real-time measures of neuronal synchronization.



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Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii; +16 new citations

16 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:

Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii

These pubmed results were generated on 2016/12/31

PubMed comprises more than 24 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

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Determinants of stimulated salivary flow among haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients

Abstract

Objectives

The aetiology of hyposalivation in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients is not fully understood. This study examined the effects of treatment-related aetiological factors, particularly medications, on stimulated salivary flow in HSCT recipients.

Subjects and methods

Adult HSCT recipients (N = 118, 66 males, 27 autologous and 91 allogeneic transplants) were examined. Stimulated whole salivary flow rates (SWSFR) were measured before HSCT and at 6 and 12 months post-HSCT. Linear regression models were used to analyse the associations of medications and transplant-related factors with salivary flow rates, which were compared to salivary flow rates of generally healthy controls (N = 247).

Results

The SWSFR of recipients were lower pre-HSCT (mean ± standard deviation, 0.88 ± 0.56 ml/min; P < 0.001), 6 months post-HSCT (0.84 ± 0.61; P < 0.001) and 12 months post-HSCT (1.08 ± 0.67; P = 0.005) than the SWSFR of controls (1.31 ± 0.65). In addition, hyposalivation (<0.7 ml/min) was more frequent among HSCT recipients pre-HSCT (P < 0.001), 6 months post-HSCT (P < 0.001) and 12 months post-HSCT (P = 0.01) than among controls. The SWSFR was observed to improve over time being significantly higher 12 months post-HSCT compared to pre-HSCT (P < 0.001). The observed decrease of salivary flow could not be explained by the examined transplant-related factors and medications.

Conclusions

Decreased stimulated salivary flow rates could not be explained by the examined factors alone; these findings indicate that hyposalivation in HSCT recipients exhibits a multifactorial aetiology.

Clinical relevance

All HSCT recipients should be considered to be at high risk of hyposalivation and consequent oral diseases, and they should be treated accordingly.

http://ift.tt/2hXR8sC

Effectiveness of resin-based materials against erosive and abrasive enamel wear

Abstract

Objective

The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of resin-based materials against erosive enamel wear under erosive and abrasive challenges by orange juice and tooth brushing.

Methods

Fifty enamel specimens from third molars were assigned to five groups: ICON resin infiltration with no etching (ICON-NE), ICON resin infiltration with 15 % HCl etching (ICON-AE), Seal & Protect sealant (S&P), Tetric EvoFlow (TEF), and control. Erosive lesions were first created on enamel, then treated with resin-based materials. Erosive and abrasive challenges by orange juice and tooth brushing were repeated after treatments. Erosive wear of the treated areas was measured with 3D scanning microscopy, and data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t tests.

Results

Treatments with ICON, S&P, and TEF created a protective material coating of 4.5 ± 1.9 μm, 44.3 ± 8.1 μm, and 84.6 ± 15.7 μm in thickness on the lesion surfaces, respectively. After 15 cycles of erosive and abrasive challenges, enamel or material losses were 21.9 ± 2.3 μm for control, 24.5 ± 4.0 μm for ICON-NE, 24.6 ± 7.4 μm for ICON-AE, 11.2 ± 4.1 μm for S&P, and 3.9 ± 1.9 μm for TEF, respectively. The protective coatings were completely lost in the ICON infiltration groups but remained intact in both the S&P and TEF groups after erosive and abrasive challenges.

Conclusion

In contrast to a resin sealant and a flowable composite, ICON infiltration resin was not effective in protecting enamel surfaces from erosive and abrasive wear.

Clinical relevance

Sealant and flowable composite resin may create protective coatings on eroded enamel surfaces and prevent further tissue loss.

http://ift.tt/1Sjf1Vd

Bonding effectiveness and multi-interfacial characterization of two direct buildup resin core systems bonded to post-space dentin

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of two resin core buildup systems using conventional methods in the field of adhesive dentistry and a new non-destructive method.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four single-rooted human teeth were built up with dual-cure one-step self-etch adhesive and composite systems (SY1: Clearfil DC bond and Clearfil DC core automix, SY2: Clearfil bond SE one and Clearfil DC core automix one). The prepared samples were sectioned into approximately 1 × 1-mm-thick beams and subjected to micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing (n = 24). The fractured beams after μTBS testing were analyzed by SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The three teeth filled with each resin core system were sectioned and embedded in epoxy resin to observe the dentin–bonding interface under TEM (n = 6). Moreover, three of each resin core-filled teeth without any processing were examined using μCT (n = 6).

Results

Two-way ANOVA revealed that the two factors "root region" (p < 0.001, F = 15.22) and "system" (SY1 < SY2; p < 0.001, F = 22.52) had a significant influence. The μTBS gradually decreased from the coronal side to the apical side of the root canal. Morphological evaluation revealed that SY2 was superior in terms of resin curing at the apical side. μCT non-destructive evaluation clearly revealed gap formation in SY1.

Conclusion

SY2, which included a new light-independent catalyst, showed better bonding effectiveness and adhesive interface to dentin compared to that of SY1.

Clinical relevance

The new catalyst, which is activated by contact with adhesive and resin composite, can be used for resin core buildup restorations.

http://ift.tt/2hXYkor

Short-term changes on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels after non-surgical periodontal treatment in systemically healthy individuals

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in chronic periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy individuals and to assess the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on the CRP levels.

Materials and methods

Twenty-two patients with chronic periodontitis (test group) and 22 periodontally healthy individuals (control group), both groups without any systemic disorder or potential confounding factors, were included in the study. At baseline, periodontal clinical variables and CRP levels were obtained in both groups. In the test group, oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planning were carried out; then, after 60 days, periodontal clinical variables and CRP levels were reevaluated.

Results

The baseline CRP level in the test group was significantly higher than the corresponding value in the control group (1.98 ± 1.55 vs. 1.26 ± 1.05 mg/L; p < 0.05). After periodontal treatment in the test group, there were improvements in all periodontal clinical variables (p < 0.05). The CRP level decreased significantly in those patients with higher baseline levels of CRP (>3 mg/L).

Conclusions

Chronic periodontitis seemed to promote elevated levels of CRP. Furthermore, non-surgical periodontal treatment significantly decreased the levels of CRP only in patients with high baseline levels of such pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Clinical relevance

Periodontitis may be a potential factor to change the risk of CVD. Thus, the control of periodontal infection performed by health professionals may improve cardiovascular health.

http://ift.tt/1Sddard

The use of conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic facial myalgia patients

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of conventional TENS in women affected by chronic facial myalgia.

Materials and methods

The study was performed on 49 women affected by chronic facial myalgia randomly allocated in the TENS group (34 women) and the control group (15 women). The subjective level of pain was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale indicating the mean (VAS MEAN), the maximum (VAS MAX) and the current intensity of pain (VAS NOW). The level of pain at the muscular palpation sites was assessed by the Pericranial Muscle Tenderness Score (PTS) and the Cervical Muscle Tenderness Score (CTS).

The TENS therapy lasted for 10 weeks, and data were collected at baseline, after 5, 10, 15 and 25 weeks. The differences between groups before and after treatment were compared with the Mann-Whitney and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. The intra-group differences were compared with the one-way ANOVA test.

Results

The results showed that the VAS MEAN, VAS MAX, PTS and CTS were significantly reduced in the TENS group compared to the control group after 10 weeks of TENS (p < 0.05). The intra-group analysis revealed a decreasing tendency of VAS MEAN, VAS MAX, VAS NOW, PTS and CTS in the TENS group in a 25-week period (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The study demonstrated the efficacy of conventional TENS in patients with chronic facial myalgia and the decrease in both subjective and objective pain.

Clinical relevance

Conventional TENS is a safe, non-invasive, easy-to-administer therapy for chronic facial myalgia.

http://ift.tt/2hXHh69

Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of 2 and 4 % articaine in inferior alveolar nerve block for tooth extraction—a double-blinded randomized clinical trial

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this clinical prospective, randomized, double-blind trial was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 2 % articaine and 4 % articaine in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia for extraction of mandibular teeth.

Materials and methods

In 95 patients, 105 lower molar and premolar teeth were extracted after intraoral inferior alveolar nerve block. In 53 cases, 2 % articaine (group I) and, in 52 cases, 4 % articaine (group II) was administered. The primary objective was to analyze the differences of anesthetic effects between the two groups (complete/sufficient vs. insufficient/none). Furthermore, differences in pulpal anesthesia (onset and depth, examined with pulp vitality tester (min)), as well as in length of soft tissue anesthesia (min), were evaluated. Additionally, the need of a second injection, pain while injecting (numeric rating scale (NRS)), pain during treatment (NRS), pain after treatment (NRS), and other possible complications (excessive pain, bleeding events, prolonged deafness) were analyzed.

Results

Anesthesia was sufficient for dental extractions in both groups without significant differences (p = 0.201). The onset of anesthesia did not differ significantly (p = 0.297). A significantly shorter duration of soft tissue anesthesia was seen in group I (2.9 vs. 4 h; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the need for a second injection (p = 0.359), in injection pain (p = 0.386), as well as in pain during (p = 0.287) or after treatment (p = 0.121). In both groups, no complications were seen.

Conclusions

The local anesthetic effect of the 4 % articaine solution is not significantly better when compared to 2 % articaine.

Clinical relevance

For mandibular tooth extraction, articaine 2 % may be used as alternative as well.

http://ift.tt/2hFrNpr

Primary wound closure after tooth extraction for prevention of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients under denosumab

Abstract

Objectives

Some recent reports have indicated that local infection causes osteonecrosis of the jaw and described that tooth extraction may not be a direct cause of developing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients receiving antiresorptive medications. Tooth extraction and elimination of the source of infection are expected to reduce the risk of developing MRONJ. However, there is no data regarding prevention for developing osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving denosumab. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of tooth extractions with proper wound closure in patients receiving denosumab.

