Presence of repeating hyperostotic bones in dorsal pterygiophores of the oarfish, Regalecus russellii
Abstract
Hyperostosis, excessive bone growth along bone that stems from bone, periosteum or articular or epiphyseal cartilage, occurs in at least 22 families of fishes most of which are tropical or subtropical marine species. While the presence of hyperostosis is well documented in fishes, the mechanism driving the development of the excessive bone growth is unclear. This study documented hyperostosis along the dorsal pterygiophores in both sexes of oarfish, Regalecus russellii; however, it was not present in all specimens examined. This is the second lampridiform fish with hyperostoses and the first case documented in a deeper-water, epi-mesopelagic fish. In oarfish, the majority of the dorsal pterygiophores tissues are poorly mineralized, anosteocytic bones with some fish displaying localized stiffened, hyperostotic growths near the distal edge. Oarfish lack a swim bladder so they must continuously beat their bi-directional dorsal fin to maintain position within the water column while engaged in locomotory behavior. These fishes have areas of localized, hyperostotic skeletal elements along the dorsal pterygiophores that, presumably, function as a stiffened lever system to support fin undulation. It was noted that hyperossification was not present in all fish examined and was only documented in fish with total lengths greater than 3 m.
Recurrent mutations in genes involved in nuclear factor kappa B signalling in nodal marginal zone lymphoma – diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Today, 14 Ιουνίου 2016, 5 hours ago | Michiel van den Brand, Jos Rijntjes, Konnie M Hebeda, Laura Menting, Carolyn V Bregitha, Wendy BC Stevens, Walter JFM van der Velden, Bastiaan BJ Tops, J Han JM van Krieken, Patricia JTA Groenen
Abstract
Aim
To investigate the spectrum of mutations in 20 genes involved in B-cell receptor and/or Toll-like receptor signalling resulting in activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in 20 nodal marginal zone lymphomas (NMZLs), 20 follicular lymphomas (FLs), and 11 cases of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable (BCL-u).
Methods and results
NMZLs were diagnosed with strict criteria including expression of at least one putative marginal zone marker (MNDA and/or IRTA1). Cases that showed features of NMZL but did not fulfil all criteria were included as BCL-u. All FLs were required to have a BCL2 rearrangement.
Mutations were found in 9 NMZLs, with recurrent mutations in TNFAIP3 and CD79B. In FL, mutations were found in 12 cases, with recurrent mutations in TNFRSF14, TNFAIP3, and CARD11. In BCL-u, mutations were found in 5 cases with recurrent mutations in TNFRSF14. TNFRSF14 mutations were present in FL and BCL-u, but not in any of the NMZLs. In the group of BCL-u, TNFRSF14 mutations clustered with a FL immunophenotype.
Conclusions
These results suggest that TNFRSF14 mutations point towards a diagnosis of FL and can be used in the sometimes difficult distinction between NMZL and FL, but to apply this in diagnostics would require confirmation in an independent cohort. In addition, the presence or absence of specific mutations in pathways converging on NF-kappaB could be important for decisions regarding targeted treatment.
