Publication date: Available online 7 May 2018
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): R. Naeije
IntroductionLa pression partielle inspiratoire en oxygène diminue avec l'altitude. L'hypoxie provoque une vasoconstriction pulmonaire, qui peut être cause d'hypertension pulmonaire et donc de défaillance cardiaque droite.État des connaissancesLa vasoconstriction pulmonaire hypoxique varie considérablement. L'exposition à l'altitude s'accompagne d'une augmentation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire en proportion de la vasoconstriction initiale. Des échocardiographies réalisées en altitude montrent que la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne s'y établit généralement à 20mmHg, soit la limite supérieure de la normale normoxique. La postcharge du ventricule droit n'est alors que modérément augmentée, avec quelques perturbations fonctionnelles démontrées par imagerie, mais préservation d'une adaptation aux contraintes de l'effort physique. Dans moins de 1 % des cas, il y a hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique franche avec ou sans défaillance cardiaque droite.PerspectivesL'impact pronostique de l'hypertension pulmonaire et des altérations associées de la fonction cardiaque en altitude n'est pas défini. Le traitement de l'hypertension pulmonaire hypoxique repose empiriquement sur une évacuation à une altitude inférieure, sur l'administration d'oxygène et sur la prise de vasodilatateurs pulmonaires. Ces stratégies thérapeutiques ne sont pas rigoureusement validées.ConclusionsUne défaillance cardiaque droite peut survenir lors d'une exposition à l'altitude. Cette complication rare devrait faire l'objet d'études épidémiologiques et interventionnelles prospectives.IntroductionAltitude is associated with a decrease in partial pressure of oxygen. Hypoxia induces pulmonary vasoconstriction with subsequent fixed increase in pulmonary artery pressure, and eventual right heart failure.Current knowledgeHigh altitude exposure is associated with an increase in pulmonary artery pressure that is proportional to initial vasoconstriction. Echocardiographic evaluations on a large number of subjects show that the altitude-induced increase in pulmonary pressure is generally modest and does not exceed the 25mmHg that are diagnostic of pulmonary hypertension. This does not greatly increase right ventricular afterload, so that imaging of the right ventricle only shows some alterations of indices of systolic or diastolic function, but preserved contractile reserve during exercise. In less than 1% of cases, hypoxic vasoconstriction is strong and may be a cause of severe pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure.PerspectivesThe prognostic relevance of altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension and associated cardiac function alterations is not known. Treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension relies on evacuation to a lower altitude, oxygen and pulmonary vasodilators. These treatment strategies have not been rigorously evaluated.ConclusionsAltitude may be a cause of right heart failure. This uncommon complication of altitude exposure requires further epidemiological and therapeutic studies.
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