Publication date: Available online 23 June 2018
Source:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
Author(s): D. Chemla, E. Berthelot, P. Assayag, P. Attal, P. Hervé
Le ventricule droit (VD) joue un rôle majeur dans le maintien d'un débit cardiaque adapté en toutes circonstances et donc dans l'optimisation du rapport ventilation/perfusion. Le VD a une paroi mince et il peut tamponner des variations importantes de retour veineux sans augmentation de la pression auriculaire droite (POD) : le VD est une chambre de capacitance. Au cours de l'éjection, il fournit un travail volumique au sein d'un système à basse pression. La fonction systolique du VD joue un rôle modeste au repos car la contraction ventriculaire gauche et la respiration ont un grand rôle dans la performance cardiaque droite. La fonction systolique du VD devient importante à l'exercice ou face à une augmentation anormale de la pression artérielle pulmonaire. Le VD s'adapte mieux à un changement progressif qu'à un changement aigu de la charge artérielle. La « désadaptation à la postcharge » témoigne d'un couplage VD–artère pulmonaire altéré, impliqué dans la physiopathologie des maladies cardiaques et vasculaires pulmonaires, et dans les effets hémodynamiques délétères de la ventilation mécanique. L'apparition d'une hypertension pulmonaire, puis d'une dysfonction du VD avec inadaptation du débit cardiaque et augmentation de la POD est associée à une majoration de l'atteinte fonctionnelle et à un moins bon pronostic.The right ventricle (RV) plays a key role in the maintenance of an adequate cardiac output whatever the demand, and thus contributes to the optimization of the ventilation/perfusion ratio. The RV has a thin wall and it buffers the physiological increases in systemic venous return without causing a deleterious rise in right atrial pressure (RAP). The RV is coupled to the pulmonary circulation which is a low pressure, low resistance, high compliance system. In the healthy subject at rest, the contribution of the RV to right heart systolic function is surpassed by the contribution of both left ventricular contraction and the respiratory pump. RV systolic function plays a contributory role during exercise and in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The RV compensates better for volume overload than for pressure overload and is more capable of sustaining chronic increases in load than acute ones. An impaired RV–pulmonary artery coupling leads to a major mismatch between RV function and arterial load ("afterload mismatch") and is associated progressively with a low cardiac output and a high RAP. Right ventricular dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of both cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, and may partly explain the deleterious haemodynamic consequences of mechanical ventilation.
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