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Anatomical basis and design of the distally based lateral dorsal cutaneous neuro-lateral plantar venofasciocutaneous flap pedicled with the lateral plantar artery perforator of the fifth metatarsal bone: a cadaveric dissection
Abstract
Background
Detailed investigation of the vasculature of the lateral aspect of the foot has rarely been presented. However, harvesting the flap in this area to cover defects of the foot and hand is highly important. Repair of soft-tissue defects at the forefoot remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. This study explores the characteristics of the distal-based lateral dorsal cutaneous neuro-lateral plantar venofasciocutaneous flap pedicled with the lateral plantar artery perforator of the fifth metatarsal bone to establish a repair procedure for ulcers or defects in the forefoot region.Methods
This study is divided into two parts: anatomical study and simulated operation. Thirty cadavers were utilized in the anatomical study after arterial injection. The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone was used as the anatomical landmark. The lateral plantar artery perforator of the fifth metatarsal bone was identified through dissection. The perforators were dissected under a microscope. The details of the lateral plantar artery perforators, the distribution of the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve and lateral plantar vein, the anastomosis in the lateral plantar artery perforator of the fifth metatarsal bone, the nutrient vessels of the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve and lateral plantar vein, and other arteries of the lateral foot were recorded. The flap-raising procedure was performed on three fresh cadavers.Results
The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve originated from sural nerve, traveled obliquely downward along the anterior lateral margin of the foot, and accompanied by the lateral plantar vein after bifurcation, and was eventually distributed on the lateral aspect of the foot. The nutrifying arteries to the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve and lateral plantar vein were present segmentally and mainly originated from the lateral plantar artery perforator of the fifth metatarsal bone. These nitrifying arteries constantly originated from the lateral plantar artery in the area of tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, ran along the medial side of the fifth metatarsal, traveled between the fifth metatarsal bone and the lateral muscle group (the flexor digitorum brevis and the abductor digiti minimi muscles), pierced the aponeurosis, vascularized the skin of the anterior lateral plantar region, and resulted in many minute branches, which anastomosed with the lateral tarsal artery and fourth dorsal metatarsal artery. The anatomical study showed that (1) the vasculature pattern can roughly be classified into three types and (2) constant anastomoses occurred between the above-mentioned arteries in the lateral-dorsum region of the foot.Conclusion
A reliable large- or medium-sized neuro-venocutaneous flap with lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve, lateral plantar vein, and nutrient vessels can be raised using only the perforator of the lateral plantar artery of the fifth metatarsal bone, which is thin, is in the immediate vicinity of the forefoot, and has a reliable retrograde blood supply. This flap can be considered an alternative means to reconstruct soft-tissue defects of the forefoot.Bicipital tuberosity bone characteristics in surgical reattachment of the distal biceps: anatomical and radiological study
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to measure the cortical thickness and bone density of the different parts of the bicipital tuberosity, to evaluate the importance of these variables on resistance to pulling out of distal biceps tendon reinsertion implants.Methods
Sixteen cadaveric arms were used for this study. A multiple detector computed tomography was performed in each proximal radius. Bone thickness and density of anterior, posterior cortex and anterior trabecular bone were measured in proximal, medial and distal parts of the bicipital tuberosity. Statistical and concordance analyses of results were performed.Results
In our specimens, the medial and distal parts of the anterior cortex and the anterior trabecular bone were thicker, mean 11.3 mm SD 2.72 and 11.17 mm SD 3.05, with a significant difference when compared to the proximal part; mean 10.3 mm SD 2.35, of radial tuberosity. The three posterior segments where all thicker compared to the anterior cortex (proximal 3.15 SD 1.31; medial 3.33 SD 1.5; distal 3.34 SD 1.43 mm), but without statistical differences between them. The measured bone density was equivalent in the three portions of the anterior cortex and trabecular bone [proximal 1924.63 SD 547.22; medial 1848.19 SD 538.59; distal 2100.47 SD 396.32 Hounsfield units (HU)]. The posterior cortex was denser compared to the anterior cortex and the anterior trabecular bone in all the segments (proximal 1962.63 SD 223.57; medial 1907.16 SD 232.08; distal 1987.06 SD 189.12 HU), but without statistical differences between the three parts.Conclusions
Based on the results of this anatomic study which have demonstrated that anterior cortex and anterior trabecular bone of the medial and distal regions of the bicipital tuberosity are thicker than proximal part, we postulate that these segments could give better pulling out resistance to monocortical implants. Our findings suggest that the strongest parts of the bicipital tuberosity are the proximal and medial parts of the posterior cortex. We can afford them drilling across the radius using a bicortical implant in the proximal and medial section of the radial tuberosity. Furthermore, we suggest that an increased margin of safety could be achieved to prevent injury to the posterior interosseous nerve, drilling the cortical hole in the proximal part of the radial tuberosity without losing resistance properties.Two cases of histiocytic sarcoma with BCL2 translocations and occult or subsequent follicular lymphoma
Publication date: September 2016
Source:Human Pathology, Volume 55
Author(s): Sebastian Fernandez-Pol, Charles D. Bangs, Athena Cherry, Daniel A. Arber, Dita Gratzinger
Histiocytic sarcoma is rare and difficult to distinguish from histologic mimics such as myeloid sarcoma due to its relatively nonspecific immunoprofile. A subset of histiocytic sarcomas are clonally related to synchronous or metachronous follicular lymphomas. Interestingly, the histiocytic tumor component has been shown to harbor BCL2 gene translocations that are identical to those found in the lymphoma. We present one case of histiocytic sarcoma and initially occult follicular lymphoma in which detection of a BCL2 gene translocation helped support the diagnosis. We also provide follow-up regarding a previously published case of histiocytic sarcoma with IGH/BCL2 fusion gene in which the patient subsequently developed follicular lymphoma and, later, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Our findings suggest that BCL2 gene translocations are a recurrent feature of a distinct subset of histiocytic sarcomas that are associated with follicular lymphoma; the follicular lymphoma component may be clinically occult at the time of diagnosis. Testing for an IGH/BCL2 translocation should be considered in the diagnostic workup of difficult-to-characterize neoplasms with histiocytic/monocytic morphology and immunoprofile.