Patients and methods

Forty teeth in 19 patients treated with denosumab therapy were extracted under preoperative intravenous antibiotics. Patients who had already developed MRONJ in the extraction sites or who had a history of radiation therapy were excluded. During surgery, bone edges were smoothed and all wounds were closed using the double-layered technique.

Results

Thirty-seven extraction sites (92.5 %) in 17 out of 19 patients (89.5 %) were healed. However, three extraction sites in two patients had complications; one patient had exposed bone and developed MRONJ (stage 1) and the other developed a mucosa fistula. Additional surgical procedures were performed and all wounds were completely healed.

Conclusions

Tooth extractions in patients receiving denosumab can be performed in an appropriate manner and result in good outcomes.

Clinical relevance

This study indicated that tooth extraction with proper wound closure to avoid secondary infection may be effective for the prevention of MRONJ even in high-risk patients.

http://ift.tt/2hXYjRp

Electrical stimulation enhances tissue reorganization during orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated the effects of a low-intensity electric current on tissue reorganization during experimental orthodontic tooth movement.

Materials and methods

Thirty-two animals were divided into two groups evaluated on days 3 and 7: OTM—orthodontic tooth movement and OTM + MC—orthodontic tooth movement and microcurrent application (10 μA/5 min). The samples were processed for histological, morphometric, and Western blotting analysis.

Results

Analysis of the periodontal ligament (PL) showed a significantly smaller number of granulocytes in the OTM + MC group on day 7.The number of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the OTM + MC group on days 3 and 7. The area of birefringent collagen fibers was more organized in the OTM + MC group on days 3 and 7. The number of blood vessels was significantly higher in the OTM + MC group on day 7. Microcurrent application significantly increased the number of osteoclasts in the compression region of the PL. In the OTM + MC group on day 7 of tooth movement, the expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF was significantly reduced whereas the expression of bFGF was increased in PL.

Conclusions

Electrical stimulation enhances tissue responses, reducing the number of granulocytes and increasing the number of fibroblasts, blood vessels, and osteoclasts and modulates the expression of TGF-β1, VEFG, and bFGF.

Clinical relevance

This technique is used in many areas of medicine, but poorly explored in dentistry and orthodontics. This treatment is cheap and non-invasive and can be applied by own orthodontist, and it can improve the treatment with a faster and safe tooth movement, without pain.

http://ift.tt/2hFi9Dw

Reliability of a Fluorescence-aided Identification Technique (FIT) for detecting tooth-colored restorations: an ex vivo comparative study

Abstract

Objective

The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic predictive values of a Fluorescence-aided Identification Technique (FIT) with those of the conventional diagnostic method regarding the identification of resin composite restorations.

Materials and methods

Twenty examiners, 10 students, and 10 dentists were asked to identify composite restorations in a full-mouth model using both the FIT (405-nm light source) and the conventional method in combination with a common diagnostic light source. Each dental examination was repeated three times to calculate inter-/intra-operator agreement, repeatability, and reproducibility using kappa statistics. Predictive values were calculated using a filling prevalence of 42 % and the sensitivity and specificity of each method. Pearson's test and the 99 % confidence interval (CI) were used for comparison.

Results

The sensitivity (97 %, CI 94–99 %) and specificity (100 %, CI 98–100 %) of the FIT were significantly higher than those of the conventional method (27 %, CI 21–31 %, and 65 %, CI 58–72 %, respectively). Consequently, the positive (100 %) and negative (98 %) predictive values of the FIT were significantly higher than those of the conventional method (35 and 55 %, respectively). As expressed by the kappa statistics, the repeatability (0.96) and reproducibility (0.95) of the FIT were significantly better than those of the conventional method (0.49, CI 0.42–0.56, and 0.34, CI 0.26–0.43, respectively).

Conclusion

Compared to the conventional technique, the FIT was significantly more reliable as shown by higher sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility values.

Clinical relevance

The FIT should be considered as a reliable and practicable alternative in contrast to the conventional method, which was hardly sufficient as a diagnostic procedure.

http://ift.tt/2hXM4Eq

Evaluation of genetic factors involved in nocturnal electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in twins

Abstract

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to assess sleep bruxism events by directly recording electromyographic activity during sleep and to reveal the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors involved in sleep bruxism in twins.

Material and methods

The subjects consisted of 108 twins (mean age 22.2 ± 6.4 years). Electromyographic activity of temporalis muscles during sleep was evaluated using a portable automatic sleep bruxism analyzer (Grindcare 3.0, Medotech A/S), and recordings were carried out for at least three consecutive nights. Quantitative genetic statistics based on structural equation modeling was utilized to estimate variance components.

Results

Monozygotic twin-pair correlation for the number of nocturnal electromyographic activities recorded in this study (r = 0.463, P = 0.009) was higher than dizygotic twin-pair correlation (r = 0.103, P = 0.725). The proportion of total phenotypic variance in the liability of sleep bruxism to attribute to genetic influences, related to the electromyographic activities, was 48 % (95 % CI 17–95 %) and to unique environmental influences was 52 % (95 % CI 28–82 %).

Conclusions

Additive genetic effects may be a contributing factor to the occurrence of nocturnal EMG activity associated with sleep bruxism.

Clinical relevance

A greater understanding of the contribution of genetic factors could have beneficial uses, including enhanced accuracy of sleep bruxism diagnosis, management of sleep bruxism, and enhanced estimation of the prognosis for patients suffering from sleep bruxism. In addition, it could be also important to adequately evaluate the environmental factors in patients with sleep bruxism.

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Graphical Contents list & Author index

Publication date: 13 January 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 108





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Advances in the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers

Publication date: 13 January 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 108
Author(s): Lize Verheyen, Pieter Leysen, Marie-Paule Van Den Eede, Ward Ceunen, Tine Hardeman, Guy Koeckelberghs
This article features recent advances in the synthesis of conjugated polymers via a controlled polymerization. These polymerizations typically rely on transition metal catalyzed cross coupling reactions. The mechanisms of the polymerization protocols are discussed in detail. An overview of all possible protocols and all homopolymers that have been investigated is given. Next, the synthesis of copolymers - random, gradient and block copolymers - is reviewed. Another advantage of a controlled polymerization is the possibility to introduce specific functional groups, either at the beginning of each polymer chain by the use of an external initiator, or at the end of the polymer chain using an endcapper. Finally, topologies different from simple linear polymer chains are discussed. This feature article is complementary to other recent review articles on this topic.[1,2]

Graphical abstract

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Editorial board

Publication date: 13 January 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 108





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Welcome to the first issue of polymer for 2017!

Publication date: 13 January 2017
Source:Polymer, Volume 108
Author(s): Rumen Duhlev




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Contents continued

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50





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A novel presenilin 1 mutation (F388L) identified in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Yihong Zhan, Honghua Zheng, Chen Wang, Zhouyi Rong, Naian Xiao, Qilin Ma, Yun-wu Zhang
A subset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurrence shows autosomal dominant, familial inheritance patterns. Such familial AD (FAD) are caused by mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes, which encode amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein, presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2), respectively. Here, we report a novel PSEN1 mutation (c.1164C > G, p.F388L, mutation nomenclature according to National Center for Biotechnology Information Reference Sequence: NM_000021.3) occurring in a Chinese family with early-onset AD and cosegregating with affected family members. The average age at onset of this family was 43 years. The F388L mutation locates adjacent to the critical catalytic aspartate site (D385) of PS1. Overexpression of the F388L mutant significantly increased Aβ42 secretion and the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 when compared with wild type PS1, consisting with the notion that FAD-associated PS1 mutations induce disease pathogenesis by increasing Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Our results identify a novel pathogenic PS1 F388L mutation in a Chinese FAD family.



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Brain tau deposition linked to systemic causes of death in normal elderly

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Keith A. Josephs, Nirubol Tosakulwong, Stephen D. Weigand, Melissa E. Murray, Jennifer L. Whitwell, Joseph E. Parisi, Dennis W. Dickson, Ronald C. Petersen
The relationship between causes of death and 4 major neurodegenerative brain proteins (beta-amyloid, tau, alpha-synuclein, and the TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) were assessed in 94 cognitively normal elderly participants that died without a neurodegenerative disease. There was an association between tau and causes of death (p = 0.01). Tau in the brain was associated with a reduced likelihood of dying from systemic cancers (p = 0.046), and with an increased likelihood of dying from pulmonary (p = 0.03) and gastrointestinal (p = 0.049) diseases. There were no associations between beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein, or TDP-43 and causes of death. Tau deposition in the brain may have a relationship with systemic causes of death, including cancer, in the cognitively normal elderly.



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Lack of RAB39B mutations in early-onset and familial Parkinson's disease in a Taiwanese cohort

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Hsien-Han Lin, Ruey-Meei Wu, Han-I. Lin, Meng-Ling Chen, Chun-Hwei Tai, Chin-Hsien Lin
Loss of function mutations in RAB39B were recently linked to X-linked recessive early-onset Parkinsonism with variable degrees of intellectual dysfunction. Postmortem examination of the brain biopsy from a patient carrying the gene deletion revealed widespread α-synuclein pathology. However, subsequent analyses reported conflict results to replicate the role of RAB39B mutations in patients with early-onset Parkinsonism. The aim of this study was to address the genetic contribution of RAB39B in early-onset and familial Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Taiwanese population. Among 466 subjects, we sequenced both the exons and exon-intron boundaries of RAB39B from 235 patients with early-onset PD (age of onset <50 years), 119 probands with familial PD, and 112 ethnicity-matched control subjects. We did not find any coding variants or previously reported mutations, suggesting that RAB39B mutations are not a common cause of early-onset or familial PD in our Taiwanese population.



