Tumor Mutational Burden Guides Therapy in a Treatment Refractory POLE‐Mutant Uterine Carcinosarcoma

AbstractGynecologic carcinosarcomas, previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumors, are uncommon malignancies that demonstrate an aggressive biology and lack a standard therapeutic approach. Molecular analyses have revealed recurrent alterations in chromatin remodeling genes, but clinical support for therapeutic significance is lacking. We prospectively identified a patient with refractory uterine carcinosarcoma whose tumor was subject to molecular profiling at diagnosis and again at radiographic progression. Initial molecular testing did not assess tumor mutational burden, DNA polymerase ɛ (POLE), or microsatellite status. After the failure of several lines of chemotherapy, comprehensive genomic profiling of a repeat biopsy identified two missense mutations of the exonuclease domain of POLE (P286R and T323A). Tumor mutational burden was elevated (169 mutations per DNA megabase), consistent with an ultramutator phenotype. As seen in previously reported POLE‐endometrioid cases, our patient harbored alterations in PIK3CA, ARID1A, and PTEN and was microsatellite stable, with appreciable tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. She achieved an ongoing durable response with pembrolizumab. This is the first report of programmed cell death protein 1 response in uterine carcinosarcoma.Key Points. Uterine carcinosarcoma is an uncommon and aggressive histologic variant of endometrial carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Inactivating DNA polymerase ɛ (POLE) mutations have been associated with high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and response to immune checkpoint inhibition. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in a patient with uterine carcinosarcoma. This case further supports expanding genomic profiling to include assessment of tumor mutational burden across tumor types, given the potential for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in TMB‐high tumors.

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