Analysis of 28 trace elements in the blood and serum antioxidant status in chickens under arsenic and/or copper exposure

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the 28 trace elements in the blood and serum antioxidant status in chickens under arsenic (As) and/or copper (Cu) exposure. A total of 200 1-day-old male Hy-Line chickens were fed either a commercial diet (C-group) or arsenic trioxide (30 mg/kg) and/or cupric sulfate (300 mg/kg) for 90 days. The 28 trace element levels in the blood were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of As in the blood of chickens were elevated approximately 17.15-fold, 2.30-fold, and 13.37-fold in the As-group, Cu-group, and As + Cu-group, respectively, at 90 days. The concentrations of Cu did not change in the As-group and increased approximately 29.53 and 23.37% in the Cu-group and As + Cu-group, respectively, at 90 days. Moreover, As exposure caused ion profile disorders in the blood, including increased concentrations of Na, Mg, Si, K, Cr, Fe, and Se and reduced B, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, and Mo. Cu exposure increased the contents of Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, and Se and decreased the content of B, Ca, Al, Ni, and Mo. As + Cu exposure increased the contents of Mg, Si, Cr, Fe, Zn, and Se and decreased the content of B, Ca, Ti, Co, Ni, Sr, and Mo. Moreover, As and/or Cu exposure induced oxidative stress in the blood of chickens. In conclusion, the results indicated that the mixture of As and Cu caused a synergistic effect via disturbing homeostasis of trace elements and oxidative stress in the blood of chickens.

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Application of micro X-ray fluorescence and micro computed tomography to the study of laser cleaning efficiency on limestone monuments covered by black crusts

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): Giorgio S. Senesi, Ignazio Allegretta, Carlo Porfido, Olga De Pascale, Roberto Terzano
Laser cleaning is widely used to remove black crusts from weathered limestone monuments. The cleaning efficiency is commonly tested using conventional analytical techniques, which do not allow to analyze the same sample before and after the treatment. In this paper, micro computed tomography (μ-CT) and micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-XRF) techniques were used for the first time to evaluate the laser cleaning efficiency on two different encrusted quoins collected from a limestone monument. Analyses were carried out non-destructively on the same portion of the two lithotypes before and after the treatment. μ-XRF confirmed the presence of gypsum in the black crust, and showed a marked decrease of S and other typical elements after laser cleaning of both samples. μ-CT clearly showed the different structure of limestone before and after cleaning and the crust portion removed by the laser. The combination of the two techniques allowed to assess that, even if the two samples had a similar chemical composition, their response to laser cleaning was different on dependence of their different fabric/structure. In fact, in one sample calcium sulphate was still partially retained also after the black crust removal, whereas in the other sample the sulphate layer was almost completely ablated due to its more compact structure. In both cases, laser cleaning operation was shown not to cause any structural modification or mechanical damage of the original stone material. In conclusion, the use of these novel techniques appears very promising for studying the effects of laser ablation on rock samples in order to set the best working conditions for their cleaning.

Graphical abstract

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A robotic magnetic nanoparticle solid phase extraction system coupled to flow-batch analyzer and GFAAS for determination of trace cadmium in edible oils without external pretreatment

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): Inakã S. Barreto, Stefani I.E. Andrade, Francisco A.S. Cunha, Marcelo B. Lima, Mario Cesar U. Araujo, Luciano F. Almeida
A lab-made magnetic-mechanical robotic (MMR) system coupled to a flow-batch analyzer (FBA) for magnetic nanoparticles solid phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. As an illustrative application, an NMR-FBA couple was connected to a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS) for quantification of trace cadmium in edible oils. Factors affecting MSPE, such as the amount of adsorbent, the type, concentration and volume of the eluent and elution time were studied. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the interferents studied did not reveal a significant change in the analytical response, indicating that proposed method is selective. The sampling rate, characteristic mass, working linear range, limits of detection (LOD), and sensitivity were 10h⁻¹, 0.18pg, 0.05–1.0μgkg⁻¹, 0.006μgL^–1, and 0.4197, respectively. An enrichment factor of 9 was achieved using a 2.5mL oil sample. In order to evaluate the accuracy, a certified reference material was analyzed by the proposed and a reference method. The values obtained were compared with the one provided from the manufacturer and no statistically significant differences were observed among three values at a confidence level of 95% using paired t-test. In addition, the precision intra-day and inter day of the proposed method and the robustness were assessed and again no statistically significant differences were observed at a confidence level of 95%. The use of a microcolumn to immobilize the MNPs is not needed with the proposed MMR-FBA-GFAAS system, thus avoiding the well-known problem of non-uniform packing of the MNPs presented in previous flow-based automatic methods. Despite a high organic load of edible oils, the method developed is simple, robust and presents satisfactory analytical features when compared with others that have been reported in the literature, suggesting that it is a potentially useful alternative to determine trace analytes in viscous matrices without external pretreatment.

Graphical abstract

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Design and construction of an injection port for coupling stir-bar sorptive extraction with ion mobility spectrometry

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): Mohammad T. Jafari, Mohammad R. Rezayat, Mehdi Mossaddegh
An appropriate injection port was designed and constructed for direct analysis of stir-bar sorptive extractions using an ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The novel design of the port offers great simplicity in use, high sensitivity, and high thermal and mechanical stability. The sol-gel technique was applied to prepare polydimethylsiloxane absorbent on a stir-bar. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency including stirring rate, extraction temperature, extraction time, salt addition and desorption temperature were optimized. The detection limit of the method was calculated to be 1.5μgL⁻¹, for diazinon, an organophosphorus pesticide selected as a test compound. The linear dynamic range was obtained to be 5.0–200.0μgL⁻¹ with a determination coefficient of 0.9991 for the test compound. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were calculated to be 4% and 5%, respectively. Agricultural wastewater, well water, and apple were selected as real samples. The detection limit was calculated to be 1.5μgL⁻¹ and 7.5μgkg⁻¹ for the real water samples and the apple sample, respectively. The recovery values (%) were 105 ± 6, 107 ± 3 and 96 ± 6 for the spiked agricultural wastewater, well water and apple samples, respectively. The results revealed that the injection port can be used for direct analysis of samples extracted by any sorbent support, without any further sample preparation.

Graphical abstract

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Assessment of cyanide contamination in soils with a handheld mid-infrared spectrometer

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): José M. Soriano-Disla, Leslie J. Janik, Michael J. McLaughlin
We examined the feasibility of using handheld mid-infrared (MIR) Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) instrumentation for detecting and analysing cyanide (CN) contamination in field contaminated soils. Cyanide spiking experiments were first carried out, in the laboratory, to test the sensitivity of infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectrometry to ferro- and ferricyanide compounds across a range of reference soils and minerals. Both benchtop and handheld diffuse reflectance infrared spectrometers were tested. Excellent results were obtained for the reference soils and minerals, with the MIR outperforming the near-infrared (NIR) range. Spectral peaks characteristic of the –C≡N group were observed near 2062 and 2118cm^-1 in the MIR region for the ferro- and ferricyanide compounds spiked into soils/minerals, respectively. In the NIR region such peaks were observed near 4134 and 4220cm^-1. Cyanide-contaminated samples were then collected in the field and analyzed with the two spectrometers to further test the applicability of the DRIFT technique for soils containing aged CN residues. The prediction of total CN in dry and ground contaminated soils using the handheld MIR instrument resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.88–0.98 and root mean square error of the cross-validation (RMSE) of 21–49mgkg^-1 for a CN range of 0–611mgkg^-1. A major peak was observed in the MIR at about 2092cm^-1 which was attributed to "Prussian Blue" (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·xH2O). These results demonstrate the potential of handheld DRIFT instrumentation as a promising alternative to the standard laboratory method to predict CN concentrations in contaminated field soils.

Graphical abstract

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Optical molecular analysis using office flatbed photo scanner: New approaches and solutions

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): K.V. Oskolok, E.V. Shults, O.V. Monogarova, A.A. Chaplenko
The design and operations principles of a prototype of optical device based on an office flatbed photo scanner with a slide adapter are described in the paper. The developed device is intended for the analysis of liquid-phase samples by colorimetry, photometry, fluorimetry and nephelometry. Teflon cassettes designed for fixing cuvettes on glass plate of the scanner. Teflon wedge-shaped inserts for cuvettes have been developed to optimize the conditions of colorimetric analysis. These inserts allow varying the thickness of the absorbing layer of solutions. Multilayer absorption filters with a variable bandwidth are proposed for light monochromatization. Filters are obtained by the method of inkjet printing on polymer films. A violet laser pointer is used as a light source for fluorimetric and nephelometric analysis. The principal possibility of measuring the absorption and fluorescence spectra using photo scanner is shown. The analytical capabilities of the developed prototype of an optical molecular analyzer are demonstrated when determining riboflavin in an injection solution, acetylsalicylic acid and magnesium hydroxide in Cardiomagnyl® drug.

Graphical abstract

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ChromiSense: A colourimetric lab-on-a-disc sensor for chromium speciation in water

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): G. Duffy, I. Maguire, Brendan Heery, Pauline Gers, J. Ducrée, F. Regan
The development of a centrifugal device for quantitative analysis of both chromium (III) and (VI) species in water is reported. ChromiSense is a colourimetric sensor system that has been applied to the measurement of chromium in spiked river water samples. For analysis, the sample is loaded into a reservoir on the disposable microfluidic disc, along with reagents. A centrifugal force is created by spinning the disc to pump liquids through microchannels, causing them to mix and react to form a coloured product. The coloured product is then presented to a low-cost optical detection system, where absorbance measurements can be recorded. The optical detection system consists of a light emitting diode (LED) and photodiode (PD) couple. Chromium (III) was measured using 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid as a ligand, forming a complex that was measured at 535nm and at 335nm. While measuring at 535nm allowed for the use of a low cost LED, the sensitivity was improved 2.5 times by measuring at 335nm. However, 335nm also yielded a diminished linear range with little improvement in limit of deteciton (LOD), and required a lengthier manufacturing process due to the need for a UV-transparent material. Chromium (VI) was detected using 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPC). This standard analysis method was simplified for automation on-disc, and optimised to achieve a low LOD. The LOD for trivalent and hexavalent chromium using this device were 21mgL⁻¹ and 4μgL⁻¹, respectively. The linear range for quantitative analysis was found to be 69–1000mgL⁻¹ for Cr(III) and 14–1000μgL⁻¹ for Cr (VI). While this range is high for Cr(III), incorporation of an off-disc pre-concentration method would make this technology suitable for environmental sample analysis. The device is simple to use, low in cost, and could provide rapid on-site measurements, with results comparable to those obtained using a benchtop spectrophotometer.