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Novel presenilin 1 mutation (p.F386I) in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Yat-Fung Shea, Angel On-Kei Chan, Leung-Wing Chu, Shui-Ching Lee, Chun-yin Law, Chung-him See, Kit-ling Yiu, Patrick Ka-Chun Chiu
Autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease accounts for 0.5% of all Alzheimer's disease. A familial Alzheimer's disease Chinese family, with 7 affected family members, underwent PSEN1 screening in 3 affected family members. A heterozygous novel missense mutation in the PSEN1 gene c.1156T>A, altering phenylalanine to isoleucine at codon 386, was identified. Because the change occurred in conserved domains of this gene and cosegregated with affected family members, this change may have a mutagenic and probably pathogenic effect.



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Editorial Advisory Board

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50





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Biology enters the scene—a new perspective on bilingualism, cognition, and dementia

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Thomas H. Bak, Ian Robertson
The question of whether bilingualism can influence cognitive functions in healthy aging as well as in brain diseases is currently a topic of an intense debate. In a study published in this issue of the "Neurobiology of Ageing", Estanga et al. are breaking new ground by combining cognitive and biological approaches. Based on the data from the Guipuzkoa Alzheimer Project, they report that, compared with monolinguals, early bilinguals are not only characterized by a better cognitive performance in several domains and a lower prevalence of Alzheimer's disease but also by lower levels of t-tau in their cerebrospinal fluid. We suggest that sustained activation of noradrenergic signaling pathways associated with bilingualism could provide a possible mechanism linking results of this study with previous observations of delayed onset of dementia in bilinguals.



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Analysis of CHCHD2 gene in familial Parkinson's disease from Calabria

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Monica Gagliardi, Grazia Iannello, Carmela Colica, Grazia Annesi, Aldo Quattrone
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common form of degenerative Parkinsonism with a prevalence of 1% of those older than 65 years. PD is characterized by the combination of slowness of movement (bradykinesia), muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Recently, using a genome-wide linkage analysis and exome sequencing, a group identified a candidate gene (CHCHD2) in a large Japanese family with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of CHCHD2 mutations in a cohort of 165 familial patients with clinically diagnosed PD and 200 control subjects from South Italy. No mutations in CHCHD2 were found in our 165 PD patients. This result suggests that CHCHD2 mutations might not be the common cause of PD in South Italy.



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Lack of evidence for a role of genetic variation in TMEM230 in the risk for Parkinson's disease in the Caucasian population

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Anamika Giri, Kin Y. Mok, Iris Jansen, Manu Sharma, Christelle Tesson, Graziella Mangone, Suzanne Lesage, José M. Bras, Joshua M. Shulman, Una-Marie Sheerin, Mónica Díez-Fairen, Pau Pastor, María José Martí, Mario Ezquerra, Eduardo Tolosa, Leonor Correia-Guedes, Joaquim Ferreira, Najaf Amin, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Jeroen van Rooij, André G. Uitterlinden, Robert Kraaij, Michael Nalls, Javier Simón-Sánchez
Mutations in TMEM230 have recently been associated to Parkinson's disease (PD). To further understand the role of this gene in the Caucasian population, we interrogated our large repository of next generation sequencing data from unrelated PD cases and controls, as well as multiplex families with autosomal dominant PD. We identified 2 heterozygous missense variants in 2 unrelated PD cases and not in our control database (p.Y106H and p.I162V), and a heterozygous missense variant in 2 PD cases from the same family (p.A163T). However, data presented herein is not sufficient to support the role of any of these variants in PD pathology. A series of unified sequence kernel association tests also failed to show a cumulative effect of rare variation in this gene on the risk of PD in the general Caucasian population. Further evaluation of genetic data from different populations is needed to understand the genetic role of TMEM230 in PD etiology.



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SNCA mutation p.Ala53Glu is derived from a common founder in the Finnish population

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Petra Pasanen, Eino Palin, Risto Pohjolan-Pirhonen, Minna Pöyhönen, Juha O. Rinne, Markku Päivärinta, Mika H. Martikainen, Valtteri Kaasinen, Marja Hietala, Maria Gardberg, Anna Maija Saukkonen, Johanna Eerola-Rautio, Seppo Kaakkola, Jukka Lyytinen, Pentti J. Tienari, Anders Paetau, Anu Suomalainen, Liisa Myllykangas
Mutations in SNCA are rare causes of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously described a novel p.Ala53Glu mutation in 2 Finnish families. To assess this mutation's frequency among Finnish PD patients, we screened 110 PD patients (mean age-of-onset 60 years) from Western Finland by Sanger sequencing of the third coding exon of SNCA. In addition, a sample of 47 PD subjects (mean age-of-onset 53 years) originating from Southern and Eastern Finland were studied using next-generation sequencing covering SNCA. Only one new individual with the p.Ala53Glu mutation was identified, confirming that this mutation is a rare cause of PD in the Finnish population. To search for a possible common origin of the p.Ala53Glu mutation, haplotype analysis was conducted in 2 families and in a patient from a third family (6 affected subjects) using both STR markers and a genome-wide SNP array. The results show that patients with the p.Ala53Glu mutation share a haplotype spanning a minimum of 5.7 Mb suggesting a common founder.



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Genetic analysis of CHCHD2 in a southern Spanish population

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Cristina Tejera-Parrado, Silvia Jesús, Ismael Huertas-Fernández, Inmaculada Bernal-Bernal, Marta Bonilla-Toribio, Isabel Córdoba-Tevar, Irene Abreu-Rodríguez, Fátima Carrillo, Maravilla Bernal-Escudero, Laura Vargas-González, Manuel Carballo, Pilar Gómez-Garre, Pablo Mir
Researching genetic factors involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) is crucial to increase our knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disorder. A missense mutation has recently been reported within CHCHD2, a gene newly associated with autosomal dominant PD. Subsequent studies in different ethnic populations have not reached any conclusive result about the role of CHCHD2 in PD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the implication of this gene for a PD population from southern Spain (including 536 PD patients and 518 unrelated control subjects). We studied all 4 exons of CHCHD2 and their exon-intron boundary regions. Four variants were observed in non-coding regions. No significant differences were observed in the allele frequencies of these variants between patients and controls. Thus, our study suggests that CHCHD2 is probably not involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD in our population.



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Genetic and functional analysis of TBK1 variants in Korean patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Young-Eun Kim, Ki-Wook Oh, Min-Young Noh, Minyeop Nahm, Jinseok Park, Su Min Lim, Ja-Hyun Jang, Eun-Hae Cho, Chang-Seok Ki, Seungbok Lee, Seung Hyun Kim
The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) gene has recently been identified as a novel causative gene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study aims to determine the frequency and spectrum of TBK1 variants and their functional implications in Korean patients with sporadic ALS (sALS). TBK1 sequences were analyzed in 129 consecutive patients with sALS using either multigene panel or exome sequencing. One frameshift (c.1414delA) and 3 missense variants of uncertain significance in TBK1 were found in 4 patients each. In vitro functional studies revealed that the c.1414delA (p.Ile472Serfs*8) variant was associated with reduced mRNA expression of TBK1. Moreover, protein expression of this variant in patient-derived fibroblasts disrupted binding to autophagy adapter proteins and inhibited the function of TBK1 in HEK293T cells. In contrast, the 3 other missense variants of uncertain significance showed normal mRNA expression and no abnormalities in protein function. Based on these findings, the frequency of pathogenic TBK1 variants in Korean sALS patients was estimated to be 0.8% (1/129). In conclusion, pathogenic variants in TBK1 are rare but could be responsible for sALS in a small number of Korean patients.



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Contents

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50





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Beneficial effect of bilingualism on Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers and cognition

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Ainara Estanga, Mirian Ecay-Torres, Almudena Ibañez, Andrea Izagirre, Jorge Villanua, Maite Garcia-Sebastian, M. Teresa Iglesias Gaspar, Ane Otaegui-Arrazola, Ane Iriondo, Monserrat Clerigue, Pablo Martinez-Lage
Bilingualism as a component of cognitive reserve has been claimed to delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its effect on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD-biomarkers has not been investigated. We assessed cognitive performance and CSF AD-biomarkers, and potential moderation effect of bilingualism on the association between age, CSF AD-biomarkers, and cognition. Cognitively healthy middle-aged participants classified as monolinguals (n = 100, nCSF = 59), early (n = 81, nCSF = 55) and late bilinguals (n = 97, nCSF = 52) were evaluated. Models adjusted for confounders showed that bilinguals performed better than monolinguals on digits backwards (early-bilinguals p = 0.003), Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) (early-bilinguals p = 0.018; late-bilinguals p = 0.004), and Trail Making Test-B (late-bilinguals p = 0.047). Early bilingualism was associated with lower CSF total-tau (p = 0.019) and lower prevalence of preclinical AD (NIA-AA classification) (p = 0.02). Bilingualism showed a moderation effect on the relationship between age and CSF AD-biomarkers and the relationship between age and executive function. We conclude that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve enhancing executive and visual-spatial functions. For the first time, this study reveals that early bilingualism is associated with more favorable CSF AD-biomarker profile.



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Cognitive reserve moderates the association between functional network anti-correlations and memory in MCI

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Neurobiology of Aging, Volume 50
Author(s): Nicolai Franzmeier, Katharina Buerger, Stefan Teipel, Yaakov Stern, Martin Dichgans, Michael Ewers
Cognitive reserve (CR) shows protective effects on cognitive function in older adults. Here, we focused on the effects of CR at the functional network level. We assessed in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) whether higher CR moderates the association between low internetwork cross-talk on memory performance. In 2 independent aMCI samples (n = 76 and 93) and healthy controls (HC, n = 36), CR was assessed via years of education and intelligence (IQ). We focused on the anti-correlation between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and an anterior and posterior default mode network (DMN), assessed via sliding time window analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The DMN-DAN anti-correlation was numerically but not significantly lower in aMCI compared to HC. However, in aMCI, lower anterior DMN-DAN anti-correlation was associated with lower memory performance. This association was moderated by CR proxies, where the association between the internetwork anti-correlation and memory performance was alleviated at higher levels of education or IQ. In conclusion, lower DAN-DMN cross-talk is associated with lower memory in aMCI, where such effects are buffered by higher CR.



