Characterization of PD-L1 expression and immune cell infiltration in nasopharyngeal cancer

With the advent of intensity-modulated radiation therapy and imaging techniques, the local control of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the overall survival (OS) of patients with this disease have dramatically improved [1]. However, the local control rate for T4 disease remains unsatisfactory [1], and distant metastases develop in approximately 25% of patients [2,3]. Both local recurrence and metastatic disease are still critical challenges to clinicians. For this patient population, an effective systemic treatment following first-line therapy is still lacking, with patients achieving a response rate ranging between 20 and 40% and progression-free survival (PFS) between 3 and 6months [2].

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