Graphical abstract

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Miniaturized QuEChERS based methodology for multiresidue determination of pesticides in odonate nymphs as ecosystem biomonitors

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): Florencia Jesús, Ricardo Hladki, Natalia Gérez, Natalia Besil, Silvina Niell, Grisel Fernández, Horacio Heinzen, María Verónica Cesio
The impacts of the modern, agrochemicals based agriculture that threatens the overall systems sustainability, need to be monitored and evaluated. Seeking for agroecosystems monitors, the present article focus in the occurrence and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates, that have been frequently used as bioindicators of water quality due to their relationship with land use. Some of these organisms are on the top of the food chain, where bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes can be observed, and they can turn into secondary pollution sources of systems and terrestrial organisms as well. Odonate nymphs, which belong to the functional group of predators, were selected for this study. A methodology to determine 73 pesticide residues in odonate nymphs by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS was developed. A QuEChERS sample preparation strategy was adapted. As it is complex to obtain samples especially in disturbed ecosystems, the method was minimized to a sample size of 200mg of fresh nymphs. The method was validated and good recoveries (71–120%) with RSDs below 20% for the majority of the studied pesticides at least at two of the assayed levels 1, 10 and 50µgkg⁻¹ were obtained. For 32 analytes the limit of quantitation was 1µgkg⁻¹ and 10µgkg⁻¹ for the others. The lineal range was observed between 1–100µgkg⁻¹ in matrix-matched and solvent calibration curves for most of the assessed pesticides. LC-MS/MS matrix effects were evaluated, 40% of the analytes presented low or no signal suppression. Only flufenoxuron presented high matrix effects. The obtained methodology is adequate for pesticide multiresidue analysis in aquatic macroinvertebrates (odonates) aiming to contribute to the ecological state evaluation of freshwater ecosystems.

Graphical abstract

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Improved assessment of accuracy and performance using a rotational paper-based device for multiplexed detection of heavy metals

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Talanta, Volume 178
Author(s): Xiange Sun, Bowei Li, Anjin Qi, Chongguo Tian, Jinglong Han, Yajun Shi, Bingcheng Lin, Lingxin Chen
In this work, a novel rotational microfluidic paper-based device was developed to improve the accuracy and performance of the multiplexed colorimetric detection by effectively avoiding the diffusion of colorimetric reagent on the detection zone. The integrated paper-based rotational valves were used to control the connection or disconnection between detection zones and fluid channels. Based on the manipulation of the rotational valves, this rotational paper-based device could prevent the random diffusion of colorimetric reagent and reduce the error of quantitative analysis considerably. The multiplexed colorimetric detection of heavy metals Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) were implemented on the rotational device and the detection limits could be found to be 4.8, 1.6, and 0.18mg/L, respectively. The developed rotational device showed the great advantage in improving the detection accuracy and was expected to be a low-cost, portable analytical platform for the on-site detection.

Graphical abstract

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Incidental late diagnosis of cystic fibrosis following AH1N1 influenza virus pneumonia: a case report

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic progressive multisystem involvement. AH1N1 virus infections caused classic influenza symptoms in the majority of cystic fibrosis pati...

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Ultrasound-Guided Stellate Ganglion Block Improves Gastrointestinal Function After Thoracolumbar Spinal Surgery

Publication date: Available online 30 September 2017
Source:Clinical Therapeutics
Author(s): Ke Peng, Juan Zhang, Wei-rong Chen, Hua-yue Liu, Fu-hai Ji
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on gastrointestinal function after thoracolumbar spinal surgery.MethodsForty patients with thoracolumbar fracture scheduled for posterior spinal surgery were randomly assigned to 2 groups: ultrasound-guided SGB or sham (control group). After induction, ultrasound-guided SGB (n = 20) or a sham procedure (n = 20) was conducted with a 6-mL injection of 1% lidocaine or 0.9% saline, respectively. Primary outcomes were postoperative gastrointestinal function, including auscultation of bowel sounds, incidence and degree of abdominal bloating, flatus time, and paralytic ileus.FindingsPatients in the SGB group had better gastrointestinal function compared with those in the sham (control) group, as indicated by more regular bowel sounds at 24 and 36 hours postoperatively (80% vs 40%, P = 0.024, and 95% vs 60%, P = 0.023), lesser abdominal bloating (10% vs 45%, P = 0.034), and slightly shorter flatus time (mean [SD], 12.0 [4.4] vs 14.7 [4.6] hours, P = 0.068). Survival analysis based on regular bowel sounds found a significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.004). In addition, more patients had higher satisfaction after SGB (85% vs 45%, P = 0.020). No postoperative ileus or mortality occurred.ImplicationsIn this preliminary study, ultrasound-guided SGB accelerated the return of gastrointestinal transit, alleviated bowel symptoms, and improved patient satisfaction after thoracolumbar spinal surgery. chictr.org.cn identifier: ChiCTR-TRC-14004289.



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Clinical Thyroidology for the Public – Highlighted Article

From Clinical Thyroidology for the Public: In 2016, the encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer with no evidence of spread into the thyroid capsule or into the blood vessels seen under the microscope was renamed as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), and was suggested that it was a non-cancer diagnosis. Read More….

We welcome your feedback and suggestions. Let us know what you want to see in this publication.

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The post Clinical Thyroidology for the Public – Highlighted Article appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

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Editorial Board/Title Page

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Cortex, Volume 95





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Cover Figure

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Cortex, Volume 95





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Clinical Thyroidology for the Public – Highlighted Article

From Clinical Thyroidology for the Public: In 2016, the encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer with no evidence of spread into the thyroid capsule or into the blood vessels seen under the microscope was renamed as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), and was suggested that it was a non-cancer diagnosis. Read More….

We welcome your feedback and suggestions. Let us know what you want to see in this publication.

Feedback & Suggestions

The post Clinical Thyroidology for the Public – Highlighted Article appeared first on American Thyroid Association.

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Editorial board

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 147





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Multifunctional mesoporous ZrO2 encapsulated upconversion nanoparticles for mild NIR light activated synergistic cancer therapy

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 147
Author(s): Lili Feng, Shili Gai, Fei He, Yunlu Dai, Chongna Zhong, Piaoping Yang, Jun Lin
Desirable nanosystem that could not only deliver drugs safely and effectively into tumor sites, but also be expected to serve as photosensitizer to realize the photodynamic therapeutic function, would be of great significance in the synergistic cancer therapy. To perform this task, a multifunctional nanosystem has been developed for markedly enhanced cancer therapeutic efficacy by loading chemotherapy agent (doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX) and photosensitive drug chlorin e6 (Ce6) into the channels of mesoporous zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) layer which coats on Nd³⁺-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). As a temperature sensitive phase change material (PCM), the loaded tetradecanol was served as switch for control release of DOX and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the condition of enhanced temperature triggered by the near infrared (NIR) light irradiation. The hyperthermia generated from the UCNPs cores exposed to NIR laser could raise the temperature of tumor location to 47.8 °C. The as-synthesized UCNPs@ZrO2-Ce6/DOX/PCM nanosystem demonstrates an excellent in vivo synergistic effect by administrating into U14 tumor-bearing mice via intravenous injection, under mild NIR laser irradiation (0.5 W cm⁻², 5 min break after 5 min irradiation). In a word, our experimental results indicate that the finely designed UCNPs@ZrO2-Ce6/DOX/PCM may act as an ideal nanoplatform for multiple imaging guided tumor therapy.



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Multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles conjugated with fluorescein-labeled designed ankyrin repeat protein as an efficient HER2-targeted probe in breast cancer

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 147
Author(s): Dong-Li Li, Jian-Er Tan, Ying Tian, Shun Huang, Peng-Hui Sun, Meng Wang, Yan-Jiang Han, Hong-Sheng Li, Hu-Bing Wu, Xing-Mei Zhang, Yi-Kai Xu, Quan-Shi Wang
Based on the discordance of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) expression between primary and metastatic/recurrent breast cancer, HER2 molecular imaging, which had potential to systemically assess and dynamically monitor HER2 expression, might improve the selection of patients for anti-HER2 therapy. In this study, designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) G3, a novel binding protein with picomolar affinity for HER2, was used and multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles modified with fluorescein-5-maleimide-labeled DARPin G3 (SPIO-G3-5MF) were developed for HER2 imaging. Our results showed that SPIO-G3-5MF nanoparticles, which possessed uniform size of about 100 nm, favorable dispersity and low cytotoxicity, could selectively bind to HER2-positive breast cancer cells even in the presence of trastuzumab. Biodistribution assay demonstrated that abundant accumulation and long retention of SPIO-G3-5MF were observed in HER2-positive transplantation breast tumors although a portion of SPIO-G3-5MF nanoparticles were unavoidably captured by liver and spleen. Further MR imaging revealed that SPIO-G3-5MF could selectively image HER2-positive transplantation breast tumors, yielding remarkable T2 signal reduction (50.33 ± 2.90% at 6 h and 47.29 ± 9.36% at 24 h). Our study suggested that SPIO-G3-5MF might be a promising MR molecular probe for diagnosing and monitoring HER2 expression state of breast cancer in the future.



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Molecular insights for the biological interactions between polyethylene glycol and cells

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 147
Author(s): Li Xu, Jiapei Yang, Bai Xue, Chuan Zhang, Leilei Shi, Chenwei Wu, Yue Su, Xin Jin, Yumin Liu, Xinyuan Zhu
As the gold standard polymer for drug delivery system, polyethylene glycol (PEG) has excellent biocompatibility. It's reported that the low nonspecific interactions between PEG and body contribute to its biocompatibility. However, here we discover dynamic biological interactions exist between PEG and cells on the molecular level. PEG (2 kD) can induce metabolism modulations and survival autophagy by creating an intracellular hypoxic environment, which act as cellular survival strategies in response to the hypoxia. In the cellular adaption process during hypoxia, PEG-treated cells decrease energy consumption by reducing cell growth rate, increase energy supply by amino acid catabolism in a short period, and survival autophagy over a relatively long period, to keep energy homeostasis and survival. Our research provides molecular insights for understanding the mechanism underlying the excellent biocompatibility of PEG, which will be of fundamental importance for further related studies on other polymers and development of polymeric materials with improved characteristics.