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Emissions of ammonia, carbon dioxide and particulate matter from cage-free layer houses in California

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 152
Author(s): Xingjun Lin, Ruihong Zhang, Shumei Jiang, Hamed El-Mashad, Hongwei Xin
Cage-free housing systems have attracted considerable attention in the United States recently as they provide more space and other resources (such as litter area, perches, and nest boxes) for hens and are considered to be more favorable from the standpoint of hen welfare. This study was carried out to quantify emissions of aerial ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from cage-free layer houses in California and compare the values with those for other types of layer houses. Two commercial cage-free houses with 38,000 hens each were monitored from March 1, 2012 to April 1, 2013. Results show that NH3 and CO2 concentrations in the houses were affected by ventilation rate, which was largely influenced by ambient air temperature. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the houses depended on the activity of birds, ventilation rate and relative humidity of the ambient air. The average emission rates of NH3, CO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were 0.29, 89.9, 0.163 and 0.020 g d⁻¹ hen⁻¹, respectively. The NH3 emission rate determined in this study was higher than those of aviary houses. The PM10 and PM2.5 emission rates were higher than those reported for high-rise layer houses.



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Simultaneous Separation and Determination of 15 Organic UV Filters in Sunscreen Cosmetics by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS

Abstract

Objective

A comprehensive methodology for the simultaneous determination of 15 multiclass organic UV filters in sunscreen cosmetics was developed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS).

Methods

Sunscreen cosmetics of various matrices, such as toning lotion, emulsion, cream, and lipstick, were analyzed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was utilized as the extraction technique for sample preparation. The 15 UV filters were chromatographically separated by two groups of mobile phase system on an XBridge C₁₈ analytical column (150 mm × 2.1 mm I.D., 3.5 μm particle size) and quantified using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The quantitation was performed using the external calibration method.

Results

The established method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, stability, intra- and inter-day precisions, recovery, and matrix effect. The method was also applied for the determination of UV filters in commercial sunscreen cosmetics.

Conclusion

The experimental results demonstrated that the developed method was accurate, rapid, sensitive, and can be used for the analytical control of sunscreen cosmetics.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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“Hidden scar” submandibular gland excision using an endoscope-assisted hairline approach

Submandibular gland (SMG) excision is a well-established surgical technique, and it is performed using a cervical incision. However, external cervical incisions leave scars that can be great burdens for both patient and surgeon. Moreover, the psychological and social impacts of cervical scars have been documented [1]. Thus, many surgeons make the effort to minimize or hide the incision scars [2–12].

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Depression and survival in head and neck cancer patients

Lower survival and poorer outcomes have been demonstrated in cancer patients with depression [1–3]. Previous studies examining depression in cancer populations have found higher cancer recurrence and lower quality of life in cancer patients with clinical depression or depressive symptomology [1,4]. Depression has also been associated with increased mortality in patients with cancer, with mortality rates up to 25% higher in cancer patients who experience depression [5,6]. Though previous studies have examined the effect that depression may have on cancer mortality rates, there are few large-scale studies that have examined the association between depression and survival in patients with head and neck cancers (HNC).

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The fate of the free flap pedicle after free tissue transfer to the head and neck area

Little is known about which long-term changes the vascular pedicle undergoes following free tissue transfer in the head and neck region. Pedicle patency in free flaps to other anatomical areas like the trunk and the extremities has been described in the literature. Machens et al. reported persistence of pedicle blood flow up to 10years in 40 reconstructions with latissumus dorsi myocutaneous free flaps used for posttraumatic soft tissue defects of the lower leg [1]. Salmi et al. examined 16 patients receiving latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gracilis muscle free flaps for posttraumatic reconstruction in the upper and lower extremities.

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Carcinoma of buccal mucosa with metastasis to thigh

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity ranks as the twelfth most common cancer in the world and the eighth most frequent in males. In USA, cancers of oral cavity comprises approximately 3% of all cancers, the most common sub site for oral cavity carcinomas being the tongue followed by floor of mouth among all Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Buccal mucosa is the most common oral cancer in men and the third most common oral cancer in women in India; and accounts for up to one-third of all tobacco-related cancers.

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Smoking status regulates a novel panel of PIWI-interacting RNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) represent the sixth deadliest cancer worldwide [1,2]. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, HNSCC patient mortality has improved minimally over the past three decades [3]. HNSCC risk factors include tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and more recently, HPV infection [4,5]; however, tobacco remains the most potent and longstanding etiological agent, increasing disease risk by up to 25-fold [6,7].

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Direct Immunofluorescence Findings in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus and Bullous Pemphigoid

No abstract available

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Coexistence of Adult Onset Eruptive Syringoma and Bilateral Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

Abstract: Eruptive syringoma is an unusual variant of syringoma, which usually presents before or during puberty. It typically occurs in large numbers as multiple yellow-brown–colored papules, which may show spontaneous regression. Because some authors have proposed that it could present as a reactive process of eccrine ducts to an inflammatory reaction caused by an unknown trigger, the exact pathomechanism is still unclear. There are also reports in the literature on the association of eruptive syringoma in Down syndrome, diabetes, milium, sarcoidosis, and psychiatric disorders. Some reports in the literature highlighted the association of eruptive syringomas and neoplasms. We describe here a case of adult-onset eruptive syringoma in a 53-year-old man and discuss the possibility of its association with renal cell carcinoma as a paraneoplastic phenomenon.

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Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma: Report of 13 Cases With New Immunohistochemical Findings

Background: Superficial acral fibromyxoma (SAF) is a benign, soft tissue neoplasm preferably located on the digits. Methods: We collected 13 cases of SAF and evaluated their clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features. Results: This study included 9 males and 4 females, median age 54 years. The patients presented with a solitary asymptomatic or tender mass, most of them arising on fingers or toes. Histopathologically all lesions consisted of nonencapsulated dermal nodules, composed of spindled cells with variable myxoid and/or fibrotic stroma. Some lesions were well circumscribed (6/12, 50%), whereas other ones appeared poorly demarcated (6/12, 50%). The stroma was predominantly myxoid (53%), myxoid-collagenous (31%) or mostly collagenous (15%). Neoplastic cells expressed immunoreactivity for CD34 (8/11), CD99 (9/12), and nestin (7/7); whereas MUC4 (0/11) and Bcl-2 (0/7) resulted negative. Conclusions: Nestin is the best immunohistochemical marker for SAF with higher sensitivity than CD34, although nestin is also positive in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and therefore is not helpful in differential diagnosis between SAF and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cellular digital fibromas and acquired reactive digital fibroma probably are neoplasms closely related to SAF. The homogeneous reactivity for CD99, the negativity for Bcl-2 and lack of the honeycomb infiltration of the subcutis help to rule out myxoid dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, whereas the negativity for MUC4 and Bcl-2 are helpful tools to rule out low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and spindled-cell lipoma, respectively.

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Histologic Assessment of Lichenoid Dermatitis Observed in Patients With Advanced Malignancies on Antiprogramed Cell Death–1 (anti–PD-1) Therapy With or Without Ipilimumab

Abstract: Lichenoid drug reaction is a common adverse reaction in patients taking immune-modulatory agents such as antiprogramed cell death (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen–4 agents. The authors describe the clinical and histologic features of lichenoid drug reaction in 20 biopsies from 15 patients on anti–PD-1 agents and 9 biopsies from 7 patients on anti–PD-1 plus ipilimumab therapy. Clinically, all except 2 patients presented with discrete, violaceous exanthematous papules to plaques. The lichenoid inflammation in the majority (18 of 29 biopsies) was florid although histology was quite heterogeneous. Nevertheless, there was frequent involvement of the superficial follicular epithelium and acrosyringium, and also a propensity to blister that occurred in approximately 20% of the biopsies. Occasional patients had disease closely resembling lichen planus, although all of these biopsies had some atypical features for lichen planus such as parakeratosis. Dermal eosinophils were common particularly in those with mild inflammation. The lichenoid reaction was responsive to topical steroid or oral systemic treatment in general, and the anti–PD-1 agent had to be ceased in only one patient.

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Nevus Spilus (Speckled Lentiginous Nevus) in the Oral Cavity: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Abstract: The congenital melanocytic nevus is a pigmented melanocytic lesion that presents at birth or shortly thereafter. It is commonly described on the skin, usually on the trunk and extremities. Only five intraoral cases of congenital melanocytic nevi have been described in the English literature. A nevus spilus (speckled lentiginous nevus) is a clinical variant of congenital melanocytic nevus. The authors present the case of a 19-year-old male with an intraoral nevus spilus. The anterior mandibular gingiva exhibited multiple speckled, pigmented papules and macules on a thickened, hyperplastic macular background. Microscopic examination revealed characteristic morphologic features of intramucosal nevi extending into the deep portions of the submucosa. Although other authors have reported similar clinical presentation in the oral mucosa, no other case reports were found in the English literature classifying an intraoral congenital nevus as an intraoral nevus spilus. The sixth case of an intraoral congenital melanocytic nevus and the first case subclassified as an intraoral nevus spilus (speckled lentiginous nevus) is reported, with a review of the literature.

