Publication date: Available online 8 February 2017
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): J.-M. Perotin, C. Barnig
IntroductionL'omalizumab, traitement additionnel de l'asthme allergique sévère, présente un mécanisme d'action centré sur ses propriétés anti-IgE. Des études récentes ont toutefois montré que le mécanisme d'action de l'omalizumab est plus complexe qu'un simple blocage de la réponse allergique.État des connaissancesL'omalizumab est associé à une diminution du nombre de cellules présentatrices d'antigènes (cellules dendritiques, monocytes), de lymphocytes T circulants et tissulaires, de lymphocytes B et d'éosinophiles. Cette activité anti-inflammatoire est caractérisée par une diminution sous traitement de différentes cytokines impliquées dans le recrutement, l'activation et la survie des éosinophiles et mastocytes, et l'orientation Th2 de la réponse immunitaire. Des données récentes ont par ailleurs montré un effet modulateur du remodelage bronchique par l'omalizumab dans l'asthme. Une diminution de la sécrétion de protéines de la matrice extracellulaire et de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses pourrait participer à cette modulation. Ces différents mécanismes pourraient en partie expliquer l'efficacité clinique de l'omalizumab constatée dans des pathologies non allergiques, dont l'asthme non allergique, l'urticaire chronique ou la polypose naso-sinusienne.ConclusionLa connaissance approfondie des mécanismes d'action de l'omalizumab devrait permettre d'identifier des biomarqueurs prédictifs d'efficacité, outils précieux dans le phénotypage et la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients atteints d'asthme sévère.IntroductionOmalizumab is used as a treatment for severe allergic asthma. Its intended mechanism of action is based on its anti-IgE proprieties. However, recent studies have highlighted other mechanisms of action.State of the artOmalizumab treatment is associated with a decrease in the number of dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes and eosinophils. This anti-inflammatory activity is characterized by a decrease in the levels of several cytokines involved in the recruitment, activation and survival of eosinophils and mastocytes, and in a Th2 orientation of the immune response. A modulation of bronchial remodeling by omalizumab has recently been shown. A decrease in the production of extracellular matrix components and in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells could be involved in this modulation. These mechanisms of action could explain in part the clinical efficiency of omalizumab in non-allergic conditions such as non-allergic asthma, non-allergic urticaria or nasal polyposis.ConclusionA precise knowledge of the mechanisms of action of omalizumab could allow the identification of biomarkers predictive of efficacy of this treatment. These could be useful tools in the phenotyping of severe asthma.
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Σφακιανάκης Αλέξανδρος
ΩτοΡινοΛαρυγγολόγος
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00306932607174
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Mécanismes d’action de l’omalizumab : au-delà de l’action anti-IgE
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