Graphical abstract

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Tumor cell-targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 by aptamer-functionalized lipopolymer for therapeutic genome editing of VEGFA in osteosarcoma

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Biomaterials, Volume 147
Author(s): Chao Liang, Fangfei Li, Luyao Wang, Zong-Kang Zhang, Chao Wang, Bing He, Jie Li, Zhihao Chen, Atik Badshah Shaikh, Jin Liu, Xiaohao Wu, Songlin Peng, Lei Dang, Baosheng Guo, Xiaojuan He, D.W.T. Au, Cheng Lu, Hailong Zhu, Bao-Ting Zhang, Aiping Lu, Ge Zhang
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive pediatric cancer, characterized by frequent lung metastasis and pathologic bone destruction. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), highly expressed in OS, not only contributes to angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment via paracrine stimulation of vascular endothelial cells, but also acts as an autocrine survival factor for tumor cell themselves, thus making it a promising therapeutic target for OS. CRISPR/Cas9 is a versatile genome editing technology and holds tremendous promise for cancer treatment. However, a major bottleneck to achieve the therapeutic potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 is the lack of in vivo tumor-targeted delivery systems. Here, we screened an OS cell-specific aptamer (LC09) and developed a LC09-functionalized PEG-PEI-Cholesterol (PPC) lipopolymer encapsulating CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids encoding VEGFA gRNA and Cas9. Our results demonstrated that LC09 facilitated selective distribution of CRISPR/Cas9 in both orthotopic OS and lung metastasis, leading to effective VEGFA genome editing in tumor, decreased VEGFA expression and secretion, inhibited orthotopic OS malignancy and lung metastasis, as well as reduced angiogenesis and bone lesion with no detectable toxicity. The delivery system simultaneously restrained autocrine and paracrine VEGFA signaling in tumor cells and could facilitate translating CRISPR-Cas9 into clinical cancer treatment.



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Clausena anisata and Dysphania ambrosioides essential oils: from ethno-medicine to modern uses as effective insecticides

Abstract

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Amaranthaceae) and Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. (Rutaceae) are two aromatic species traditionally used in Cameroon to repel and kill insects. The present work was carried out to substantiate this traditional use and to evaluate the possible incorporation in commercial botanical insecticides of their essential oils (EOs). The EOs were distilled from leaves of C. anisata and aerial parts of D. ambrosioides and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal activity of both EOs was investigated against the filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, and the housefly, Musca domestica. As possible mode of action, the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the two EOs was investigated as well. The D. ambrosioides EO was characterized by the monoterpene peroxide ascaridole (61.4%) and the aromatic p-cymene (29.0%), whereas the C. anisata EO was dominated by the phenylpropanoids (E)-anethole (64.6%) and (E)-methyl isoeugenol (16.1%). The C. anisata EO proved to be very toxic to third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus showing LC₅₀ of 29.3 μl/l, whereas D. ambrosioides EO was more toxic to adults of M. domestica showing a LD₅₀ of 51.7 μg/adult. The mixture of both EOs showed a significant synergistic effect against mosquito larvae with LC₅₀ estimated as 19.3 μl/l, whereas this phenomenon was not observed upon application to M. domestica adults (LD₅₀ = 75.9 μg/adult). Of the two EOs, the D. ambrosioides one provided a good inhibition of AChE (IC₅₀ = 77 μg/ml), whereas C. anisata oil was not effective. These findings provide new evidences supporting the ethno-botanical use of these two Cameroonian plants, and their possible application even in synergistic binary blends, to develop new eco-friendly, safe and effective herbal insecticides.

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Removal of industrial dyes and heavy metals by Beauveria bassiana : FTIR, SEM, TEM and AFM investigations with Pb(II)

Abstract

Presence of industrial dyes and heavy metal as a contaminant in environment poses a great risk to human health. In order to develop a potential technology for remediation of dyes (Reactive remazol red, Yellow 3RS, Indanthrene blue and Vat novatic grey) and heavy metal [Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI) and Pb(II)] contamination, present study was performed with entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (MTCC no. 4580). High dye removal (88–97%) was observed during the growth of B. bassiana while removal percentage for heavy metals ranged from 58 to 75%. Further, detailed investigations were performed with Pb(II) in terms of growth kinetics, effect of process parameters and mechanism of removal. Growth rate decreased from 0.118 h⁻¹ (control) to 0.031 h⁻¹, showing 28% reduction in biomass at 30 mg L⁻¹ Pb(II) with 58.4% metal removal. Maximum Pb(II) removal was observed at 30 °C, neutral pH and 30 mg L⁻¹ initial metal concentration. FTIR analysis indicated the changes induced by Pb(II) in functional groups on biomass surface. Further, microscopic analysis (SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) was performed to understand the changes in cell surface morphology of the fungal cell. SEM micrograph showed a clear deformation of fungal hyphae, whereas AFM studies proved the increase in surface roughness (RSM) in comparison to control cell. Homogenous bioaccumulation of Pb(II) inside the fungal cell was clearly depicted by TEM-high-angle annular dark field coupled with EDX. Present study provides an insight into the mechanism of Pb(II) bioremediation and strengthens the significance of using entomopathogenic fungus such as B. bassiana for metal and dye removal.

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Le partage des données au service de l’éthique, de la transparence et de la reproductibilité de la science médicale

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): O. Laccourreye, P. Bonfils, R. Garrel, R. Jankowski, A. Karkas, N. Leboulanger, M. Makeieff, C. Righini, C. Vincent, C. Martin




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Chirurgie de l’hyperparathyroïdie primaire en ambulatoire : à propos d’une série de 67 cas

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): D. Culié, B. Pescetto, O. Dassonville, N. Guevara, D. Benisvy, J. Santini
IntroductionLa chirurgie de l'hyperparathyroïdie primaire, ciblée par l'imagerie morphologique et fonctionnelle, remplit les conditions théoriques d'une réalisation ambulatoire. L'objectif de notre étude était de valider ce type de prise en charge sur une série homogène de patients.Patients et méthodesL'ensemble des patients chez qui a été réalisée une chirurgie d'hyperparathyroïdie primaire en ambulatoire dans notre institution entre janvier 2013 et avril 2015 a été inclus dans cette étude rétrospective. Les critères habituels d'évaluation de la chirurgie ambulatoire ont été étudiés.RésultatsDurant la période étudiée, 144 patients ont été opérés d'une hyperparathyroïdie primaire. Dans 67 cas une chirurgie ambulatoire a pu être réalisée, avec un diagnostic préopératoire d'adénome parathyroïdien en imagerie. La recherche de la glande pathologique a été réalisée par une échographie chez tous les patients, et chez 66 d'entre eux par une scintigraphie. Cela a permis une chirurgie unilatérale, ciblée, dans 98,5 % des cas. Deux patients ont dû être hospitalisés pour la nuit en lien avec des complications mineures.ConclusionLa chirurgie de l'adénome parathyroïdien peut, dans une population de patients bien sélectionnée, être réalisée sur des durées opératoires courtes et avec un minimum de complications permettant ainsi sa réalisation en ambulatoire.



http://ift.tt/2xG01SG

Connaissances concernant le syndrome d’apnées-hypopnées obstructives du sommeil par la population générale de Lorraine

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): F. Arous, J.-M. Boivin, A. Chaouat, C. Rumeau, R. Jankowski, D.T. Nguyen
ObjectifLe syndrome d'apnées-hypopnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) semble être sous-diagnostiqué. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les connaissances du SAHOS par la population générale de Lorraine.MéthodesUne enquête à l'aide d'un questionnaire anonyme portant sur les connaissances des symptômes et des complications du SAHOS a été menée de juillet 2015 à novembre 2015, en région Lorraine. Le questionnaire a également été diffusé sur Internet à l'aide de réseaux sociaux. Les critères d'exclusion étaient les personnes de moins de 18 ans, le refus de remplir le questionnaire et la barrière linguistique.RésultatsAu total, 1307 personnes ont répondu à l'enquête : 1020 sous format papier et 287 via Internet. La plupart des symptômes étaient connus par environ deux tiers de la population. Les complications notamment cardiovasculaires et neurologiques étaient en revanche mal connues. Être atteint du SAHOS, avoir fait des études supérieures et avoir moins de 40 ans étaient des facteurs associés à une meilleure connaissance de la maladie. Les répondeurs sur Internet connaissaient aussi mieux cette pathologie.ConclusionMalgré des résultats concernant les symptômes du SAHOS plutôt encourageants, les connaissances du grand public concernant ses complications sont limitées. De nouvelles campagnes d'informations auprès des médecins ainsi qu'auprès du grand public devraient être réalisées afin d'informer la population de cette pathologie et de la sensibiliser sur ses complications.