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A 64-Year-Old Woman With an Atrophic Plaque on the Thigh—Answer

No abstract available

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An Index Case of Concomitant Tumoral and Ichthyosiform Mycosis Fungoides–Like Presentation of Chronic Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Associated With Upregulation of TOX

Abstract: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and often aggressive lymphoid malignancy known to be associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. There are 2 broad categories: acute and chronic. In the acute category, there is a leukemic and a lymphomatous variant, whereas in the designated "chronic" form, there is mild peripheral blood lymphocytosis. The intermediate "smoldering" category is without peripheral blood lymphocytosis with only discernible skin involvement. We present a 68-year-old human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 seropositive female with a mild peripheral blood atypical lymphocytosis who had indurated nodules on her hands of 2 years duration and a new scaly ichthyosiform eruption on her lower extremities. Histopathologic examination of the hand biopsy revealed coalescing nodules of large atypical noncerebriform lymphocytes with focal areas of epidermotropism. Phenotypically, the infiltrate was positive for β-F1, CD2, CD4, CD5, CD7, Foxp3, and CD25. In both biopsies, there was striking upregulation of TOX (thymocyte selection–associated high mobility group box factor) in the nuclei of neoplastic cells. The second biopsy taken from the ichthyotic patch on the patient's left leg showed a subtle pattern of epidermal infiltration by atypical noncerebriform lymphocytes and a distinct compact scale consistent with the clinical picture of ichthyosis. The histopathologic appearance was that of a yet undescribed ichthyosiform mycosis fungoides–like presentation of chronic ATLL. In addition, the observed upregulation of nuclear TOX may play an oncogenic role in ATLL. The course to date in this patient has been relatively indolent, although the patients believe that large cell transformation could portend more aggressive disease.

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Pemetrexed-Induced Pseudocellulitis Reaction With Eosinophilic Infiltrate on Skin Biopsy

Abstract: Peripheral edema with painful erythema is an increasingly recognized but poorly understood cutaneous adverse reaction to the antifolate agent pemetrexed. It is frequently misdiagnosed as cellulitis, and when it occurs, it is often dose-limiting. The authors report the case of a patient with preexisting lower extremity edema who developed extensive painful, bilateral erythema 5 days after administration of pemetrexed. An eosinophil-rich dermal inflammatory infiltrate was noted histologically. The authors review previously reported cases of pemetrexed-induced pseudocellulitis and discuss possible pathophysiology.

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Acquired Localized (Monodactylous) Longitudinal Pachyonychia and Onychocytic Carcinoma In Situ (2 Cases): Part II

Abstract: The authors have recently proposed to use the name pachyonychia as an umbrella term that includes 2 distinctly different entities in the form of congenital pachyonychia and acquired longitudinal pachyonychia. Congenital pachyonychia is defined by a diffuse hyperkeratosis of the nail bed. Acquired longitudinal pachyonychia correspond to the true definition of pachyonychia, that is, a thickened nail plate without subungual keratosis. Acquired (monodactylous) pachyonychia can be diffuse typifying onychomatricoma or localized as a longitudinal band with three etiological possibilities: onychomatricoma, onychocytic matricoma, and onychocytic carcinoma. On histopathological examination, onychomatricoma is a fibroepithelial tumor; conversely, onychocytic matricoma and carcinoma are purely epithelial tumors. The purpose of this study was to present the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical profiles of 2 cases of in situ onychocytic carcinoma, to discuss the role of high-risk human papillomavirus in the pathogenesis of this tumor, and to confirm the interest value of nail clipping microscopy in the surgical planning of the acquired (monodactylous) pachyonychia band pattern. Two men were referred for a longitudinal thickening of the lateral part of the nail plate of their fingers. The bands were yellowish with a faint to dominant black coloration. Nail clippings were obtained before excision in one case; the nail plate was thickened with minute holes in a honeycomb pattern. Nail biopsy specimens revealed an onychocytic carcinoma with epithelial projections inducing active production of the nail plate and multiple minute cavitations into the thick nail plate. Hair-related keratins were expressed in all specimens. One tumor expressed p16 in a diffuse pattern, whereas the other showed an unspecific faint patchy staining. p53 was negative. A clinical finding of longitudinal pachyonychia, which by nail clipping microscopy contains small cavities in a honeycomb-like pattern, should be considered an alert to the possibility of a malignant lesions.

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Differentiating Intralymphatic Histiocytosis, Intravascular Histiocytosis, and Subtypes of Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis: Review of Clinical and Histologic Features of All Cases Reported to Date

Abstract: Reactive angioendotheliomatosis (REA) is a rare benign angioproliferative condition of the skin, which has been noted to occur in patients with a variety of underlying systemic diseases. Histopathologically, this condition is characterized by vascular proliferation, and endothelial cell hyperplasia within the lumina and around dermal vessels, without significant cellular atypia. Since the first case of RAE was reported in 1958, multiple histologic patterns of benign cutaneous vascular proliferations with similar clinical presentations to RAE have been described in the literature and have been proposed as subtypes of the originally described condition. Among these entities are diffuse dermal angiomatosis (DDA), acroangiodermatitis, glomeruloid angioendotheliomatosis, and angiomatosis associated with cryoproteins. It has also been proposed that another entity, characterized by the benign proliferation of histiocytes within the lumina of cutaneous vessels, is a subtype of RAE. Histiocytosis within dermal vessels, in conjunction with skin pathology, was first reported in 1994. Based on the appearance of involved vessels, it was initially believed that the histiocytic proliferations were within the lumina of capillaries. Hence, the term intravascular histiocytosis was introduced to describe this histologic finding. However, subsequent introduction of an immunohistochemical (IHC) marker specific for lymphatic vessels demonstrated that most cases of cutaneous histiocyte proliferation are intralymphatic, rather than truly intravascular. However, there have also been reports of IHC-confirmed cases of true intravascular (intracapillary) histiocytosis. In this study, clinical and histologic data from all of the cases of RAE and IHC-confirmed cases of intravascular histiocytosis and intralymphatic histiocytosis reported in the literature to date are examined. Through comparison of the frequency with which key clinical and histologic features present in cases of each group, the authors provide improved clarity of the similarities and differences between these 3 entities.

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Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Pathway Activations and New Routes to Targeted Therapies in Cutaneous Metastatic Melanoma

Background: Comprehensive genomic profiling of clinical samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS) can identify one or more therapy targets for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) with a single diagnostic test. Methods: NGS was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation–based libraries using DNA extracted from 4 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections cut at 10 microns from 30 MM cases. The exons of 182 cancer-related genes were fully sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 at an average sequencing depth of 1098X and evaluated for genomic alterations (GAs) including point mutations, insertions, deletions, copy number alterations, and select gene fusions/rearrangements. Clinically relevant GAs (CRGAs) were defined as those identifying commercially available targeted therapeutics or therapies in registered clinical trials. Results: The 30 American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV MM included 17 (57%) male and 13 (43%) female patients with a mean age of 59.5 years (range 41–83 years). All MM samples had at least 1 GA, and an average of 2.7 GA/sample (range 1–7) was identified. The mean number of GA did not differ based on age or sex; however, on average, significantly more GAs were identified in amelanotic and poorly differentiated MM. GAs were most commonly identified in BRAF (12 cases, 40%), CDKN2A (6 cases, 20%), NF1 (8 cases, 26.7%), and NRAS (6 cases, 20%). CRGAs were identified in all patients, and represented 77% of the GA (64/83) detected. The median and mean CRGAs per tumor were 2 and 2.1, respectively (range 1–7). Conclusion: Comprehensive genomic profiling of MM, using a single diagnostic test, uncovers an unexpectedly high number of CRGA that would not be identified by standard of care testing. Moreover, NGS has the potential to influence therapy selection and can direct patients to enter relevant clinical trials evaluating promising targeted therapies.

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Folliculocentric Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus in a 10-Year-Old Girl

Abstract: Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) is a chronic inflammatory scarring disease with a predilection for the anogenital area; however, 15%–20% of LSA cases are extragenital. The folliculocentric variant is rarely reported and less well understood. The authors report a rare case of extragenital, folliculocentric LSA in a 10-year-old girl. The patient presented to the dermatology clinic for evaluation of an asymptomatic eruption of the arms and legs, with no vaginal or vulvar involvement. Physical examination revealed the presence of numerous 2–4 mm, mostly perifollicular, hypopigmented, slightly atrophic papules and plaques. Many of the lesions had a central keratotic plug. Cutaneous histopathological examination showed features of LSA. Based on clinical and histological findings, folliculocentric extragenital LSA was diagnosed.

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A 64-Year-Old Woman With an Atrophic Plaque on the Thigh—Question

No abstract available

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Nodules on the Hands

No abstract available

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Nodules on the Hands: Challenge

No abstract available

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BRAF Mutational Intertumoral Discrepancies: Think About Technical Limitations Instead of Mutational Heterogeneity

No abstract available

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Reexcision Perineural Invasion and Epithelial Sheath Neuroma Possibly on a Spectrum of Postinjury Reactive Hyperplasia Mediated by IL-6

Abstract: Epithelial sheath neuroma is a rarely recognized but established entity in the medical literature. First described in 2000 by Requena et al, there have only been 7 published cases to date, mostly in female patients and presenting as symptomatic solitary lesions on the back without a known history of trauma. In 2006, Beer et al described and reviewed a dozen cases in which epithelial sheath neuroma-like features were seen in the advent of a surgical procedure, which was termed "re-excision perineural invasion" and attributed to possible eccrine duct implantation during surgery. Our case is a 66-year-old male patient who underwent an excision of a melanocytic neoplasm in which a reactive epithelial sheath neuroma was incidentally discovered in the excision specimen, adjacent to the biopsy site cicatrix. Histologically, there was benign cutaneous nerve hyperplasia with a proliferation of squamous epithelium in intimate apposition to the nerve bundles in the superficial dermis. We postulate that the process active in the formation of re-excision perineural invasion is the same as in epithelial sheath neuroma and that minor trauma not appreciable on histologic examination is responsible in the latter entity. We performed IL-6 staining and documented that IL-6 was upregulated at the interface of the nerve and reactive epithelium, but was absent in nerves distant from the site of surgery, suggesting that IL-6 may be essential to the lesion's development. The recognition of reactive epithelial sheath neuroma including the subcategory of re-excision perineural invasion is crucial for the dermatopathologist to prevent mislabeling this reactive entity as a perineural squamous cell carcinoma, which has clinical consequences for the patient such as wider re-excision and radiation treatment. Additionally, we have identified a potential pathophysiologic basis for this lesion.

