Volatile anesthetics (VAs) have been in clinical use for a very long time. Their mechanism of action is yet to be fully delineated, but multiple ion channels have been reported as targets for VAs (canonical VA targets). It is increasingly recognized that VAs also manifest effects outside the central nervous system, including on immune cells. However, the literature related to how VAs affect the behavior of immune cells is very limited, but it is of interest that some canonical VA targets are reportedly expressed in immune cells. Here, we review the current literature and describe canonical VA targets expressed in leukocytes and their known roles. In addition, we introduce adhesion molecules called β2 integrins as noncanonical VA targets in leukocytes. Finally, we propose a model for how VAs affect the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells via concerted effects on multiple targets as examples.
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Σφακιανάκης Αλέξανδρος
ΩτοΡινοΛαρυγγολόγος
Αναπαύσεως 5 Άγιος Νικόλαος
Κρήτη 72100
00302841026182
00306932607174
alsfakia@gmail.com
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- Vertigo with sudden hearing loss
- Rhinosinusitis
- Arsenic in Drinking Water
- Auditory Processing of Complex Sounds : COCHLEA SI...
- Angiotensin II type 1 receptor dependent GLP-1 and...
- These new articles for The Journal of Clinical End...
- These new articles for Endocrinology are available...
- Reduced equations for the hydroelastic waves in th...
- Carcinoma cells
- Laser
- Neural correlates of older adults’ self-overestima...
- DTI metrics can be used as biomarkers to determine...
- Stimulus rate and noise on speech-evoked auditory ...
- Columnar cells
- Neuroscience
- A study of stress hyperglycemia and its relationsh...
- Immunotherapy
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline...
- Human otocariasis
- Hearing
- Phototherapies
- Screening based on incidence of severe retinopathy...
- Evaluation of training program on knowledge of str...
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline...
- Mechanisms of the Immunological Effects of Volatil...
- Cricotracheal resection
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline...
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline...
- Mechanisms of the Immunological Effects of Volatil...
- Cricotracheal resection
- Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine Guideline...
- Mechanisms of the Immunological Effects of Volatil...
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
- MALT lymphoma: a paradigm of NF-κB dysregulation
- Promise of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) bioa...
- ORL
- Hyperbaric Medicine
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
- Neurofilament heavy chain expression and neuroplas...
- Neurofilament heavy chain expression and neuroplas...
- Stomatitis
- Myringotomy and tubes
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
- MALT lymphoma: a paradigm of NF-κB dysregulation
- Promise of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) bioa...
- Adjustments of the amplitude mapping function: Sen...
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