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Résultats fonctionnels de la chirurgie endoscopique du diverticule de Zenker

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): A. Dissard, L. Gilain, R. Pastourel, T. Mom, N. Saroul
But du travailL'objectif principal de cette étude rétrospective était l'évaluation des résultats fonctionnels de la chirurgie endoscopique du diverticule de Zenker. Les objectifs secondaires étaient d'évaluer la sécurité de la procédure, d'identifier les facteurs de risque de récidive et d'en déterminer leur conduite en cas de récidive.Patients et méthodesDe 2000 à 2014, 50 patients ont bénéficié d'une chirurgie endoscopique avec marsupialisation d'un diverticule de Zenker. Les symptômes de régurgitations et de dysphagie ont été évalués par l'échelle FOIS avant et après chirurgie. Le taux de récidives et le taux de complications ont été déterminés de manière rétrospective avec un suivi minimal de 18 mois.RésultatsLes régurgitations et la dysphagie ont été améliorées respectivement chez 96 % et 86 % des patients. Le taux de complications était de 12 %, complications le plus souvent mineures. Les temps moyens d'hospitalisation et de reprise alimentaire orale étaient respectivement de 2,0 et 1,3jours. Neuf patients (18 %) ont présenté une récidive de leur symptomatologie initiale et ont nécessité une reprise chirurgicale dans un délai moyen de 2,7 années. Elle a pu être réalisée dans la majorité des cas par voie endoscopique. Un seul facteur de risque de récidive a été identifié : la petite taille du diverticule.ConclusionLa chirurgie endoscopique du diverticule de Zenker permet une amélioration fonctionnelle dans la majorité de cas. Associant sécurité et efficacité, elle est actuellement la procédure de choix dans le traitement du diverticule de Zenker.



http://ift.tt/2xGNhv9

Exploration électrophysiologique de l’audition

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): D. Bakhos, M. Marx, A. Villeneuve, E. Lescanne, S. Kim, A. Robier
Les examens audiométriques électrophysiologiques se sont développés depuis les années 1960 avec comme objectif la détermination objective des seuils auditifs. Ils sont maintenant utilisés pour le dépistage de la surdité néonatale. Si ces tests permettent de préciser les seuils auditifs, leur interprétation ne peut se faire qu'en complémentarité de l'audiométrie subjective que représente l'audiométrie tonale et vocale. En effet, si les tests objectifs permettent de préciser les seuils auditifs, ils ne peuvent généralement pas déterminer le type de surdité en cause. Chaque examen teste une région anatomique différente permettant l'exploration du système auditif de l'organe de Corti au cortex auditif. Ainsi, les examens d'audiométrie objective sont complémentaires.



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Le nez brûlé : une analyse en 4 dimensions

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): J. Bouguila, C. Ho Quoc, R. Viard, A. Brun, D. Voulliaume, J.-P. Comparin, J.L. Foyatier
De part sa position et sa projection, le nez est exposé aux diverses agressions comme les brûlures. Ce type de lésion peut concerner le nez de façon isolée ou entrer dans un contexte plus large constituant les brûlures nasofaciales. La reconstruction du nez constitue un défi, car cette entité anatomique est formée d'un ensemble tridimensionnel complexe, auquel s'ajoute même une « quatrième dimension » : la fonction. La prise en charge du nez brûlé constitue un défi esthétique et fonctionnel. Le traitement des séquelles doit s'adapter au degré d'atteinte du nez et aux impératifs esthétiques et fonctionnels de cette structure anatomique. Ce n'est qu'au terme de multiples interventions chirurgicales et de longs mois de rééducation que le patient brûlé retrouvera une vie sociale satisfaisante.



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Thérapie cellulaire et cordes vocales cicatricielles

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): A. Mattei, J. Magalon, B. Bertrand, C. Philandrianos, J. Veran, A. Giovanni
La microstructure des cordes vocales est complexe et peut être altérée par une microchirurgie laryngée. On peut alors observer un état cicatriciel n'autorisant plus le découplage mécanique entre épithélium et muscle, responsable de difficultés vibratoires à l'origine d'une dysphonie invalidante. Les possibilités thérapeutiques actuelles sont réduites et souvent inefficaces sur la vibration : elles n'apportent qu'un effet volumateur limitant la fuite glottique. L'objectif de cette revue de la littérature était double : i) décrire l'état actuel de la littérature quant à l'intérêt de la thérapie cellulaire dans la prise en charge des cordes vocales cicatricielles ; ii) analyser l'intérêt thérapeutique de la fraction vasculaire stromale d'origine adipeuse parmi l'arsenal thérapeutique préexistant. Notre recherche sur PubMed^® en septembre 2016 a référencé les articles originaux de langue anglaise ou française traitant de l'usage des cellules souches dans la prise en charge des cordes vocales cicatricielles. Vingt-sept articles publiés entre 2003 et 2016 répondaient aux critères de sélection. Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses étaient les plus utilisées, majoritairement extraites de la moelle osseuse ou du tissu adipeux. Quatre études étaient réalisées in vitro sur fibroblastes et dix-huit in vivo chez l'animal. Les critères d'évaluation étaient : i) l'analyse de la cicatrisation (morphologie macroscopique et microscopique, propriétés viscoélastiques, matrice extracellulaire, fibroblastes) ; ii) l'évaluation de la survie et différenciation des cellules souches. Ces études démontrent l'action bénéfique des cellules souches mésenchymateuses, notamment d'origine adipeuse. Par ailleurs, la fraction vasculaire stromale possède des propriétés qui pourraient permettre d'améliorer ces résultats, en facilitant la logistique de production.



http://ift.tt/2fHyk4S

La maladie de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, une cause rare d’adénopathie en Afrique. Description de la première observation au Sénégal et revue de la littérature

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): C.-A. Lame, B. Loum, A.-K. Fall, J. Cucherousset, A.-R. Ndiaye
IntroductionLa maladie de Kikuchi-Fujimoto est une lymphadénite histiocytaire nécrosante. Cette pathologie bénigne atteint le plus souvent le sujet féminin d'âge mûr. Elle se manifeste généralement par des adénopathies cervicales fébriles. Elle doit être évoquée dans notre contexte d'exercice dominé par la fréquence des adénopathies tuberculeuses et des hémopathies malignes.ObservationNous rapportons le cas d'une femme sénégalaise âgée de 33 ans qui a présenté des adénopathies cervicales subaiguës dans un contexte fébrile. Il existait un syndrome inflammatoire biologique. Les bilans sérologique et tuberculeux étaient négatifs. L'analyse histopathologique d'une biopsie ganglionnaire, après échec d'un traitement antibiotique non spécifique, concluait à une maladie de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. L'évolution était favorable sous corticothérapie.ConclusionEn Afrique noire, l'association de polyadénopathies et de syndrome fébrile doit faire penser et rechercher, après la tuberculose et les lymphomes à des pathologies rares comme la maladie de Kikuchi-Fujimoto.



http://ift.tt/2xSD7ac

Fibrose angiocentrique à éosinophiles ethmoïdo-orbitaire droite

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): S. Gorostis, M. Bacha, S. Gravier, T. Raguin
IntroductionLa fibrose angiocentrique à éosinophiles (EAF) est une affection bénigne et lentement progressive, affectant la muqueuse des voies aériennes supérieures ou l'orbite plus rarement. Elle appartient au spectre de la maladie associée aux IgG4.Cas cliniqueNous rapportons le cas d'un homme de 61 ans présentant une atteinte orbitaire (baisse d'acuité visuelle, douleurs, exophtalmie, œdème palpébral), céphalées et obstruction nasale. L'imagerie révèle une masse ethmoïdo-orbitaire droite infiltrant la graisse périorbitaire et englobant le nerf optique. L'analyse anatomopathologique a posé le diagnostic d'EAF devant l'infiltration périvasculaire par des cellules inflammatoires – majoritairement des polynucléaires éosinophiles – et des zones de fibrose « en bulbe d'oignon ». L'immunohistochimie a permis d'apparenter les lésions aux maladies associées aux IgG4. La prise en charge initiale par corticothérapie, puis dapsone n'a pas suffi au contrôle des crises évolutives, avec une importante corticodépendance. Une ethmoïdectomie chirurgicale emportant la lame papyracée a été réalisée dans le but de permettre l'expansion du globe oculaire vers la fosse nasale en cas de nouvelle crise.DiscussionL'association du rituximab à la chirurgie a permis la régression durable des douleurs et de l'exophtalmie.



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Carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant de la glande sublinguale

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): D.H. Lee, J.H. Kim, J.K. Lee, S.C. Lim
IntroductionLe carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant de la glande salivaire est un sous-type rare de carcinome mucoépidermoïde. Les sites les plus touchés par le carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant des glandes salivaires sont par ordre de fréquence la glande parotide, la glande sous-mandibulaire et les glandes salivaires accessoires.ObservationNous rapportons ici le premier cas de carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant de la glande sublinguale.DiscussionLes cliniciens doivent évoquer le carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant dans le diagnostic différentiel du néoplasme de la glande salivaire. L'exérèse chirurgicale avec marges saines est une option thérapeutique initiale qui semble suffisante pour le carcinome mucoépidermoïde sclérosant de la glande salivaire.



http://ift.tt/2xSxFV5

Démarche diagnostique devant un œdème labial diffus isolé d’apparition soudaine

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): O. Laccourreye, F. Rubin, J. Delort, P. Bonfils
À partir d'un cas d'œdème labial diffus isolé de survenue soudaine, les auteurs précisent les points clefs de la démarche diagnostique ainsi que les principales données épidémiologiques et cliniques.



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Les corps étrangers nasaux chez les enfants dans un hôpital pédiatrique au Sénégal : une évaluation de 3 ans

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): P.E.J. Regonne, M. Ndiaye, A. Sy, Y. Diandy, A.D. Diop, B.K. Diallo
ObjectifsLes corps étrangers nasaux (CEN) sont un accident domestique fréquent chez les enfants. L'objectif de ce travail était de présenter les particularités des CEN chez les enfants dans un hôpital pédiatrique sénégalais et décrire notre attitude thérapeutique.Matériel et méthodesÉtude rétrospective descriptive au service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie du Centre hospitalier national pour enfants de Diamniadio du 1^er janvier 2013 au 31 décembre 2015 incluant tous les enfants de moins de 15 ans reçus pour CEN. Les variables étudiées étaient l'âge, le sexe, la provenance, le motif de consultation, le délai de consultation, la nature du CEN, la méthode d'extraction et les complications.RésultatsCinquante-huit CEN avaient été recensés. L'âge moyen était de 3 ans 4 mois. Parmi les patients, 93 % avaient moins de 5 ans. Il y avait une prédominance féminine (53,45 %), soit un sex-ratio de 0,87. Les CEN étaient localisés chez 43 patients (74,1 %) à droite. Le premier motif de consultation était la rhinorrhée purulente retrouvée chez 51,7 % ; parmi les patients, 17,24 % étaient amenés en consultation dans les 24 premières heures. La mousse était le premier CEN (29,3 %), suivie des graines (20,7 %). L'extraction a été réalisée en consultation chez 84,5 % et chez 15,5 % au bloc opératoire. La morbidité était de 22,41 %. Il s'agissait dans 17,24 % d'une épistaxis et dans 5,17 % d'une infection nasale.ConclusionLes CEN sont des accidents fréquents chez l'enfant de moins de 5 ans. Notre contexte est marqué par un retard à la consultation.