Source:Human Pathology, Volume 55
Author(s): Sebastian Fernandez-Pol, Charles D. Bangs, Athena Cherry, Daniel A. Arber, Dita Gratzinger
Histiocytic sarcoma is rare and difficult to distinguish from histologic mimics such as myeloid sarcoma due to its relatively nonspecific immunoprofile. A subset of histiocytic sarcomas are clonally related to synchronous or metachronous follicular lymphomas. Interestingly, the histiocytic tumor component has been shown to harbor BCL2 gene translocations that are identical to those found in the lymphoma. We present one case of histiocytic sarcoma and initially occult follicular lymphoma in which detection of a BCL2 gene translocation helped support the diagnosis. We also provide follow-up regarding a previously published case of histiocytic sarcoma with IGH/BCL2 fusion gene in which the patient subsequently developed follicular lymphoma and, later, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Our findings suggest that BCL2 gene translocations are a recurrent feature of a distinct subset of histiocytic sarcomas that are associated with follicular lymphoma; the follicular lymphoma component may be clinically occult at the time of diagnosis. Testing for an IGH/BCL2 translocation should be considered in the diagnostic workup of difficult-to-characterize neoplasms with histiocytic/monocytic morphology and immunoprofile.
Correlation between liver cell necrosis and circulating alanine aminotransferase after ischaemia/reperfusion injuries in the rat liver
Yesterday, 13 Ιουνίου 2016, 11:12:24 πμ | Anders R. Knudsen, Kasper J. Andersen, Stephen Hamilton-Dutoit, Jens R. Nyengaard, Frank V. Mortensen
Summary
Circulating liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase are often used as markers of hepatocellular damage. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable consequence of prolonged liver ischaemia. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between liver enzymes and volume of liver cell necrosis after ischaemia/reperfusion injuries, using design-unbiased stereological methods. Forty-seven male Wistar rats were subjected to 1 h of partial liver ischaemia, followed by either 4 or 24 h of reperfusion. Within each group, one-third of animals were subjected to ischaemic preconditioning and one-third to ischaemic postconditioning. At the end of reperfusion, blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. The volume of necrotic liver tissue was subsequently correlated to circulating markers of I/R injury. Correlation between histological findings and circulating markers was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Alanine transferase peaked after 4 h of reperfusion; however, at this time-point, only mild necrosis was observed, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.663 (P = 0.001). After 24 h of reperfusion, alanine aminotransferase was found to be highly correlated to the degree of hepatocellular necrosis R = 0.836 (P = 0.000). Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase (R = 0.806) and α-2-macroglobulin (R = 0.655) levels were also correlated with the degree of necrosis. We show for the first time that there is a close correlation between the volume of hepatocellular necrosis and alanine aminotransferase levels in a model of I/R injury. This is especially apparent after 24 h of reperfusion. Similarly, increased levels of alkaline phosphatase and α-2-macroglobulin are correlated to the volume of liver necrosis.
