Degradation behavior of triclosan by co-exposure to chlorine dioxide and UV irradiation: influencing factors and toxicity changes

Abstract

This study investigated the transformation of triclosan (TCS) following co-exposure to UV irradiation and ClO₂. Special attention was given to understand the influencing of water quality parameters and toxicity changes during the co-exposure process. The results show that the co-exposure process prompted TCS elimination quickly and effectively, with more than 99% of TCS degraded under the experimental conditions. The molar yield ratios of 2,4-dichlorophenol/TCS (2,4-DCP/TCS) were calculated to be 35.81–74.49%; however, the by-product of 2,8-dichlorodibenzop-dioxin (2,8-Cl₂DD) was not detected. The TCS degradation was sensitive to ClO₂ dosage, pH, H₂O₂, and natural organic matter (NOM), but not to the carbonate (CO₃²⁻) concentration. Neutral and slightly alkaline condition were favorable to TCS elimination. The TCS removal rate increased from 85.33 to 99.75% when the ClO₂ concentration increased from 0.25 to 1.5 mg L⁻¹. TCS degradation can be promoted at low NOM level (1, 3, and 5 mg L⁻¹), whereas was inhibited at high NOM concentrations of 7 and 9 mg L⁻¹. While adding H₂O₂, the degradation rate of TCS increased with increasing H₂O₂ concentration from 1 to 3 mg L⁻¹; however, too low or overdosed H₂O₂ (0.5 and 5 mg L⁻¹) hindered TCS degradation. Based on the results of a microtox bioassay, the toxicity did not change following the co-exposure process.

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