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Tuméfaction inflammatoire basicervicale

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): H. Benkhatar, F. Scotte, O. Laccourreye, C. Benoit




http://ift.tt/2fGI4MU

Masse fluctuante cervicale : lettre à l’éditeur et revue de la littérature de phlébectasie de la veine jugulaire antérieure

Publication date: October 2017
Source:Annales françaises d'Oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Pathologie Cervico-faciale, Volume 134, Issue 5
Author(s): M.Y. Abboud, A. de Lafontaine-Ruel, B. Riederer, D. Philippon




http://ift.tt/2xREwy0

Mucoadhesive nanostructured polyelectrolytes complexes modulate the intestinal permeability of methotrexate

Publication date: 1 January 2018
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 111
Author(s): Fernanda Isadora Boni, Andreia Almeida, Anna Lechanteur, Bruno Sarmento, Beatriz Stringhetti Ferreira Cury, Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
Nanostructured polyelectrolytes complexes (nano PECs) loaded with methotrexate (MTX) were obtained by the polyelectrolyte complexation of chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), further incorporating hypromellose phthalate (HP). The mean diameter of nano PECs ranged from 325 to 458nm, with a narrow size distribution. Zeta potential was close to +30mV, decreasing to +21mV after the incorporation of HP, a range of values that favour the physical stability of system as the interaction with cationic biological membranes. The electrostatic interactions between the different components were indicated by the FTIR data. The mucoadhesiveness of nano PECs was demonstrated and MTX and HP influenced this property. The cell viability assays showed the biosafety of the isolated polymers and nano PECs in intestinal HT29-MTX and Caco-2 cell lines at 4h of test. The permeability values of MTX loaded in CS/HA nano PECs were 7.6 and 4-fold higher than those of CS/HA/HP nano PECS and free drug, respectively, in the Caco-2 monoculture. In mucus secreting co-culture cell model these values were 3 and 6.5 fold, respectively. Such features indicate that nano PECs developed in this work can be promising carriers for MTX in the treatment of local or systemic diseases.

Graphical abstract

http://ift.tt/2yfdAsS

Mucoadhesive maleimide-functionalised liposomes for drug delivery to urinary bladder

Publication date: 1 January 2018
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 111
Author(s): Daulet B. Kaldybekov, Prasopchai Tonglairoum, Praneet Opanasopit, Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
Intravesical drug administration is used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents via a catheter to treat bladder cancer. The major limitation of this treatment is poor retention of the drug in the bladder due to periodic urine voiding. In this work, maleimide-functionalised PEGylated liposomes (PEG-Mal) were explored as mucoadhesive vehicles for drug delivery to the urinary bladder. The retention of these liposomes on freshly excised porcine bladder mucosa in vitro was compared with conventional liposomes, PEGylated liposomes, two controls (dextran and chitosan), and evaluated through Wash Out50 (WO50) values. PEG-Mal liposomes exhibited greater retention on mucosal surfaces compared to other liposomes. The penetration abilities of conventional, PEG-Mal-functionalised and PEGylated liposomal dispersions with encapsulated fluorescein sodium into the bladder mucosa ex vivo were assessed using a fluorescence microscopy technique. PEGylated liposomes were found to be more mucosa-penetrating compared to other liposomes. All liposomes were loaded with fluorescein sodium salt as a model drug and the in vitro release kinetics was evaluated. Longer drug release was observed from PEG-Mal liposomes.

Graphical abstract

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Evaluation of the digestibility of solid lipid nanoparticles of glyceryl dibehenate produced by two techniques: Ultrasonication and spray-flash evaporation

Publication date: 1 January 2018
Source:European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Volume 111
Author(s): Vincent Jannin, Lucia Blas, Stéphanie Chevrier, Cédric Miolane, Frédéric Demarne, Denis Spitzer
ObjectiveTo evaluate the digestibility of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) of glyceryl dibehenate prepared either with surfactants by ultrasonication or without surfactant by spray-flash evaporation.MethodsSLN of glyceryl dibehenate (Compritol® 888 ATO) were produced by two processes: (i) high-shear homogenization with a solution of water-soluble surfactants followed by ultrasonication (ii) and Spray-Flash Evaporation (SFE) of the pure lipid. The digestibility of these nanoparticles was then tested by in vitro lipolysis using a pH-stat apparatus and the assay of glycerides by gel phase chromatography.ResultsSLN of glyceryl dibehenate prepared by ultrasonication exhibited a mean particle size of 180nm and showed a limited digestion of the lipid excipient. SLN comprising only glyceryl dibehenate produced by SFE have a mean particle size between 235 and 411nm depending on process parameters. These nanoparticles were not digested by lipases. The presence of surfactant at the lipid/water interface of the SLN seems to be mandatory to allow the adsorption of the lipase and degradation of glyceryl behenate.ConclusionsGlyceryl dibehenate as a solid particle – even as a SLN – is not digested by pancreatin during in vitro lipolysis test.

Graphical abstract

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Evaluating the toxic effects of three priority hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) to rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Abstract

Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spill in the marine environment is an issue of growing concern, and it will mostly continue to do so in the future owing to the increase of high chemical traffic. Nevertheless, the effects of HNS spill on marine environment, especially on aquatic organisms are unclear. Consequently, it is emergent to provide valuable information for the toxicities to marine biota caused by HNS spill. Accordingly, the acute toxicity of three preferential HNS and sub-lethal effects of acrylonitrile on Brachionus plicatilis were evaluated. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) at 24 h were 47.2 mg acrylonitrile L⁻¹, 276.9 mg styrene L⁻¹, and 488.3 mg p-xylene L⁻¹, respectively. Sub-lethal toxicity effects of acrylonitrile on feeding behavior, development, and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis were also evaluated. Results demonstrated that rates of filtration and ingestion were significantly reduced at 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg L⁻¹ of acrylonitrile. Additionally, reproductive period, fecundity, and life span were significantly decreased at high acrylonitrile concentrations. Conversely, juvenile period was significantly increased at the highest two doses and no effects were observed on embryonic development and post-reproductive period. Meanwhile, we found that ingestion rate decline could be a good predictor of reproduction toxicity in B. plicatilis and ecologically relevant endpoint for toxicity assessment. These data will be useful to assess and deal with marine HNS spillages.

http://ift.tt/2x68p9D

Chemical characteristics and source analysis on ionic composition of rainwater collected in the Carpathians “Cold Pole,” Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania

Abstract

A study of precipitation chemistry was conducted for 11 years (01 January 2006–31 December 2016) in the Ciuc basin, Eastern Carpathians, Romania. The studied area is an enclosed basin, also called "the Carpathians cold pole." All collected samples were analyzed for major cations and anions. HCO₃⁻ concentrations were calculated based on the empirical relationship between pH and HCO₃⁻. The multiannual arithmetic mean of pH values was found to be 6.57. The lowest and highest pH values were measured in 2009 and 2013, being 6.57% lower, respectively, 7.57% higher than the multiannual mean. Only 3.31% of the studied rainwater samples indicate acidic character. In descending order, the majority of the samples are as follows: NH₄⁺ >Ca²⁺ >SO₄²⁻ >Cl⁻ >HCO₃⁻ >NO₃⁻ >Na⁺ >K⁺ >Mg²⁺ >NO₂⁻ >H⁺. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contribution to the neutralization process and their sources. The anthropogenic origin of SO₄²⁻ was supported by the high non-sea-salt fraction (NSSF) (~ 91%). The results of this study suggest that rainwater chemistry is strongly influenced by local natural and anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities) rather than marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater samples were mainly derived from calcareous and dolomitic soil dust and specific local climatic conditions, long-range transport, local industry, and traffic sources.

http://ift.tt/2wqZujt

Identification of groundwater redox process induced by landfill leachate based on sensitive factor method

Abstract

Landfill site is a significant source of groundwater pollution. To ensure that the groundwater contamination of landfills can be controlled and repaired scientifically, the identification of groundwater pollution process is needed. On the basis of biogeochemical process of leachate pollutants in the groundwater environment, a sensitive factor method for the identification of groundwater redox process from landfills was established in this research. The method encompasses four phases, including sensitive factors selection, redox zone characterization, weight calculation, and redox zone identification. In the sensitive factor index system employed here, five indicators involving dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite, Fe²⁺, sulfide, and CO₂ were selected. The boundary of each redox zones was determined by the quantitative method, and the weight of each indicator was calculated by combined weight method. This method was applied to a landfill site in the northeast of China. The result showed that there were five redox zones that appeared in pollution plume, including methanogenic zone (MGZ), sulfate reduction zone (SRZ), iron reduction zone (IRZ), nitrate reduction zone (NRZ), and oxygen reduction zone (ORZ). The results were consistent with the actual situation of the site. The sensitive factor method was scientific and effective to identify the groundwater redox process in landfill and can provide reference data related to investigation and remediation of groundwater pollution in landfill sites.

http://ift.tt/2x65Lkg

Chimpanzee vertebrate consumption: Savanna and forest chimpanzees compared

Publication date: November 2017
Source:Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 112
Author(s): Jim Moore, Jessica Black, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Gen'ichi Idani, Alex Piel, Fiona Stewart
There is broad consensus among paleoanthropologists that meat-eating played a key role in the evolution of Homo, but the details of where, when, and why are hotly debated. It has been argued that increased faunivory was causally connected with hominin adaptation to open, savanna habitats. If savanna-dwelling chimpanzees eat meat more frequently than do forest chimpanzees, it would support the notion that open, dry, seasonal habitats promote hunting or scavenging by hominoids. Here we present observational and fecal analysis data on vertebrate consumption from several localities within the dry, open Ugalla region of Tanzania. Combining these with published fecal analyses, we summarize chimpanzee vertebrate consumption rates, showing quantitatively that savanna chimpanzee populations do not differ significantly from forest populations. Compared with forest populations, savanna chimpanzees consume smaller vertebrates that are less likely to be shared, and they do so more seasonally. Analyses of chimpanzee hunting that focus exclusively on capture of forest monkeys are thus difficult to apply to chimpanzee faunivory in open-country habitats and may be misleading when used to model early hominin behavior. These findings bear on discussions of why chimpanzees hunt and suggest that increases in hominin faunivory were related to differences between hominins and chimpanzees and/or differences between modern and Pliocene savanna woodland environments.



