Publication date: Available online 3 March 2017
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): J. de Blic, J. Brouard, A. Vabret, A. Deschildre
Le spectre des virus à tropisme respiratoire s'élargit et des maladies émergentes sont régulièrement décrites depuis une quinzaine d'années. L'origine de ces virus respiratoires émergents peut être zoonotique (par franchissement de barrière d'espèce, après mutations pour les virus à ARN tels que les virus aviaires influenza de type A ou les coronavirus), ou liée aux nouvelles techniques d'identification (métapneumovirus, bocavirus). Les relations entre bronchiolite et asthme sont désormais mieux appréhendées grâce au suivi prospectif de cohortes de nouveau-nés. Le rôle des rhinovirus devient prépondérant par rapport au virus respiratoire syncytial. L'identification de facteurs de prédispositions immunologiques, fonctionnelles, atopiques et génétiques, pour la survenue de l'asthme après une infection à rhinovirus suggère que l'infection virale révèle un terrain prédisposé plutôt qu'elle est à l'origine de l'asthme. Le rôle des bactéries dans l'histoire naturelle de l'asthme commence également à être mieux cerné. Les résultats de la cohorte danoise COPSAC ont montré la fréquence des identifications bactériennes au cours des épisodes sifflants avant 3 ans, ainsi que l'impact de la colonisation bactérienne à l'âge de un mois sur la survenue de l'asthme à l'âge de 5 ans. Le rôle des infections bactériennes dans l'asthme sévère du jeune enfant est également discuté.The spectrum of respiratory viruses is expanding and emerging diseases have been described regularly over the last fifteen years. The origin of these emerging respiratory viruses may be zoonotic (by crossing species barrier, after changes to RNA viruses such as avian influenza virus type A or coronaviruses), or related to the use of new identification techniques (metapneumovirus, bocavirus). The relationship between bronchiolitis and asthma is now better understood thanks to prospective follow up of birth cohorts. The role of rhinovirus has become predominant with respect to respiratory syncytial virus. The identification of predisposing factors immunological, functional, atopic and genetic, for the onset of asthma after rhinovirus infection suggests that viral infection reveals a predisposition rather than itself being a cause of asthma. The role of bacteria in the natural history of asthma is also beginning to be better understood. The results of the COPSAC Danish cohort have shown the frequency of bacterial identification during wheezy episodes before 3 years, and the impact of bacterial colonization at the age of one month on the onset of asthma by age 5 years. The role of bacterial infections in severe asthma in young children is also discussed.
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