Publication date: Available online 7 February 2018
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): J. Benzaquen, C.-H. Marquette, N. Glaichenhaus, S. Leroy, P. Hofman, M. Ilié
IntroductionL'immunothérapie vise à promouvoir la réponse immunitaire anticancéreuse via une réponse immune contre certains antigènes tumoraux.État des connaissancesL'immunosurveillance module l'immunogénicité des tumeurs. Pour être efficace, elle doit comporter l'activation de lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ et de l'immunité innée. Des molécules de costimulation activatrices et inhibitrices régulent l'activation lymphocytaire T au niveau de checkpoints de l'immunité notamment PD-1/PD-L1 et CTLA-4. La résistance immunitaire adaptative est un mode de résistance des tumeurs à l'immunosurveillance par le biais de ces checkpoints.PerspectivesLa combinaison de plusieurs immunothérapies entre elles ou avec la chimiothérapie et la radiothérapie et des anticorps contre d'autres molécules de costimulation sont en développement. Le développement de biomarqueurs capables de sélectionner une population cible et de prédire cette réponse thérapeutique représente un défi majeur. Le séquençage haut débit des tumeurs pourrait permettre d'affiner « l'immunoscore ». Le TCR intratumoral semble représenter un biomarqueur prometteur.ConclusionsLe développement de l'immunothérapie pose de nombreux défis et nécessitera de s'appuyer sur des données de recherche préclinique et translationnelle.IntroductionImmunotherapy aims to promote the immune system's activity against malignant cells by stimulating the response to several tumor antigens.State of the artImmunosurveillance may adjust the immunogenicity of tumors. To be effective, immunity must induce the specific activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as activation of innate immunity. Activator and inhibitory costimulatory molecules regulate T lymphocyte activation at immunity checkpoints such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. Adaptive immune resistance confers tumour resistance to immunosurveillance through these immune checkpoints.PerspectivesApproaches involving the combination of several immunotherapies with each other or with chemotherapy and radiotherapy and antibodies against other molecules of costimulation are under development. The development of biomarkers, which can select a targeted population and predict therapeutic response, represents a major challenge. Tumour high-throughput sequencing could refine "immunoscore". Intratumoral T cell receptor seems to represent a promising biomarker.ConclusionsNumerous challenges still remain in developing research approaches for the development of immunotherapies.
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