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Donor Site Morbidity of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap

The purpose of this study was to investigate donor site morbidity after reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region with an anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap.

http://ift.tt/2wrAE30

Navigation-guided resection of maxillary tumours: The accuracy of computer-assisted surgery in terms of control of resection margins: a feasibility study

Surgical treatment of maxillary tumours is often highly complex. The three-dimensional anatomy of the mid-face renders both correct intraoperative orientation and adequate oncological safety difficult to obtain. Recently, computer-assisted techniques and intraoperative navigation have been applied to oncological surgery treating head and neck cancer. However, only a few studies have explored whether preoperative virtual resection planning and intraoperative control of resection margins allow assessment of the surgical margins of the tumour.

http://ift.tt/2fZTo3E

Use of a monopolar microneedle device in a transconjunctival, retroseptal approach

Transconjunctival approach is a standard procedure to address fractures of orbit and the infraorbital rim. Modifications such as transcaruncular or lateral canthal widening allow for extended orbital wall exposure. Especially concerning aesthetics, the transconjunctival approach shows benefits compared to the transcutaneous incisions, such as the transciliary and infraorbital access. Moreover, transconjunctival approach is favored in the literature concerning lid retraction. Monopolar devices have become popular in surgery in the past decades because of good depth control and simultaneous haemostasis with consequently improved overview.

http://ift.tt/2g03wcq

Telemonitoring in continuous positive airway pressure−treated patients improves delay to first intervention and early compliance: a randomized trial

Telemonitoring (TM) has been used in continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)−treated patients to improve compliance, but results have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of TM on the delay to the first technical intervention after CPAP initiation. The impact of TM on mean compliance during the first 3 months of treatment was measured as a secondary outcome.

http://ift.tt/2fBSnxW

Sleep on your memory traces: How sleep effects can be explained by Act-In, a functional memory model

Numerous studies have explored the effect of sleep on memory. It is well known that a period of sleep, compared to a similar period of wakefulness, protects memories from interference, improves performance, and might also reorganize memory traces in a way that encourages creativity and rule extraction. It is assumed that these benefits come from the reactivation of brain networks, mainly involving the hippocampal structure, as well as from their synchronization with neocortical networks during sleep, thereby underpinning sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reorganization.

http://ift.tt/2x3LJf3

Editors, Issue sections

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Current Opinion in Immunology, Volume 47





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Contents, Cover details

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Current Opinion in Immunology, Volume 47





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Editorial overview: Vaccines

Publication date: August 2017
Source:Current Opinion in Immunology, Volume 47
Author(s): Ross M Kedl, Robert Seder




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A new concept for implant-borne dental rehabilitation; how to overcome the biological weak-spot of conventional dental implants?

Every endosseous dental implant is dependent on an adequate amount and quality of peri-implant hard and soft tissues and their fully functional interaction. The dental implant could fail in cases of insufficie...

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Bladder-sparing radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A survey of providers to determine barriers and enablers

Publication date: Available online 30 September 2017
Source:Radiotherapy and Oncology
Author(s): Melanie Walker, Simon D. French, R. Christopher Doiron, Kelly Brennan, Deb Feldman-Stewart, D. Robert Siemens, William J. Mackillop, Christopher M. Booth
BackgroundTo understand barriers and enablers to use of curative-intent radiotherapy (RT) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF).MethodsCanadian urologists, radiation oncologists (ROs) and medical oncologists (MOs) participated in a web-based survey to assess barriers and enablers to use of RT. Survey questions were thematically mapped to TDF domains. Logistic regression was used to identify TDF domains associated with high referral/use of RT.Results64 urologists, 29 ROs and 26 MOs participated. Participants reported comparable survival at five years with cystectomy (51%) and RT with concurrent chemotherapy (50%). Despite this, participants reported low RT referral/treatment rates: Urologists referred a median of 2/10 patients to RO; ROs treated a median of 5/10 patients referred; and MOs referred a median of 2/8 patients not referred to RO by urology. Among urologists, the TDF domains 'beliefs about consequences' (OR=8.1, 95% CI 1.5–44.9), 'social and professional role' (OR=11.2, 95% CI 2.3–53.6) and 'environmental context and resources' (OR=5.9, 95% CI 1.5–23.3) were associated with higher rates of RO referral.ConclusionsWe have identified factors associated with referral for RT among patients with bladder cancer. These factors should be addressed as part of a concerted effort to increase utilization of RT.



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Dataset on the synthesis and characterization of boron fenbufen and its F-18 labeled homolog

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Data in Brief, Volume 15
Author(s): Chun-Nan Yeh, Chi-Wei Chang, Yi-Hsiu Chung, Shi-Wei Tien, Yong-Ren Chen, Tsung-Wen Chen, Ying-Cheng Huang, Hsin-Ell Wang, You-Cheng Chou, Ming-Huang Chen, Kun-Chun Chiang, Wen-Sheng Huang, Chung-Shan Yu
The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Fenbufen and its F-18 Labeled Homolog for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of COX-2 Overexpressed Cholangiocarcinoma". The contents of the data article include 1) the set up for performing in vitro binding assay, 2) ¹H-, ¹³C- and ¹⁹F-NMR of compounds described in main text, 3) HPLC chromatogram of the fluorination mixtures, 4) data of in vitro stability test, cell survival assay, western blot and PCR analysis, 5) the modules for fixing the two CCA rats for BNCT, and 6) bar diagram for tumor reduction using [¹⁸F]FDG-PET 24h post treatment with BNCT.



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Dataset for the proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of perivitelline fluid proteins in Pomacea snail eggs

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Data in Brief, Volume 15
Author(s): Huawei Mu, Jin Sun, Horacio Heras, Ka Hou Chu, Jian-Wen Qiu
This article describes how the proteomic and transcriptomic data were produced during a study of the reproductive proteins of Pomacea maculata, an aquatic apple snail laying colorful aerial eggs, and provides public access to the data. The data are related to a research article titled 'An integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of perivitelline fluid proteins in a freshwater gastropod laying aerial eggs' (Mu et al., 2017) [1]. RNA was extracted from the albumen gland and other tissues and sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq. 2000. The assembled transcriptome was translated into protein sequences and then used for protein identification. Proteins from the perivitelline fluid of P. maculata were separated in SDS-PAGE and analyzed by LTQ-Orbitrap Elite coupled to an Easy-nLC. The translated transcriptome data are provided in this article. Proteomic data (.raw file format) are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD006718.



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Assessing and treating primary headaches and cranio-facial pain in patients undergoing rehabilitation for neurological diseases

Pain is a very common condition in patient undergoing rehabilitation for neurological disease; however the presence of primary headaches and other cranio-facial pains, particularly when they are actually or ap...

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Brain networking analysis in migraine with and without aura

To apply effective connectivity by means of nonlinear Granger Causality (GC) and brain networking analysis to basal EEG and under visual stimulation by checkerboard gratings with 0.5 and 2.0 cpd as spatial fre...

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Magnetic characteristics of M2FeV3O11 (M=Mg, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni) compounds

Publication date: 1 February 2018
Source:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Volume 447
Author(s): T. Groń, A. Blonska-Tabero, E. Filipek, Z. Stokłosa, H. Duda, B. Sawicki
The unusual physical characteristics of the multicomponent oxide systems renewed the interest as the potential cathode materials in high-energy cells. Since the earlier magnetic characteristics were not entirely conclusive, we report the results of dc magnetic measurements including higher harmonics of ac magnetic susceptibility of the M2FeV3O11 (M=Mg, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni) compounds. Ferrimagnetic long-range and antiferromagnetic short-range interactions for all compounds under study at low temperatures as well as superparamagnetic-like behavior with the blocking temperature of 29K and the freezing parameter of 0.013 were observed. These effects are discussed within the framework of superexchange and double exchange magnetic interactions as well as the mixed valence band of iron ions.

Graphical abstract

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Theaflavin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic injury via the NRF2 pathway

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Volume 113
Author(s): Xiaodan Han, Junling Zhang, Xiaolei Xue, Yu Zhao, Lu Lu, Ming Cui, Weimin Miao, Saijun Fan
It has been well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced hematopoietic injury. Theaflavin (TF), a polyphenolic compound from black tea, has been implicated in the regulation of endogenous cellular antioxidant systems. However, it remains unclear whether TF could ameliorate IR-induced hematopoietic injury, particularly the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) injury. In this study, we explored the potential role of TF in IR-induced HSC injury and the underlying mechanism in a total body irradiation (TBI) mouse model. Our results showed that TF improved survival of irradiated wild-type mice and ameliorated TBI-induced hematopoietic injury by attenuating myelosuppression and myeloid skewing, increasing HSC frequency, and promoting reconstitution of irradiated HSCs. Furthermore, TF inhibited TBI-induced HSC senescence. These effects of TF were associated with a decline in ROS levels and DNA damage in irradiated HSCs. TF reduced oxidative stress mainly by up-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its downstream targets in irradiated Lineage^-c-kit⁺ positive cells. However, TF failed to improve the survival, to increase HSC frequency and to reduce ROS levels of HSCs in irradiated Nrf2^-/- mice. These findings suggest that TF ameliorates IR-induced HSC injury via the NRF2 pathway. Therefore, TF has the potential to be used as a radioprotective agent to ameliorate IR-induced hematopoietic injury.

Graphical abstract

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PDGF receptors in tumor stroma; biological effects and associations with prognosis and response to treatment

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
Author(s): Arne Östman
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and their receptors (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ) regulate mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts and pericytes. These cells are important constituents of tumor stroma where they impact on tumor growth, metastasis and drug response.Studies in model systems have demonstrated ability of the PDGF system to regulate the tumor-stimulatory effects of fibroblasts, as well as their ability to promote cancer cell migration and invasion. Animal studies imply PDGFR-signaling as a regulator of tumor drug uptake.Emerging correlative analyses of different tumor collections are identifying clinically relevant variations in stromal PDGFR status, and associations between PDGFR status in tumor stroma and survival. These associations could either relate to effects of stromal PDGFR signaling on the natural course of the disease or response to treatment.The availability of clinically approved PDGFR-inhibitory drugs suggest interesting possibilities for novel clinical studies, performed on selected patient sub-groups, which further exploits tumor stroma-derived PDGFR signaling.

