Publication date: Available online 23 February 2018
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): E. Blanchard, F. Gabriel, C. Jeanne-Leroyer, V. Servant, P.-Y. Dumas
IntroductionL'aspergillose pulmonaire invasive (API) est responsable d'une morbimortalité importante chez différents profils de patients. Le diagnostic doit être le plus précoce possible afin d'instaurer rapidement un traitement antifongique adapté.État des connaissancesL'API est classiquement une pathologie du patient neutropénique. Cependant, les patients transplantés d'organe solide, sous immunosuppresseurs ou hospitalisés en réanimation sont également à risque. Le diagnostic est évoqué sur un faisceau d'arguments associant le terrain, les signes clinicobiologiques et des lésions souvent évocatrices au scanner thoracique. La stratégie de diagnostic microbiologique doit être adaptée au profil de patient considéré. Les méthodes conventionnelles avec culture, identification d'espèce et test de sensibilité aux antifongiques restent le standard mais la rapidité de mise en place du traitement a surtout été améliorée par l'utilisation de biomarqueurs tels que l'antigène galactomannane dans le sérum ou dans le lavage bronchoalvéolaire.PerspectivesL'épidémiologie de l'API sera probablement encore amenée à changer avec l'utilisation plus large des prophylaxies antifongiques et l'arrivée de thérapies ciblées. D'autres outils microbiologiques (PCR, biomarqueurs) sont en cours d'évaluation.ConclusionsL'API doit être évoquée chez un grand nombre de profils de patients. Son pronostic reste sombre malgré les progrès réalisés dans le diagnostic microbiologique et la prise en charge thérapeutique.IntroductionInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patients. Early recognition and diagnosis have become a major focus in improving the management and outcomes of this life-threatening disease.BackgroundIPA typically occurs during a period of severe and prolonged neutropenia. However, solid organ transplant recipients, patients under immunosuppressive therapy or hospitalized in intensive care units are also at risk. The diagnosis is suspected in the presence of a combination of clinical, biological and CT scan evidence. The microbiological diagnostic strategy should be adapted to the patient's profile. Conventional methods with culture and species identification remain the standard but early diagnosis has been improved by the use of biomarkers such as galactomannan antigen in serum or in bronchoalveolar lavage.OutlookThe epidemiology of IPA should change with the increased use of antifungal prophylactic regimens and the arrival of targeted therapies. Other microbiological tools, such as PCR and other biomarkers, are currently being assessed.ConclusionsIPA must be considered in a wide range of patients. Its prognosis remains poor despite progress in the microbiological diagnosis and therapeutic management.
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