Publication date: Available online 18 September 2017
Source:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
Author(s): Y. Harmelin, T. Hubiche, M. Pharaon, P. Del Giudice
IntroductionLa scombroïdose est une intoxication alimentaire méconnue due à la présence d'histamine dans la chair de poissons de la famille des scombridés, lorsqu'ils ont été conservés dans de mauvaises conditions. Nous rapportons trois cas de scombroïdose vus à l'hôpital de Fréjus–Saint-Raphaël, Var.ObservationsTrois patientes ont présenté, environ trente minutes après avoir ingéré un repas contenant du thon, des symptômes variés : sensation de malaise, éruption cutanée prurigineuse, céphalées et pour deux d'entre elles des nausées. Le diagnostic de scombroïdose a été posé devant les circonstances d'apparition et les signes cliniques. Les patientes ont été traitées par antihistaminiques et une injection de corticothérapie intra-veineuse, avec régression des symptômes en quelques heures.DiscussionLes symptômes de la scombroïdose apparaissent dans les quelques minutes qui suivent la consommation de poissons de la famille des scombridés ou d'espèces apparentées, dont la chair contient de l'histamine. Les premiers symptômes comprennent souvent une symptomatologie cutanée avec flush, prurit et érythème du visage et du tronc d'aspect plutôt urticariforme, associés à une sensation de malaise. Les symptômes digestifs comprennent nausées, vomissements, crampes abdominales et parfois diarrhées. La durée des symptômes est de quelques heures. La présence d'histamine dans la chair des poissons est due à la décarboxylation de l'histidine par l'action de bactéries Gram négatif dont le développement a été favorisé par la chaleur et le soleil. La scombroïdose est une des causes les plus fréquentes d'intoxication par l'ingestion de poisson mais reste mal connue, notamment des dermatologues. Le diagnostic de certitude se fait par la mesure du taux d'histamine dans le poisson ou dans le plasma du patient.IntroductionScombroid poisoning is a poorly known type of food poisoning due to the presence of histamine in spoiled fish of the Scombridae family. We report 3 cases of scombroid poisoning seen at the Fréjus–Saint-Raphaël hospital in the Var region.ObservationsWithin around thirty minutes of eating a meal containing tuna, three patients presented varied symptoms: malaise, itchy rash, headache, and for two of them, nausea. The diagnosis of scombroid poisoning was based on the circumstances in which the clinical signs appeared and on the signs themselves. The patients were given antihistamines and one injection of intravenous corticosteroids, and symptoms regressed rapidly within a few hours.DiscussionThe symptoms of scombroid poisoning appear within a few minutes after eating fish of the Scombridae family and related species. The first symptoms are cutaneous, with flush, pruritus, and erythema of the face and trunk having an urticarial appearance, together with faintness. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and occasionally diarrhea. Symptoms subside within a few hours. Histamine is present in the flesh of these fish due to decarboxylation of histidine through the action of Gram-negative bacteria whose development is enhanced by heat and sun. Scombroid poisoning is one of the most common types of poisoning caused by eating fish but it is underdiagnosed by dermatologists. The diagnosis is made by measuring histamine levels in the incriminated fish or in the patient's plasma.
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