Graphical abstract

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The biology of mucus: Composition, synthesis and organization

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
Author(s): Rama Bansil, Bradley S. Turner
In this review we discuss mucus, the viscoelastic secretion from goblet or mucous producing cells that lines the epithelial surfaces of all organs exposed to the external world. Mucus is a complex aqueous fluid that owes its viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to the glycoprotein mucin combined with electrolytes, lipids and other smaller proteins. Electron microscopy of mucosal surfaces reveals a highly convoluted surface with a network of fibers and pores of varying sizes. The major structural and functional component, mucin is a complex glycoprotein coded by about 20 mucin genes which produce a protein backbone having multiple tandem repeats of Serine, Threonine (ST repeats) where oligosaccharides are covalently O-linked. The N- and C-terminals of this apoprotein contain other domains with little or no glycosylation but rich in cysteines leading to dimerization and further multimerization via S-S bonds. The synthesis of this complex protein starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the apoprotein and is further modified via glycosylation in the cis and medial golgi and packaged into mucin granules via Ca²⁺ bridging of the negative charges on the oligosaccharide brush in the trans golgi. The mucin granules fuse with the plasma membrane of the secretory cells and following activation by signaling molecules release Ca²⁺ and undergo a dramatic change in volume due to hydration of the highly negatively charged polymer brush leading to exocytosis from the cells and forming the mucus layer. The rheological properties of mucus and its active component mucin and its mucoadhesivity are briefly discussed in light of their importance to mucosal drug delivery.

Graphical abstract

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The DNA methylation landscape of CD4+ T cells in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Journal of Autoimmunity
Author(s): Raul A. Chavez-Valencia, Rachel C. Chiaroni-Clarke, David J. Martino, Jane E. Munro, Roger C. Allen, Jonathan D. Akikusa, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Jeffrey M. Craig, Richard Saffery, Justine A. Ellis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is presumed to be driven by an adverse combination of genes and environment. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, act as a conduit through which the environment can regulate gene activity. Altered DNA methylation has been associated with adult autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, but studies are lacking for paediatric autoimmune rheumatic diseases including JIA. Here, we performed a genome-scale case-control analysis of CD4⁺ T cell DNA methylation from 56 oligoarticular JIA (oJIA) cases and 57 age and sex matched controls using Illumina HumanMethylation450 arrays. DNA methylation at each array probe was tested for association with oJIA using RUV (Remove Unwanted Variation) together with a moderated t-test. Further to this 'all-inclusive' analysis, we stratified by age at diagnosis (≤6yrs, >6yrs) and by sex as potential sources of heterogeneity. Following False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment, no probes were associated with oJIA in the all-inclusive, >6yrs-diagnosed, or sex-stratified analyses, and only one probe was associated with oJIA in the ≤6yrs-diagnosed analysis. We attempted technical validation and replication of 14 probes (punadj<0.01) at genes of known/potential relevance to disease. At VPS53, we demonstrated a regional shift towards higher methylation in oJIA (all-inclusive) compared to controls. At REEP3, where polymorphism has been previously associated with JIA, we demonstrated higher DNA methylation in male oJIA compared to male controls. This is the most comprehensive JIA case-control analysis of DNA methylation to date. While we have generated some evidence of altered methylation in oJIA, substantial differences are not apparent in CD4⁺ T cells. This may indicate a lesser relevance of DNA methylation levels in childhood, compared to adult, rheumatic disease.



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Leishmania donovani serine protease encapsulated in liposome elicits protective immunity in experimental visceral leishmaniasis

Publication date: Available online 29 September 2017
Source:Microbes and Infection
Author(s): Partha Das, Dibyendu Paik, Ksudiram Naskar, Tapati Chakraborti
This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effect of L.donovani intracellular serine protease (SP-Ld) in combination with Freund's adjuvant and liposomal formulations against experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were immunized with SP-Ld in combination with adjuvant and evaluated for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against L. donovani. The infection was initially assessed by microscopic examination. Immunogenicity of SP-Ld was measured by detecting protease specific-IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels by ELISA. Cytokines levels were measured by ELISA and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The vaccine efficacy of SP-Ld was also evaluated by measuring antibody response and survival potency in hamster model. SP-Ld vaccinated Balb/c mice resulted significant reduction of parasite burden with increased levels of IgG2a and decreased levels of IgG1. SP-Ld vaccination also induced Th1 type immune response with the rise of IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α with decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Importantly, liposomal incorporated SP-Ld exerted better protection rather than in combination with Freund's adjuvant. Additionally, liposome encapsulated SP-Ld vaccinated hamsters continued to survive beyond 8 months against virulent L.donovani post challenge. Overall, these findings demonstrated SP-Ld as an effective immunogen which opens a new perspective for the generation of potential vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis.



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Removable complete digital dentures: A workflow that integrates open technologies

Publication date: Available online 28 September 2017
Source:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Author(s): Lucio Lo Russo, Angelo Salamini
Digitalization of the design and manufacture of removable complete dentures has numerous advantages. The workflow as presented integrates current open digital technologies into a functional protocol, enabling complete dentures to be designed and fabricated without system-specific trays or instruments. This is done by using a conventional technique to acquire anatomic information.



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Impact of bacterial ice nucleating particles on weather predicted by a numerical weather prediction model

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 170
Author(s): Maher Sahyoun, Ulrik S. Korsholm, Jens H. Sørensen, Tina Šantl-Temkiv, Kai Finster, Ulrich Gosewinkel, Niels W. Nielsen
Bacterial ice-nucleating particles (INP) have the ability to facilitate ice nucleation from super-cooled cloud droplets at temperatures just below the melting point. Bacterial INP have been detected in cloud water, precipitation, and dry air, hence they may have an impact on weather and climate. In modeling studies, the potential impact of bacteria on ice nucleation and precipitation formation on global scale is still uncertain due to their small concentration compared to other types of INP, i.e. dust. Those earlier studies did not account for the yet undetected high concentration of nanoscale fragments of bacterial INP, which may be found free or attached to soil dust in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of modeled cloud ice, precipitation and global solar radiation in different weather scenarios to changes in the fraction of cloud droplets containing bacterial INP, regardless of their size. For this purpose, a module that calculates the probability of ice nucleation as a function of ice nucleation rate and bacterial INP fraction was developed and implemented in a numerical weather prediction model. The threshold value for the fraction of cloud droplets containing bacterial INP needed to produce a 1% increase in cloud ice was determined at 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁴. We also found that increasing this fraction causes a perturbation in the forecast, leading to significant differences in cloud ice and smaller differences in convective and total precipitation and in net solar radiation reaching the surface. These effects were most pronounced in local convective events. Our results show that bacterial INP can be considered as a trigger factor for precipitation, but not an enhancement factor.



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Isoprenoid emission variation of Norway spruce across a European latitudinal transect

Publication date: December 2017
Source:Atmospheric Environment, Volume 170
Author(s): Ylva van Meeningen, Min Wang, Tomas Karlsson, Ana Seifert, Guy Schurgers, Riikka Rinnan, Thomas Holst
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is one of the dominant tree species in the European boreal zone with the capacity to grow over large areas within Europe. It is an important emitter of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can act as precursors of photochemical smog and ozone and contribute to the formation and growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere.Isoprenoid emissions were measured from Norway spruce trees at seven different sites, distributed from Ljubljana in Slovenia to Piikkiö in Finland. Four of the sites were part of a network of genetically identical spruce trees and contained two separate provenances. The remaining three sites were part of other networks which have been used to conduct studies in the European boreal zone.There were minimal differences in the standardized emission rates between sites and across latitudes. The emission profile differed between provenances and sites, but there were not any distinct patterns which could be connected to a change in latitude. By using genetically identical trees and comparing the emission rates between sites and with genetically different trees, it was observed that the emission patterns were mostly influenced by genetics. But in order to confirm this possible stability of the relative emission profile based on genetics, more studies need to be performed.The effects of branch height, season and variation between years on observed emission pattern variations were also investigated. There were indications of potential influences of all three factors. However, due to different experimental setups between measurement campaigns, it is difficult to draw any robust conclusions.



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Chairside molecular imaging of aberrant glycosylation in subjects with suspicious oral lesions using fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin

Abstract

Background

Aberrant sialylation is accepted as a carcinogenic biomarker. In previous work, fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) distinguished between cancerous and normal oral biopsies. The purpose of this study was to investigate WGA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a point-of-care tool for detecting oral malignant and dysplastic lesions in vivo.

Methods

Subject recruitment was divided into two groups: (1) the clinically normal oral mucosa group; or (2) the presence of clinically suspicious oral lesion(s) group. A WGA-FITC solution was topically applied to observable lesions or to half the subject's mouth (sagittal plane) if lesions were absent. Fluorescent molecular imaging was used to evaluate WGA-FITC localization.

Results

Fluorescent imaging in 55 subjects demonstrated that WGA-FITC could detect histopathologically-confirmed cancerous and dysplastic lesions with high sensitivity (100% and 81%, respectively) and specificity (82%).

Conclusion

This study supports in vivo fluorescent molecular imaging of WGA-FITC to visualize aberrant sialic acid expression associated with carcinogenesis. This technique resulted in the immediate chairside detection of oral cancerous and dysplastic lesions.

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Predictors of contralateral-bilateral nodal disease in oropharyngeal cancer: A National Cancer Data Base Study

Abstract

Background

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) frequently presents with cervical metastasis. Roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) status, among other factors, on laterality are elusive.

Methods

The National Cancer Database was reviewed for oropharyngeal SCC diagnosed from 2010-2014. Predictors of clinically evident contralateral or bilateral nodal disease were identified.