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Anti-NXP2–Positive Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis With Histopathologic Changes Confined to the Acrosyringia

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes consist of a group of disorders that are not related to the extension of the primary tumor or its metastases and that might be the first manifestation of a hidden neoplasm. It is a well-known association between dermatomyositis (DM) and cancer, especially gynecological tumors in women and lung cancer in men. Methods: We describe the case of a 67-year-old male who developed muscular weakness and pruritic skin lesions. Skin biopsies were performed and histologic findings were consistent with DM. Results: Skin biopsy showed interface dermatitis with vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer, dermal mucin deposits, and necrotic keratinocytes in the acrosyringia, a finding that has been previously reported in lupus erythematous but not in DM. Autoimmunity tests showed positivity for antinuclear antibodies and anti-NXP2, a recently described antibody associated with juvenile DM and, more rarely, with paraneoplastic DM. Conclusion: We present the first case in the literature with histopathologic changes of DM affecting the acrosyringia. Besides, our patient autoimmunity results support the utility of the new myositis-specific autoantibodies and its relation with a clinical phenotype.

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Scleromatous Changes in an Abdominal Wall Graft: Graft-Versus-Graft Disease, or Chronic Graft Rejection?

Abstract: Abdominal wall transplants are relatively new procedures that are frequently performed in conjunction with multivisceral transplants. The skin of the abdominal wall transplant is often the first site for graft rejection to manifest itself. Prompt recognition can lead to appropriate treatment before the involvement of the underlying viscera. However, the signs of graft rejection are nonspecific and can overlap with other entities. We present a case of a patient who received a multivisceral and abdominal wall transplant from 2 different donors, who presented with acute and eventually chronic graft rejection of the abdominal wall graft. Serial biopsies performed during the course of her treatment demonstrated progressive sclerotic changes in the dermis. Because these changes were confined to the abdominal wall graft, they could represent either chronic graft rejection or graft-versus-graft disease. To date, graft-versus-graft disease has not been documented in these patients. This case illustrates the possibility that patients with multidonor transplants may be at an increased risk for graft failure secondary to multiple potential etiologies.

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A Case of Trichogerminoma With Pilomatrical Differentiation and a Unique Immunohistochemical Profile

Abstract: Trichogerminomas are rare adnexal neoplasms first described by Sau et al in 1992. Including the initial report, 20 cases have been reported, all with similar histological features, namely tumor nodules composed of basaloid cells that form densely packed, round nests or "cell balls" and which demonstrate variable degrees of pilosebaceous differentiation. In this study, the authors report a case of a trichogerminoma with pilomatrical differentiation and a unique immunohistochemical profile. The patient is a 71-year-old man with a well-delineated nodule on the top of the scalp. Histologically, the lesion measured 16 mm in greatest dimension and was composed of nodules of basaloid cells with central, compact, slightly eosinophilic cells nests. Immunohistochemically, the tumor nodules diffusely expressed cytokeratins 34βE12, AE1/3, and CK5/6. Diffuse expression of β-catenin and nuclear expression of p63 were also evident. The peripheral basaloid cells, but not the cell balls, expressed CD10, Ber-EP4, BCL-2, and CK7, the latter a previously unreported finding. The histological findings and immunohistochemical profile are compatible with a diagnosis of a trichogerminoma.

http://ift.tt/2ijWukU

Unraveling proteome changes of Holstein beef M. semitendinosus and its relationship to meat discoloration during post-mortem storage analyzed by label-free mass spectrometry

Publication date: 10 February 2017
Source:Journal of Proteomics, Volume 154
Author(s): Qianqian Yu, Wei Wu, Xiaojing Tian, Man Hou, Ruitong Dai, Xingmin Li
Label-free proteomics was applied to characterize the effect of post-mortem storage time (0, 4, and 9days at 4°C±1°C) on the proteome changes of M. semitendinosus (SM) in Holstein cattle, and correlations between differentially abundant proteins and meat color traits were investigated. The redness (a*) value decreased significantly (P<0.05) during post-mortem storage, meanwhile, the relative proportion of metmyoglobin increased significantly (P<0.05) from 16.99% at day 0 to 40.26% at day 9. A total of 118 proteins with significant changes (fold change>1.5, P<0.05) was identified by comparisons of day 4 vs. day 0, day 9 vs. day 0, and day 9 vs. day 4. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses of these proteins were performed, and results exhibited clear distinctions among samples from different storage times. Eighteen differentially abundant proteins were correlated closely with the a* value of meat. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that most of these proteins were involved in glycolysis and energy metabolism, electron-transfer processes, and the antioxidation function, which implied an underlying connection between meat discoloration and these biological processes.SignificanceIt is always a challenge for scientists to improve the stability of meat color during post-mortem storage and retail display. However, the mechanism involved in meat discoloration has not been unraveled completely, and the application of label-free proteomics in studying meat discoloration has not been reported. Our work discovers some key proteins in SM muscle of Holstein cattle that were correlated with a* value of meat via label-free proteomics. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that some of these differentially abundant proteins were involved in glycolysis and energy metabolism, electron-transfer processes, and the antioxidation function, which implied an underlying connection between meat discoloration and these biological processes. These results provide the theoretic basis on understanding of complicated biochemical changes and underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for meat discoloration.

Graphical abstract

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Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity plays no functional role in stem cell-like properties in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines

Abstract

Recent studies have revealed that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a candidate marker for thyroid cancer stem cells, although its activity is flexible. The goal of this study is to clarify the functional significance of ALDH enzymatic activity on thyroid cancer stem cells properties in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. In vitro sphere formation assay was used to judge the stemness of 4 anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines (FRO, ACT1, 8505C, and KTC3). Two well-known ALDH inhibitors, N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) and disulfiram (DS), were first used. DEAB (50 μM) almost completely suppressed ALDH activity without affecting cell proliferation or spherogenicity. Lack of effect of ALDH suppression on spherogenicity was confirmed using shRNA for ALDH1A3, an ALDH isozyme predominantly expressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines. In contrast, an ALDH2 inhibitor DS (1 μM) inhibited spherogenicity but did not inhibit ALDH1A3 activity. Based on the recent article from another group reporting the importance of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in ALDH activity and spherogenicity in thyroid cancer, the effects of the Shh inhibitor cyclopamine were also studied. Like DS, cyclopamine (1 μM) decreased spherogenicity but not ALDH activity. Finally, exogenous expression of ALDH1A3 in otherwise ALDH⁻ TPC1 cells (a papillary thyroid cancer cell line) revealed no effect on spherogenicity. In conclusion, we here show no functional role for ALDH activity in thyroid thyroid cancer stem cells properties. That is, ALDH activity and spherogenicity are clearly dissociable. Further understanding of thyroid cancer stem cells biology in thyroid cancers remains necessary for the future development of thyroid thyroid cancer stem cells-targeted therapies.

http://ift.tt/2ipiOrt

Insights into the relationships between diabetes, prediabetes, and cancer

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and cancer are two growing health problems. They have in common many modifiable risk factors including sex, age, obesity, physical activity, diet, alcohol, and smoking, and have a long latency before overtly manifesting. Patients with diabetes experience a roughly 20–25% higher cancer incidence compared to individuals without diabetes, and it depends on cancer site. Moreover, patients with diabetes who further develop cancer have increased early and late mortality in comparison with cancer patients without diabetes. Prediabetes and metabolic syndrome are also related to an increased risk of developing and die from cancer. Possible mechanisms linking diabetes and prediabetes with cancer include hyperglycemia (endogenous or exogenous), hyperinsulinemia, and alterations of insulin-like growth factor system, chronic subclinical inflammation, abnormalities in sex hormone metabolism, and adipokines. It becomes crucial to define the right orientation of the associations between diabetes and cancer in order to identify the modifiable pathogenic mechanisms. The common soil hypothesis claims that prediabetes and diabetes, as well as metabolic syndrome, may be considered a surrogate sign for dietary risk factors of cancer. The clepsydra of foods may help choose foods associated with healthy benefit while avoiding foods associated with harm, including cancer.

http://ift.tt/2itsVhq

Rejection versus escape: the tumor MHC dilemma

Abstract

Most tumor cells derive from MHC-I-positive normal counterparts and remain positive at early stages of tumor development. T lymphocytes can infiltrate tumor tissue, recognize and destroy MHC class I (MHC-I)-positive cancer cells ("permissive" phase I). Later, MHC-I-negative tumor cell variants resistant to T-cell killing emerge. During this process, tumors first acquire a heterogeneous MHC-I expression pattern and finally become uniformly MHC-I-negative. This stage (phase II) represents a "non-permissive" encapsulated structure with tumor nodes surrounded by fibrous tissue containing different elements including leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, etc. Molecular mechanisms responsible for total or partial MHC-I downregulation play a crucial role in determining and predicting the antigen-presenting capacity of cancer cells. MHC-I downregulation caused by reversible ("soft") lesions can be upregulated by TH1-type cytokines released into the tumor microenvironment in response to different types of immunotherapy. In contrast, when the molecular mechanism of the tumor MHC-I loss is irreversible ("hard") due to a genetic defect in the gene/s coding for MHC-I heavy chains (chromosome 6) or beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) (chromosome 15), malignant cells are unable to upregulate MHC-I, remain undetectable by cytotoxic T-cells, and continue to grow and metastasize. Based on the tumor MHC-I molecular analysis, it might be possible to define MHC-I phenotypes present in cancer patients in order to distinguish between non-responders, partial/short-term responders, and likely durable responders. This highlights the need for designing strategies to enhance tumor MHC-I expression that would allow CTL-mediated tumor rejection.

http://ift.tt/2iplZ2g

Environmental risk assessment of pesticides: state of the art and prospective improvement from science

Abstract

Pesticide risk assessment in the European regulatory framework is mandatory performed for active substances (pesticides) and the plant protection products they are constituents of. The aim is to guarantee that safe use can be achieved for the intended use of the product. This paper provides a feedback on the regulatory environmental risk assessment performed for pesticide registration at the EU and member state levels. The different steps of pesticide registration are addressed considering both exposure and hazard. In this paper, we focus on the environmental fate and behaviour in surface water together with the aquatic ecotoxicity of the substances to illustrate pesticide regulatory risk assessment performed for aquatic organisms. Current methodologies are presented along with highlights on potential improvements. For instance, as regards exposure aspects, moving from field based to landscape risk assessments is promising. Regarding ecotoxicology, ecological models may be valuable tools when applied to chemical risk assessment. In addition, interest and further developments to better take into account mitigation measures in risk assessment and management are also presented.

http://ift.tt/2itlXsJ

Data to inform a social media component for professional development and practices: A design-based research study

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Data in Brief, Volume 10
Author(s): Jeanette Novakovich, Steven Shaw, Sophia Miah
This DIB article includes the course artefacts, instruments, survey data, and descriptive statistics, along with in-depth correlational analysis for the first iteration of a design-based research study on designing curriculum for developing online professional identity and social media practices for a multi-major advanced professional writing course. Raw data was entered into SPSS software. For interpretation and discussion, please see the original article entitled, "Designing curriculum to shape professional social media skills and identity in virtual communities of practice" (J. Novakovich, S. Miah, S. Shaw, 2017) [1].