Loss of p53 expression is accompanied by upregulation of beta-catenin in meningiomas: a concomitant reciprocal expression
Yesterday, 13 Ιουνίου 2016, 8:07:46 πμ | Nives Pećina-Šlaus, Anja Kafka, Tomislav Vladušić, Davor Tomas, Monika Logara, Josip Skoko, Reno Hrašćan
Summary
Crosstalk between Wnt and p53 signalling pathways in cancer has long been suggested. Therefore in this study we have investigated the involvement of these pathways in meningiomas by analysing their main effector molecules, beta-catenin and p53. Cellular expression of p53 and beta-catenin proteins and genetic changes in TP53 were analysed by immunohistochemistry, PCR/RFLP and direct sequencing of TP53 exon 4. All the findings were analysed statistically. Our analysis showed that 47.5% of the 59 meningiomas demonstrated loss of expression of p53 protein. Moderate and strong p53 expression in the nuclei was observed in 8.5% and 6.8% of meningiomas respectively. Gross deletion of TP53 gene was observed in one meningioma, but nucleotide alterations were observed in 35.7% of meningiomas. In contrast, beta-catenin, the main Wnt signalling molecule, was upregulated in 71.2%, while strong expression was observed in 28.8% of meningiomas. The concomitant expressions of p53 and beta-catenin were investigated in the same patients. In the analysed meningiomas, the levels of the two proteins were significantly negatively correlated (P = 0.002). This indicates that meningiomas with lost p53 upregulate beta-catenin and activate Wnt signalling. Besides showing the reciprocal relationship between proteins, we also showed that the expression of p53 was significantly (P = 0.021) associated with higher meningioma grades (II and III), while beta-catenin upregulation was not associated with malignancy grades. Additionally, women exhibited significantly higher values of p53 loss when compared to males (P = 0.005). Our findings provide novel information about p53 involvement in meningeal brain tumours and reveal the complex relationship between Wnt and p53 signalling, they suggest an important role for beta-catenin in these tumours.
Functional roles of CSPG4/NG2 in chondrosarcoma
Yesterday, 13 Ιουνίου 2016, 8:07:46 πμ | Nuor S. M. Jamil, Asim Azfer, Harrison Worrel, Donald M. Salter
Summary
CSPG4/NG2 is a multifunctional transmembrane protein with limited distribution in adult tissues including articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of CSPG4/NG2 in chondrosarcomas and to establish whether this molecule may have potential for targeted therapy. Stable knock-down of CSPG4/NG2 in the JJ012 chondrosarcoma cell line by shRNA resulted in decreased cell proliferation and migration as well as a decrease in gene expression of the MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) 3 protease and ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase). Chondrosarcoma cells in which CSPG4/NG2 was knocked down were more sensitive to doxorubicin than wild-type cells. The results indicate that CSPG4/NG2 has roles in regulating chondrosarcoma cell function in relation to growth, spread and resistance to chemotherapy and that anti-CSPG4/NG2 therapies may have potential in the treatment of surgically unresectable chondrosarcoma.
Chondroma arising from the spinal dura mater at the thoracic level: a case report with molecular analysis
Publication date: Available online 11 June 2016
Source:Pathology - Research and Practice
Author(s): Masaya Miyazaki, Keita Yashiro, Mishie Tanino, Shinya Tanaka, Yasunori Fujioka
Chondromas are benign tumors that can be found at several sites in the body, while those arising from the dura mater are extremely rare. Among them, although chondromas arising from the cranial dura mater have been reported, those arising from the spinal dura mater have not been reported in the literature to date.A 66-year-old woman presented with right-sided continuous backache which she had developed recently. After detailed examinations, an epidural tumor at the thoracic level was detected. The patient underwent surgery and a total en-bloc resection was accomplished. From the clinical and pathological findings, the tumor was revealed as chondroma arising from the spinal dura mater.A recent comprehensive study has identified the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 mutations in conventional central and periosteal cartilaginous tumors, and it has subsequently been analyzed in intracranial chondrosarcoma and chondroma, including chondroma of the convexity dura mater. Herein, we describe a novel case of chondroma arising from the spinal dura mater, with mutation analysis of IDH1 and IDH2 both of which revealed wild-type.
Source:Pathology - Research and Practice
Author(s): Masaya Miyazaki, Keita Yashiro, Mishie Tanino, Shinya Tanaka, Yasunori Fujioka
Chondromas are benign tumors that can be found at several sites in the body, while those arising from the dura mater are extremely rare. Among them, although chondromas arising from the cranial dura mater have been reported, those arising from the spinal dura mater have not been reported in the literature to date.A 66-year-old woman presented with right-sided continuous backache which she had developed recently. After detailed examinations, an epidural tumor at the thoracic level was detected. The patient underwent surgery and a total en-bloc resection was accomplished. From the clinical and pathological findings, the tumor was revealed as chondroma arising from the spinal dura mater.A recent comprehensive study has identified the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 mutations in conventional central and periosteal cartilaginous tumors, and it has subsequently been analyzed in intracranial chondrosarcoma and chondroma, including chondroma of the convexity dura mater. Herein, we describe a novel case of chondroma arising from the spinal dura mater, with mutation analysis of IDH1 and IDH2 both of which revealed wild-type.