Results

A total of 15 517 patients with oropharyngeal SCC met criteria. The majority was HPV-positive. Histologically poorly differentiated tumors were more frequent in the HPV-positive group (55.7% vs 37.6%; P < .001). By incidence, there was no statistical difference in contralateral or bilateral nodal disease between HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients (14.2% vs 14.5%, respectively; P = .769). On multivariable analysis, notable predictors of contralateral or bilateral nodal disease included HPV-positivity (odds ratio [OR] 1.26; 99% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.44), base of tongue (BOT) location (OR 2.15; 99% CI 1.88-2.45), poorly differentiated tumor (OR 1.72; 99% CI 1.20-2.46), and T4 classification (OR 6.65; 99% CI 5.34-8.28).

Conclusion

Patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC have increased likelihood of contralateral or bilateral nodal disease. Tumor grade, tumor location, and tumor size are also independent predictors.

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Cost analysis of a speech pathology synchronous telepractice service for patients with head and neck cancer

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study is to report the economic outcomes of a new synchronous telepractice service providing speech pathology intervention to patients with head and neck cancer at nonmetropolitan facilities.

Methods

A multisite randomized controlled trial comparing standard care versus a new synchronous telepractice model was conducted within a large Australian public cancer service. Data pertaining to health service costs (staff wages, equipment, and patient travel reimbursement), patient +/- carer costs (travel and wages), and patient-reported quality of life (Assessment of Quality of Life questionnaire 4D) were collected.

Results

Eighty-two referrals (39 standard care and 43 synchronous telepractice care) were managed. The new telepractice service reported average cost savings of 12% (P < .0058) for the health service and $40.05 saving per patient per referral. An equivalent positive increase in quality of life (0.04) was reported for both groups.

Conclusion

The synchronous telepractice service provides cost efficiencies over standard care for providing remote specialist speech pathology head and neck cancer intervention.

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Comparison of outcomes with extensive segmental pectoralis major myocutaneous flap via the anterior axillary line and the conventional technique in oral and oropharyngeal cancer

Abstract

Background

This study compared the outcomes of an extensive segmental pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (esPMMF) and a conventional pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF).

Methods

The study enrolled 91 patients with primary oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who underwent radical resection followed by reconstruction of the defect using either an esPMMF via the anterior axillary line or a PMMF. The pedicle lengths of the esPMMF and PMMF were 22-28 and 18-22 cm, respectively. The esPMMF and PMMF had skin paddle dimensions of 5 × 8 to 7 × 14 cm and 6 × 7 to 8 × 17 cm, respectively.

Results

The esPMMF pedicle was longer than that of the PMMF. The range of shoulder abduction was significantly greater in the esPMMF group and the donor-site aesthetic results were better.

Conclusion

The esPMMF has a longer pedicle flap, enables a greater range of shoulder abduction, and has a better aesthetic result than the conventional technique.

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Serum parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase as predictors of calcium requirements after total parathyroidectomy for hypocalcemia in secondary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract

Background

To prevent hypocalcemia, this study examined the efficiency of a calcium supplement formula guided by predicted calcium requirement in patients with renal failure after parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation.

Methods

In the first phase, a protocol was followed whereby intravenous calcium gluconate was repeatedly titrated based on serum calcium levels in 22 patients with parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. In the second phase, the first equation protocol was applied in 74 patients with parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation and revised.

Results

There is a significant correlation between the postoperative amount of calcium requirement and preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase level (r = 0.442; P < .001) and parathyroid hormone level (PTH; r = 0.889; P < .001). For prediction of insufficient calcium supplement, the cutoff point of PTH and alkaline phosphatase level values were calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and modified equations were developed by regression analysis.

Conclusion

The preoperative PTH and alkaline phosphatase levels can predict postoperative calcium requirements, such that equations of calcium supplement allow the management of hypocalcemia efficiently in patients on dialysis after parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation.

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Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in head and neck cancer and novel therapeutic targets: A systematic review

Abstract

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in systemic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. For the 2 past decades, MIF has been reported to participate in carcinogenesis, disease prognosis, tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor-induced angiogenesis in many cancers. The purpose of this article is to review published experimental and clinical data for MIF and its involvement in upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Based on the current literature, we propose a biomolecular model describing the mechanisms underlying the involvement of MIF in the initiation, progression, apoptosis, and proliferation of head and neck tumor cells. In reference to this model, potential therapeutic approaches based on the use of MIF antagonists and neutralizing antibodies are described. It is concluded that MIF is a promising target for future therapeutic strategies, both with and without chemoradiation strategies.

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Phase I study of induction chemotherapy with afatinib, ribavirin, and weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel for stage IVA/IVB human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer

Abstract

Background

The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoprotein enhances the oncogenic potential of ErbB proteins in HPV-related malignancies. This phase I study evaluates the addition of afatinib, an ErbB family inhibitor, and ribavirin to paclitaxel and carboplatin induction chemotherapy in HPV-associated, locally advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods

This dose escalation study included 2 doses of oral afatinib: 30 and 40 mg daily. Ribavirin dosing was weight based. Paclitaxel (80 mg/m²) and carboplatin (area under the curve [AUC] 1.5) were administered on days 1 and 8 of each 21-day cycle. After 3 cycles, patients were removed from protocol to receive definitive treatment.

Results

Among 10 patients, there were no dose-limiting toxicities. Six patients (67%) had unconfirmed objective partial responses. The 2-year progression-free survival rate was 75%.

Conclusion

Afatinib, ribavirin, paclitaxel, and carboplatin induction chemotherapy is safe and well tolerated. The phase II recommended dose of afatinib is 40 mg oral daily in this combination regimen.

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Modified technique for preservation of inferior alveolar nerve during mandibulectomy

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this article is to introduce the modified technique of preservation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) during mandibulectomy for a benign lesion.

Methods

Five cases of osteofibrous hyperplasia and 3 cases of centricity osteomyelitis were included. During surgery, the IAN was marked using a planned cutting guide. Using an oscillating saw, the depth of the osteotomy along the IAN was controlled until the bone cortex was cut through. After splitting, the bony section was removed, leaving the neurovascular bundle intact. The sensation of the lower lip was evaluated using current perceptive threshold testing during follow-up.

Results

After follow-up for 6-27 months, no recurrence or secondary deformity was found. One patient had severe sensory disturbance.

Conclusion

With the use of a cutting guide and osteotomy tricks, mandibulectomy with preservation of the IAN can be accurately performed.

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“Airborne” suture tying technique: Simple steps to make it easy

Abstract

A multitude of microsurgical suture techniques have been described. Although accurate apposition and eversion of the vessel ends is paramount for the patency of anastomosis, rapidity is usually of secondary importance. However, in situations in which either multiple anastomoses are required or timely revascularization is crucial, speed becomes a determinant factor for eventual success. "Airborne" suture tying is aimed at decreasing operative time by streamlining the microvascular anastomosis. Over the years, several considerations have emerged as key points for achieving mastery of this helpful maneuver. Herein, we simplify the technique by breaking the maneuver into 2 components: the "charioteer" loop and the "lasso" loop. Relevant literature, indications, and benefits are discussed followed by step-by-step descriptions. Both back table and in vivo video demonstrations are presented online.

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18F-Fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography/CT-guided volumetric-modulated arc therapy-based dose escalation for hypoxic subvolume in nasopharyngeal carcinomas: A feasibility study

Abstract

Background

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a simultaneously integrated boost to the hypoxic subvolume of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NCPs) under the guidance of ¹⁸F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT using volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques.

Methods

Eight patients with NPC were treated with simultaneous integrated boost-IMRT (treatment plan named IMRT70) with dose prescriptions of 70 Gy, 66 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy to the gross tumor volume (GTV), positive neck nodes, the planning target volume (PTV), and the clinically negative neck, respectively. Based on the same datasets, experimental plans with the same dose prescription plus a dose boost of 14 Gy (an escalation of 20% of the prescription dose) to the hypoxic volume target contoured on the pretreatment ¹⁸F-FMISO PET/CT imaging were generated using IMRT and VMAT techniques, respectively (represented by IMRT84 and VMAT84). Two or more arcs (approximately 2-2.5 arcs, totally rotating angle <1000 degrees) were used in VMAT plans and 9 equally separated fields in IMRT plans. Dosimetric parameters, total monitor units, and delivery time were calculated for comparative study of plan quality and delivery efficiency between IMRT84 and VMAT84.

Results

In experimental plans, hypoxic target volumes successfully received the prescribed dose of 84 Gy in compliance with other dose constraints with either the IMRT technique or the VMAT technique. In terms of the target coverage, dose homogeneity, and organs at risk (OAR) sparing, there was no statistically significant difference between the actual treatment plan of IMRT70 and experimental plans. The total monitor unit of VMAT84 (525.7 ± 39.8) was significantly less than IMRT70 (1171.5 ± 167; P = .001) and IMRT84 (1388.3 ± 151.0; P = .001) per fraction, with 55.1% and 62.1% reduction. The average machine delivery time was 3.5 minutes for VMAT plans in comparison with approximately 8 minutes for IMRT plans, resulting in a reduction factor of 56.2%. For experimental plans, the 3D gamma index average was over 98.0% with no statistical significant difference when a 3%/3 mm gamma passing rate criteria was used.

Conclusion

With the guidance of ¹⁸F-FMISO PET/CT imaging, dose escalation to hypoxic zones within NPC could be achieved and delivered efficiently with the VMAT technique in comparison with the IMRT technique.

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Justification of routine venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in head and neck cancer reconstructive surgery

Abstract

Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a preventable complication in which early ambulation is expected after head and neck surgery. Thus, the role of VTE prophylaxis is questionable and needs further assessment. The purpose of this study was to specify the relative contributing risk factors for patients who underwent head and neck cancer ablation with immediate reconstruction.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of consecutive head and neck cancer ablations with immediate reconstructions between 2008 and 2013. Dextran and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were routinely given as flap thromboprophylaxis. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the potentially significant risk factors.

Results

Of 1953 subjects, the incidence of symptomatic VTE was 2.2% with 0.1% mortality rate. Prolonged surgery (>592.5 minutes; P = .048), immobilization (>4 days; P = .019), and subjects without postoperative flap thromboprophylaxis (P = .002) are significant risk factors for VTE development.

Conclusion

Our flap thromboprophylaxis regime might have played a crucial role in keeping the incidence of VTE low. Despite prolonged immobilization in fibula flap reconstruction, the incidence of VTE remained low when flap thromboprophylaxis was given.

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