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Disordered cortical connectivity underlies the executive function deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 61
Author(s): Yvonne M.Y. Han, Agnes S. Chan
The present study examined the executive function and cortical connectivity of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and investigated whether the executive function deficits exhibited by these children were differentially affected and associated with the cortical connectivity. The present study compared high-functioning (HFA) and low-functioning (LFA) children with typically developing children (TDC) on their executive functions as measured by the Hong Kong List Learning Test, D2 Test of Concentration, Five Point Test, Children's Color Trail Test, Tower of California Test, and Go/No-Go task and neural connectivity as measured by theta coherence in the distributed fronto-parietal network. Thirty-eight children with ASD (19 HFA and 19 LFA) and 28 TDC children, aged 8–17 years, participated voluntarily in the study. The results on executive function showed that the LFA group demonstrated the poorest performance as exhibited by their Executive Composite and individual executive function scores, while the TDC group exhibited the highest. These results have extended the findings of previous studies in demonstrating that HFA and LFA children have significant differences in their degree of executive function deficits. The results on neural connectivity also showed that children with ASD demonstrated a different pattern of electroencephalography (EEG) coherence from TDC children, as demonstrated by the significantly elevated theta coherence in the fronto-parietal network, and that the severity of executive dysfunction between high- and low-functioning children with ASD was found to be associated with the disordered neural connectivity in these children.



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“Didn’t I just say that?” Comparing parent report and spontaneous speech as indicators of grammatical development

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 61
Author(s): Manya Jyotishi, Deborah A. Fein, Letitia R. Naigles
BackgroundThe Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales use parental report to examine communication and social skills in children with typical and atypical development, and exhibit high reliability when compared against overall direct testing. However, findings are mixed comparing Vineland communication/language scores with experimenter-administered tests of language.MethodsThe current study breaks new ground in comparing Vineland reports with direct observation of children's speech by (a) individual items and (b) level of child functioning, focusing on usage of wh-questions, verb tenses, negation, pronouns and noun-verb combinations. Both 'high-verbal' (HV) and 'middle-verbal' (MV) children with ASD are included, as well as a language-matched TD group.ResultsThe results revealed that parent report on the Vineland varies in accuracy of capturing the production of grammatical items by young children with ASD and TD children. While parents' assessment of their child's production of noun-verb combinations and 'who/why' was highly accurate, children's production of pronouns was under-rated by parents. Additionally, parents of HV children also under-rated their child's production of past regular verbs.ConclusionUnderestimation of these grammatical elements could lead to mistaken conclusions about their development in ASD or in individual children.



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Mathematical learning disabilities and attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder: A study of the cognitive processes involved in arithmetic problem solving

Publication date: February 2017
Source:Research in Developmental Disabilities, Volume 61
Author(s): Valentín Iglesias-Sarmiento, Manuel Deaño, Sonia Alfonso, Ángeles Conde
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of cognitive functioning to arithmetic problem solving and to explore the cognitive profiles of children with attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD).MethodsThe sample was made up of a total of 90 students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade organized in three: ADHD (n=30), MLD (n=30) and typically achieving control (TA; n=30) group. Assessment was conducted in two sessions in which the PASS processes and arithmetic problem solving were evaluated.ResultsThe ADHD group's performance in planning and attention was worse than that of the control group. Children with MLD obtained poorer results than the control group in planning and simultaneous and successive processing. Executive processes predicted arithmetic problem solving in the ADHD group whereas simultaneous processing was the unique predictor in the MLD sample.ConclusionsChildren with ADHD and with MLD showed characteristic cognitive profiles. Groups' problem-solving performance can be predicted from their cognitive functioning.



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TNF-alpha stimulation increases dental pulp stem cell migration in vitro through integrin alpha-6 subunit upregulation

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 75
Author(s): Lei Shi, Shanqi Fu, Sidra Fahim, Shuang Pan, He Lina, Xiaodan Mu, Yumei Niu
ObjectiveThe dissemination of stem cells into tissues requiring inflammatory and reparative response is fundamentally dependent upon their chemotactic migration. Expression of TNF-α is up regulated in inflamed pulps. Dental pulp cells are also known to express integrin α6 subunit. Expression of integrin subunit α6 has been linked to the acquisition of migratory potential in a wide variety of cell types in both pathological and physiological capacities. Therefore, in this study we examined the effects of a pleiotropic cytokine TNF-α on the migration of hDPSCs and investigated its relationship with expression of integrin α6 in hDPSCs during chemotactic migration.DesignhDPSC cultures were established. Protein expression profile of α6 integrin subunit was determined. Effect of exogenous TNF-α (50ng/mL) on hDPSCs' migration potential was evaluated by transwell inserts and in vitro scratch assay. Upregulation/downregulation of TNF-α mediated migration was assayed in presence/absence of integrin α6 respectively. To suppress integrin α6 expression, cells were transfected with integrin α6 siRNA and then cell migration and cytoskeletal changes were evaluated.ResultsOur results showed significant increase of hDPSCs' migration after stimulation with TNF-α. By knockdown of integrin α6, which is upregulated by TNF-α, we observed a decrease in the TNF-α directed chemotaxis of hDPSCs.ConclusionIn this study, we show that activation of integrin α6 brought about by TNF-α led to an increase in migratory activity in DPSCs in vitro thus describing a novel association between a cytokine TNF-α and α6 chain of an adhesion receptor integrin in regulating migration of hDPSCs.



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Transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 is expressed in freshly isolated native human odontoblasts

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 75
Author(s): Kento Tazawa, Hideharu Ikeda, Nobuyuki Kawashima, Takashi Okiji
ObjectiveCold-sensitive ion channels, such as transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) 8 and transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1, may play a crucial role in the nociceptive function of odontoblasts, whereas expression of these TRP channels in human native odontoblasts remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to analyze the expression of TRPM8 and TRPA1 in freshly isolated native human odontoblasts.DesignOdontoblasts were isolated from freshly extracted healthy human teeth (n=4); after removing the inner pulp tissues from the pulp chambers, odontoblasts remaining on the dentin surface were washed out with phosphate buffered saline and collected. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to compare the expression levels of TRPM8, TRPA1, and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) mRNAs between the isolated odontoblasts and the inner pulp tissues. The isolated cells were subjected to immunolocalization of TRPM8 and nestin. Paraformaldehyde-fixed, EDTA-demineralized frozen sections obtained from freshly extracted healthy human teeth (n=4) were also analyzed immunohistochemically using anti-nestin, TRPM8, and TRPA1 antibodies.ResultsExpression levels of TRPM8 and DMP1 in the isolated odontoblasts were significantly higher than those in the inner pulp tissues (p<0.05). Expression of TRPM8 and nestin was observed in the odontoblastic layer of the dental pulp tissue and isolated odontoblasts, while expression of TRPA1 was not detected.ConclusionsTRPM8, but not TRPA1, was detected in freshly isolated native human odontoblasts at the protein and mRNA levels, suggesting that odontoblasts play an important role in detecting external cold stimulation via TRPM8 in healthy condition.



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Expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9 and reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs in gingiva in periodontal health and disease

Publication date: March 2017
Source:Archives of Oral Biology, Volume 75
Author(s): Nian Liu, Yingguang Cao, Guangxun Zhu
Background and objectivePeriodontitis is characterized by pathological destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) of periodontal tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) promote the occurrence and development of periodontitis by degrading almost all proteins of ECM. RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs), a novel membrane-anchored inhibitor of MMPs, could regulate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 at post-transcriptional level. The study was to investigate the expression of RECK in healthy and diseased human gingival tissues and to correlate it with the production of MMP-2 and MMP-9.Material and methodsGingival biopsies were collected from chronic periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy control individuals. The protein and mRNA of RECK, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.ResultsThe expression of RECK protein was mainly confined to the gingival epithelium in inflamed and non-inflamed gingival tissues. Expression of RECK was significantly lower in tissues from chronic periodontitis patients, while the positive expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periodontitis specimens were significantly higher. RECK protein expression was negatively correlated to the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periodontitis. Moreover, RECK mRNA was significanly lower in diseased gingiva than in healthy samples(P<0.05), while MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNAs were observed overexpressed in periodontal lesions, with no significant correlation between RECK and MMP-2/MMP-9 mRNA shown in periodontally diseased group.ConclusionThe expression of RECK in human healthy and diseased gingiva may contribute to periodontal physiological and pathological processes; low RECK expression may be associated with the enhanced MMP-2 and MMP-9 production in inflamed gingiva.