Activity of cyclin B1 in HL-60 cells treated with etoposide
Publication date: Available online 11 June 2016
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Agnieszka Żuryń, Adrian Krajewski, Dawid Szulc, Anna Litwiniec, Alina Grzanka
Cyclin B1 triggers G2/M phase transition phosphorylating with its catalytical partner − Cdc2 many of the molecular targets essential for cell cycle progression. Human leukemia cell line HL-60 were treated with increasing doses of etoposide (ETP) (0.5; 0.75; 1μM) to investigate how the drug affects cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution and expression of cyclin B1. To achieve this aim we applied light and transmission electron microscopy to observe morphological and ultra structural changes, image-based cytometry for apoptosis evaluation and cell cycle analysis, and then we conducted immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to visualize cyclin localization and expression. Quantitive data about cyclin B1 expression were obtained from flow cytometry. Etoposide caused decrease in cell viability, induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest accompanied by enhanced expression of cyclin B1. Changes in expression and localization of cyclin B1 may constitute a part of the mechanism responsible for resistance of HL-60 cells to etoposide. Our results may reflect involvement of cyclin B1 in opposite processes − apoptosis induction and maintenance of cell viability in leukemia cells. We hypothesized possible roles and pathways by which cyclin B1 takes part in drug treatment response and chemosensitivity.
Source:Acta Histochemica
Author(s): Agnieszka Żuryń, Adrian Krajewski, Dawid Szulc, Anna Litwiniec, Alina Grzanka
Cyclin B1 triggers G2/M phase transition phosphorylating with its catalytical partner − Cdc2 many of the molecular targets essential for cell cycle progression. Human leukemia cell line HL-60 were treated with increasing doses of etoposide (ETP) (0.5; 0.75; 1μM) to investigate how the drug affects cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution and expression of cyclin B1. To achieve this aim we applied light and transmission electron microscopy to observe morphological and ultra structural changes, image-based cytometry for apoptosis evaluation and cell cycle analysis, and then we conducted immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining to visualize cyclin localization and expression. Quantitive data about cyclin B1 expression were obtained from flow cytometry. Etoposide caused decrease in cell viability, induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest accompanied by enhanced expression of cyclin B1. Changes in expression and localization of cyclin B1 may constitute a part of the mechanism responsible for resistance of HL-60 cells to etoposide. Our results may reflect involvement of cyclin B1 in opposite processes − apoptosis induction and maintenance of cell viability in leukemia cells. We hypothesized possible roles and pathways by which cyclin B1 takes part in drug treatment response and chemosensitivity.
Anatomic study of the musculus longus capitis flap
Abstract
Purpose
To clearly delineate the anatomy of the musculus longus capitis, determine its clinical applications for reconstruction surgery, and provide a safer surgical method of developing the longus capitis muscle flap.Methods
Anatomical investigations were performed in seven adult cadavers (five cadavers for gross anatomy and two for transparent specimen preparation) with respect to the location, morphology, arterial supply, and innervation of the musculus longus capitis, as well as its spatial relationship with the cervical sympathetic trunk, superior cervical ganglion, carotid sheath, and other surrounding structures.Results
The musculus longus capitis is located anterior to the C1–6 vertebrae, segmentally supplied by branches of the ascending cervical artery, innervated by the C1–5 nerve, and spatially close to the cervical sympathetic trunk, superior cervical ganglion, and carotid sheath. These anatomic findings indicate that the development of a cranial or caudal pedicled longus capitis muscle flap is feasible.Conclusion
The musculus longus capitis can be developed into a cranial or caudal pedicled flap for repair of head and neck defects with negligible morbidity of the donor site.from #Med Blogs by Alexandros G.Sfakianakis via Alexandros G.Sfakianakis on Inoreader http://ift.tt/25UOZoe
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