Publication date: Available online 11 May 2018
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): L. Levi, M. Groh, N. De Castro, A. Bergeron, F. Schlemmer
IntroductionL'immunothérapie par instillation intravésicale de bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG-thérapie) est le traitement le plus efficace des tumeurs de vessie n'infiltrant pas la musculeuse. La BCGite, infection généralisée ou localisée par le BCG, en est l'une des plus graves complications.État des connaissancesDans les suites d'une BCG-thérapie pour cancer de vessie, une fièvre persistant plus de 72h associée à d'autres manifestions locales et/ou systémiques permet, en l'absence de diagnostic alternatif, de porter le diagnostic de BCGite. Celle-ci peut être localisée (le plus souvent à l'arbre génito-urinaire, aux os ou aux vaisseaux) ou disséminée (avec principalement des atteintes pulmonaires et hépatiques). L'existence de granulome sur les biopsies à distance de l'arbre génito-urinaire est un argument fort en faveur d'une BCGite dans un contexte évocateur. Le diagnostic de certitude microbiologique a récemment été amélioré par la PCR. La prise en charge, mal codifiée, repose sur une multithérapie antimycobactérienne (sans pyrazinamide) parfois associée à une corticothérapie en cas de signes généraux bruyants, et plus rarement à la chirurgie.ConclusionsLa BCGite, complication rare mais non exceptionnelle de la BCG-thérapie, peut avoir une présentation clinique hétérogène. Des études prospectives comparatives sont nécessaires afin d'en optimiser les modalités de prise en charge.BackgroundBacille of Calmette et Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is the most effective treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Yet, potentially severe localized or systemic mycobacterial infections can happen.State of knowledgeIn a patient who underwent BCG instillation for bladder cancer, the diagnosis of BCG infection is usually suggested by more than 3 days of high-grade fever and systemic and/or local symptoms with no other plausible alternative diagnosis. BCG infection can be localized (usually to the genitourinary tract, the bones or blood vessels) or systemic (mainly with pulmonary and hepatic involvements). The presence of granuloma in tissue biopsies (other than from the genitourinary tract) supports the diagnosis. The advent of polymerase chain reaction has recently improved the sensitivity of microbiological investigations. The management of BCG infection is not well established but relies on broad-spectrum antimycobacterial therapy (with the exclusion of pyrazinamide), glucocorticoids (in the context of general symptoms refractory to antimicrobial therapy alone) and occasionally surgery.ConclusionBCG infection is a rare but not exceptional complication of BCG immunotherapy with heterogeneous clinical presentation. Prospective studies are warranted in order to improve treatment outcomes.
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BCGites après immunothérapie pour cancer de vessie, une pathologie hétérogène: physiopathologie, description clinique, prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique
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- Editorial Board
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