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The relationship between lateral displacement of the mandible and scoliosis

Abstract

Objectives

Idiopathic scoliosis is an orthopaedic disease of childhood, with onset and progress occurring until adolescence. Here, the relationship between lateral displacement of the mandible and scoliosis was analysed quantitatively.

Methods

Seventy-nine non-syndromic Japanese patients (18 men, 61 women), who were diagnosed with jaw deformities and underwent surgical orthognathic treatment at Kyushu University Hospital from January 2011 to August 2014, were enrolled. Their mean age at the time of radiography was 25.3 ± 8.7 years. Postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs and chest radiographs were examined. In postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs, a horizontal baseline (X-axis) was drawn as a straight line that intersects both the zygomatic bases, and a vertical line (Y-axis) was marked perpendicular to the X-axis, with an intersection at the anterior nasal spine (ANS). Point A was defined as the intersection of the X- and Y-axes, and line A was defined as the line connecting point A to the menton. The angle made by the X-axis and line A (i.e., lateral displacement of the mandible) was measured. We designated an absolute value even if the mandibular menton was located on the right or left side. In chest radiographs, Cobb's method was used to measure scoliosis curves; the direction of the curve was designated similarly.

Results

Nine (11.4%) individuals had a Cobb angle >10°. There was a positive correlation between the Cobb angle and the degree of mandibular deviation (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Lateral displacement of the mandible and scoliosis are related.

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Pulsed laser deposition of HfO2 thin films on indium zinc oxide: Band offsets measurements

Publication date: 1 April 2017
Source:Applied Surface Science, Volume 400
Author(s): D. Craciun, V. Craciun
One of the most used dielectric films for amorphous indium zinc oxide (IZO) based thin films transistor is HfO2. The estimation of the valence band discontinuity (ΔEV) of HfO2/IZO heterostructure grown using the pulsed laser deposition technique, with In/(In+Zn)=0.79, was obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The binding energies of Hf 4d5, Zn 2p3 and In 3d5 core levels and valence band maxima were measured for thick pure films and for a very thin HfO2 film deposited on a thick IZO film. A value of ΔEV=1.75±0.05eV was estimated for the heterostructure. Taking into account the measured HfO2 and IZO optical bandgap values of 5.50eV and 3.10eV, respectively, a conduction band offset ΔEC=0.65±0.05eV in HfO2/IZO heterostructure was then obtained.



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A novel microstructural interpretation for the biomechanics of mouse skin derived from multiscale characterization

Publication date: Available online 30 December 2016
Source:Acta Biomaterialia
Author(s): Barbara Lynch, Stéphane Bancelin, Christelle Bonod-Bidaud, Jean-Baptiste Gueusquin, Florence Ruggiero, Marie-Claire Schanne-Klein, Jean-Marc Allain
Skin is a complex, multi-layered organ, with important functions in the protection of the body. The dermis provides structural support to the epidermal barrier, and thus has attracted a large number of mechanical studies. As the dermis is made of a mixture of stiff fibres embedded in a soft non-fibrillar matrix, it is classically considered that its mechanical response is based on an initial alignment of the fibres, followed by the stretching of the aligned fibres. Using a recently developed setup combining multiphoton microscopy with mechanical assay, we imaged the fibres network evolution during dermis stretching. These observations, combined with a wide set of mechanical tests, allowed us to challenge the classical microstructural interpretation of the mechanical properties of the dermis: we observed a continuous alignment of the collagen fibres along the stretching. All our results can be explained if each fibre contributes by a given stress to the global response. This plastic response is likely due to inner sliding inside each fibre. The non-linear mechanical response is due to structural effects of the fibres network in interaction with the surrounding non-linear matrix. This multiscale interpretation explains our results on genetically-modified mice with a simple alteration of the dermis microstructure.Statement of significanceSoft tissues, as skin, tendon or aorta, are made of extra-cellular matrix, with very few cells embedded inside. The matrix is a mixture of water and biomolecules, which include the collagen fiber network. The role of the collagen is fundamental since the network is supposed to control the tissue mechanical properties and remodeling: the cells attach to the collagen fibers and feel the network deformations. This paper challenges the classical link between fibers organization and mechanical properties. To do so, it uses multiscale observations combined to a large set of mechanical loading. It thus appears that the behavior at low stretches is mostly controlled by the network structural response, while, at large stretches, the fiber inner-sliding dominate.

Graphical abstract

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Seven days post-injury fate and effects of genetically labelled adipose-derived mesenchymal cells on a rat traumatic brain injury experimental model.

Seven days post-injury fate and effects of genetically labelled adipose-derived mesenchymal cells on a rat traumatic brain injury experimental model.

Histol Histopathol. 2016 Dec 30;:11864

Authors: Dori I, Petrakis S, Giannakopoulou A, Bekiari C, Grivas I, Siska EK, Koliakos G, Papadopoulos GC

Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been suggested to have beneficial effects on animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), owing to their neurotrophic and immunomodulatory properties. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are multipotent MSC that can be harvested with minimally invasive methods, show a high proliferative capacity, low immunogenicity if allogeneic, and can be used in autologous or heterologous settings. In the present study ASCs were genetically labelled using the Sleeping Beauty transposon to express the fluorescent protein Venus. Venus+ASCs were transplanted intra-cerebroventricularly (ICV), on a rat TBI model and their survival, fate and effects on host brain responses were examined at seven days post-injury (7dPI). We provide evidence that Venus+ASCs survived, migrated into the periventricular striatum and were negative for neuronal or glial lineage differentiation markers. Venus+ASCs stimulated the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). It was also evident that Venus+ASCs modify the host brain's cellular microenvironment both at the injury site and at their localization area by promoting a significant reduction of the lesion area, as well as altering the post-injury, pro-inflammatory profile of microglial and astrocytic cell populations. Our data support the view that ICV transplantation of ASCs induces alterations in the host brain's cellular response to injury that may be correlated to a reversal from a detrimental to a beneficial state which is permissive for regeneration and repair.

PMID: 28035654 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Management of a complex pancreaticoduodenal lesion following a suicidal attempt with a crossbow

Traumatic pancreaticoduodenal lesions are rare, often involve a challenging management, and have high rates of morbidity and mortality. A 43-year-old male patient committed a suicidal attempt by shooting an arrow with a crossbow into his upper abdomen. He was successfully treated with cautious multidisciplinary approach. Crossbow lesions demonstrate low kinetics. Sharp tips of arrows result in localized damage, likely to involve several organs. Pancreatic lesions are of particular interest because of their difficult surgery. Surgical exploration and drainage can allow an efficient management of pancreatic penetrating lesions, even in the presence of a complete pancreatic duct disruption.

http://ift.tt/2hztqSi

Severe cervical spondylotic myelopathy with complete neurological and neuroradiological recovery within a month after surgery

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Time to onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Objectives

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a potentially severe adverse effect of bisphosphonates (BP). Although the risk of ONJ increases with increasing duration of BP treatment, there are currently no reliable estimates of the ONJ time to onset (TTO). The objective of this study was to estimate the TTO and associated risk factors in BP-treated patients.

Subjects and methods

Retrospective analysis of data from 22 secondary care centres in 7 countries relevant to 349 patients who developed BP-related ONJ between 2004 and 2012.

Results

The median (95%CI) TTO was 6.0 years in patients treated with alendronate (n = 88) and 2.2 years in those treated with zoledronate (n = 218). Multivariable Cox regression showed that dentoalveolar surgery was inversely associated, and the use of antiangiogenics directly associated, with the TTO in cancer patients treated with zoledronate.

Conclusions

The incidence of ONJ increases with the duration of BP therapy, with notable differences observed with respect to BP type and potency, route of administration and underlying disease. When data are stratified by BP type, a time of 6.0 and 2.2 years of oral alendronate of intravenous zoledronate therapy, respectively, is required for 50% of patients to develop ONJ. After stratification by disease, a time of 5.3 and 2.2 years of BP therapy is required for 50% of patients with osteoporosis and cancer, respectively, to develop ONJ. These findings have significant implications for the design of future clinical studies and the development of risk reduction strategies aimed at either assessing or modulating the risk of ONJ associated with BP.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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CDKN2A-p53 mediated antitumor effect of Lupeol in head and neck cancer

Abstract

Purpose

The tumor suppressor protein p53 is known to control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Lupeol is a phytochemical that has been found to induce apoptosis in different cancer types through the extrinsic pathway. As yet, however, its role in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway in head and neck cancer has not been investigated. Here, we aimed at understanding the mechanism underlying the antitumor effect of Lupeol in head and neck cancer.

Methods

The antitumor effect of Lupeol on oral and laryngeal carcinomas was assessed using two in vitro 2D cell line models (HEp-2, UPCI:SCC-131) and, subsequently, an ex vivo 3D tumor explant culture platform that maintains key features of the native tumor microenvironment. The mechanism underlying Lupeol-mediated antitumor responses was delineated using MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays.

Results

We found that Lupeol induced an enhanced expression of p53 in both cell line models tested and, subsequently, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition we found that, following Lupeol treatment, p53 induced Bax expression and activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (as measured by Caspase-3 cleavage). Interestingly, Lupeol was also found to trigger G1 cell cycle arrest through up-regulation of the expression of CDKN2A, but not p21, resulting in inhibition of CyclinD1. In an ex vivo platform Lupeol was found to impart a potent antitumor response as defined by inhibition of Ki67 expression, decreased cell viability and concomitant activation (cleavage) of Caspase-3. Finally, we found that Lupeol can re-sensitize primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor samples that had clinically progressed under a Cisplatin treatment regimen.

Conclusion

Together, our data indicate that Lupeol may orchestrate a bifurcated regulation of neoplastic growth and apoptosis in head and neck cancers and may serve as a promising agent for the management of tumors that have progressed on a platinum-based treatment regimen.

http://ift.tt/2hDJ1VL